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acoustic_signal_roundtrip_travel_time_in_sea_water

Unit: s

Unit ref: UTBB

The quantity with standard name acoustic_signal_roundtrip_travel_time_in_sea_water is the time taken for an acoustic signal to propagate from the emitting instrument to a reflecting surface and back again to the instrument. In the case of an instrument based on the sea floor and measuring the roundtrip time to the sea surface, the data are commonly used as a measure of ocean heat content.

aerodynamic_particle_diameter

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

The diameter of a spherical particle with density 1000 kg m-3 having the same aerodynamic properties as the particles in question.

aerodynamic_resistance

Unit: m-1 s

Unit ref: SCPM

The "aerodynamic_resistance" is the resistance to mixing through the boundary layer toward the surface by means of the dominant process, turbulent transport. Reference: Wesely, M. L., 1989, doi:10.1016/0004-6981(89)90153-4.

age_of_sea_ice

Unit: year

Unit ref: UYRS

"Age of sea ice" means the length of time elapsed since the ice formed.

age_of_stratospheric_air

Unit: s

Unit ref: UTBB

"Age of stratospheric air" means an estimate of the time since a parcel of stratospheric air was last in contact with the troposphere.

age_of_surface_snow

Unit: day

Unit ref: UTAA

"Age of surface snow" means the length of time elapsed since the snow accumulated on the earth's surface. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere.

air_density

Unit: kg m-3

Unit ref: UKMC

air_potential_temperature

Unit: K

Unit ref: UPKA

AMIP: theta

GRIB: 13

Potential temperature is the temperature a parcel of air or sea water would have if moved adiabatically to sea level pressure.

air_pressure

Unit: Pa

AMIP: plev

GRIB: 1

air_pressure_anomaly

Unit: Pa

GRIB: 26

"anomaly" means difference from climatology.

air_pressure_at_cloud_base

Unit: Pa

cloud_base refers to the base of the lowest cloud.

air_pressure_at_cloud_top

Unit: Pa

cloud_top refers to the top of the highest cloud.

air_pressure_at_convective_cloud_base

Unit: Pa

GRIB: 11 E130

Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature.

air_temperature_anomaly

Unit: K

Unit ref: UPKA

GRIB: 25

The term "anomaly" means difference from climatology. Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature.

air_temperature_at_cloud_top

Unit: K

Unit ref: UPKA

cloud_top refers to the top of the highest cloud. Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature.

air_temperature_lapse_rate

Unit: K m-1

Unit: m

The "Angstrom exponent" appears in the formula relating aerosol optical thickness to the wavelength of incident radiation: T(lambda) = T(lambda0) * [lambda/lambda0] ** (-1 * alpha) where alpha is the Angstrom exponent, lambda is the wavelength of incident radiation, lambda0 is a reference wavelength, T(lambda) and T(lambda0) are the values of aerosol optical thickness at wavelengths lambda and lambda0, respectively. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the quantity described by the standard name applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature".

apparent_oxygen_utilization

Unit: mol kg-1

Unit ref: MLKG

Apparent Oxygen Utilization (AOU) is the difference between measured dissolved oxygen concentration in water, and the equilibrium saturation concentration of dissolved oxygen in water with the same physical and chemical properties. Reference: Broecker, W. S. and T. H. Peng (1982), Tracers in the Sea, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, N. Y.

area_fraction

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

"Area fraction" means the fraction of horizontal area. To specify which area is quantified by a variable of "area_fraction", provide a coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable of "area_type". Alternatively, if one is defined, use a more specific standard name of "X_area_fraction" for the fraction of horizontal area occupied by X.

area_fraction_below_surface

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

AMIP: psbg

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The fraction of horizontal area where the surface specified by the axes other than horizontal axes, for instance an isobaric surface, is below the (ground or sea) surface.

area_fraction_of_day_defined_by_solar_zenith_angle

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

"X_area_fraction" means the fraction of horizontal area occupied by X. "X_area" means the horizontal area occupied by X within the grid cell. A coordinate variable of solar_zenith_angle indicating the day extent should be specified.

area_fraction_of_night_defined_by_solar_zenith_angle

Unit: J kg-1

Unit ref: JPKG

Alias:

atmosphere_specific_convective_available_potential_energy

Alias:

specific_convective_available_potential_energy

Convective(ly) available potential energy (often abbreviated CAPE) is a stability measure calculated by integrating the positive temperature difference between the surrounding atmosphere and a parcel of air lifted adiabatically from a given starting height to its equilibrium level. A coordinate variable of original_air_pressure_of_lifted_parcel should be specified to indicate the starting height of the lifted parcel. CAPE exists under conditions of potential instability, and measures the potential energy per unit mass that would be released by the unstable parcel if it were able to convect upwards to equilibrium.

atmosphere_convective_available_potential_energy_wrt_surface

Unit: J kg -1

Unit ref: JPKG

Convective(ly) available potential energy (often abbreviated CAPE) is a stability measure calculated by integrating the positive temperature difference between the surrounding atmosphere and a parcel of air lifted adiabatically from the surface to its equilibrium level. CAPE exists under conditions of potential instability, and measures the potential energy per unit mass that would be released by the unstable parcel if it were able to convect upwards to equilibrium.

atmosphere_convective_inhibition

Unit: J kg -1

Unit ref: JPKG

Convective inhibition is the amount of energy per unit mass required to overcome the negatively buoyant energy exerted by the environment on a parcel of air. Convective inhibition is often abbreviated as "CIN" or "CINH". It is calculated by integrating the negative temperature difference between the surrounding atmosphere and a parcel of air lifted adiabatically from a given starting height to its equilibrium level. A coordinate variable of original_air_pressure_of_lifted_parcel should be specified to indicate the starting height of the lifted parcel.

atmosphere_convective_inhibition_wrt_surface

Unit: J kg -1

Unit ref: JPKG

atmosphere_downdraft_convective_mass_flux

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The atmosphere convective mass flux is the vertical transport of mass for a field of cumulus clouds or thermals, given by the product of air density and vertical velocity. For an area-average, cell_methods should specify whether the average is over all the area or the area of updrafts and/or downdrafts only. "Downdraft" means that the flux is positive in the downward direction (negative upward).

atmosphere_dry_energy_content

Unit: J m-2

Unit ref: JMSQ

atmosphere_dry_static_energy_content

Unit: J m-2

Unit ref: JMSQ

atmosphere_eastward_stress_due_to_gravity_wave_drag

Unit: Pa

Unit ref: PASX

AMIP: tauugwd

atmosphere_energy_content

Unit: J m-2

Unit ref: JMSQ

atmosphere_enthalpy_content

Unit: J m-2

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

See Appendix D of the CF convention for information about dimensionless vertical coordinates.

atmosphere_hybrid_sigma_pressure_coordinate

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

See Appendix D of the CF convention for information about dimensionless vertical coordinates.

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

AMIP: clwvi

GRIB: 76

Alias:

atmosphere_cloud_condensed_water_content

The phrase "condensed_water" means liquid and ice. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used.

atmosphere_mass_content_of_cloud_ice

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

AMIP: clivi

GRIB: 58

Alias:

atmosphere_cloud_ice_content

atmosphere_mass_content_of_cloud_liquid_water

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

Alias:

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

atmosphere_mass_content_of_dimethyl_sulfide

Unit: kg m-2

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

Alias:

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

"Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. "Noy" describes a family of chemical species. The family usually includes atomic nitrogen (N), nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5), nitric acid (HNO3), peroxynitric acid (HNO4), bromine nitrate (BrONO2) , chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) and organic nitrates (most notably peroxyacetyl nitrate, sometimes referred to as PAN, (CH3COO2NO2)). The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.

atmosphere_mass_content_of_oxygenated_hydrocarbons

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

atmosphere_mass_content_of_ozone

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

atmosphere_mass_content_of_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol_particles

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

Alias:

atmosphere_mass_content_of_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol

atmosphere_mass_content_of_peroxyacetyl_nitrate

Unit: kg m-2

Unit: kg m-2

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

Alias:

atmosphere_so4_content

Alias:

atmosphere_sulfate_content

atmosphere_mass_content_of_sulfate_ambient_aerosol_particles

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

AMIP: trsult

Alias:

atmosphere_mass_content_of_sulfate_ambient_aerosol

Alias:

atmosphere_content_of_sulfate_aerosol

atmosphere_mass_content_of_sulfate_dry_aerosol_particles

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

Alias:

atmosphere_mass_content_of_sulfate_dry_aerosol

atmosphere_mass_content_of_sulfate_dry_aerosol_particles_expressed_as_sulfur

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

Alias:

atmosphere_mass_content_of_sulfate_dry_aerosol_expressed_as_sulfur

Alias:

atmosphere_mass_content_of_sulfate_expressed_as_sulfur_dry_aerosol

atmosphere_mass_content_of_sulfur_dioxide

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

atmosphere_mass_content_of_terpenes

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

atmosphere_mass_content_of_toluene

Unit: kg m-2

atmosphere_mass_content_of_volcanic_ash

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

atmosphere_mass_content_of_water

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

atmosphere_mass_content_of_water_in_ambient_aerosol_particles

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

Alias:

atmosphere_mass_content_of_water_in_ambient_aerosol

atmosphere_mass_content_of_water_vapor

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

AMIP: prw

GRIB: 54

Alias:

atmosphere_water_vapor_content

atmosphere_mass_content_of_xylene

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

atmosphere_mass_of_air_per_unit_area

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

"Mass_of_air" means the mass due solely to the gaseous constituents of the atmosphere. The standard name for the mass including precipitation and aerosol particles is atmosphere_mass_per_unit_area.

atmosphere_mass_of_carbon_dioxide

Unit: kg

Unit ref: KGXX

The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2.

atmosphere_mass_per_unit_area

Unit: kg m-2

atmosphere_moles_of_atomic_bromine

Unit: mol

Unit ref: MOLE

atmosphere_moles_of_carbon_dioxide

Unit: mol

Unit ref: MOLE

atmosphere_moles_of_carbon_monoxide

Unit: mol

Unit ref: MOLE

Alias:

moles_of_carbon_monoxide_in_atmosphere

atmosphere_moles_of_carbon_tetrachloride

Unit: mol

Alias:

moles_of_carbon_tetrachloride_in_atmosphere

atmosphere_moles_of_cfc11

Unit: mol

Alias:

moles_of_cfc11_in_atmosphere

atmosphere_moles_of_cfc113

Unit: mol

Alias:

atmosphere_moles_of_ethanol

Unit: mol

Unit ref: MOLE

atmosphere_moles_of_ethene

Unit: mol

Unit ref: MOLE

The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for ethene is C2H4. Ethene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkenes. There are standard names for the alkene group as well as for some of the individual species.

atmosphere_moles_of_ethyne

Unit: mol

Unit ref: MOLE

atmosphere_moles_of_formaldehyde

Unit: mol

Unit ref: MOLE

atmosphere_moles_of_formic_acid

Unit: mol

Unit ref: MOLE

atmosphere_moles_of_gaseous_divalent_mercury

Unit: mol

Unit ref: MOLE

The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. "Divalent mercury" means all compounds in which the mercury has two binding sites to other ion(s) in a salt or to other atom(s) in a molecule.

Unit: mol

Unit ref: MOLE

Unit: mol

Unit ref: MOLE

atmosphere_moles_of_hydrogen_chloride

Unit: mol

Unit ref: MOLE

atmosphere_moles_of_hydrogen_cyanide

Unit: mol

Unit ref: MOLE

atmosphere_moles_of_hydrogen_peroxide

Unit: mol

Unit ref: MOLE

atmosphere_moles_of_hydroperoxyl_radical

Unit: mol

atmosphere_moles_of_hydroxyl_radical

Unit ref: MOLE

Alias:

moles_of_methyl_bromide_in_atmosphere

atmosphere_moles_of_methyl_chloride

Unit: mol

Unit ref: MOLE

Alias:

Unit: mol

Unit ref: MOLE

atmosphere_moles_of_nitric_acid_trihydrate_ambient_aerosol_particles

Unit: mol

Unit ref: MOLE

Alias:

atmosphere_moles_of_nitric_acid_trihydrate_ambient_aerosol

The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the quantity described by the standard name applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature". The chemical formula for nitric acid is HNO3. Nitric acid trihydrate, sometimes referred to as NAT, is a stable crystalline substance consisting of three molecules of water to one molecule of nitric acid.

atmosphere_moles_of_nitrogen_dioxide

Unit: mol

Unit ref: MOLE

atmosphere_moles_of_nitrogen_monoxide

Unit: mol

Unit ref: MOLE

atmosphere_moles_of_nitrous_acid

Unit: mol

Unit ref: MOLE

atmosphere_moles_of_nitrous_oxide

Unit: mol

Unit ref: MOLE

Alias:

moles_of_nitrous_oxide_in_atmosphere

atmosphere_moles_of_nmvoc_expressed_as_carbon

Unit: mol

Unit ref: MOLE

The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. "nmvoc" means non methane volatile organic compounds; "nmvoc" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this classification that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.

atmosphere_moles_of_nox_expressed_as_nitrogen

Unit: mol

Unit ref: MOLE

The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. "Nox" means a combination of two radical species containing nitrogen and oxygen: NO+NO2. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.

atmosphere_moles_of_noy_expressed_as_nitrogen

Unit: mol

Unit ref: MOLE

The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. "Noy" describes a family of chemical species. The family usually includes atomic nitrogen (N), nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5), nitric acid (HNO3), peroxynitric acid (HNO4), bromine nitrate (BrONO2) , chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) and organic nitrates (most notably peroxyacetyl nitrate, sometimes referred to as PAN, (CH3COO2NO2)). The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.

atmosphere_moles_of_ozone

Unit: mol

Unit ref: MOLE

atmosphere_moles_of_peroxyacetyl_nitrate

Unit: mol

Unit ref: MOLE

The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for peroxyacetyl nitrate, sometimes referred to as PAN, is CH3COO2NO2. The IUPAC name for peroxyacetyl_nitrate is nitroethaneperoxoate.

Unit: mol

Unit ref: MOLE

atmosphere_moles_of_sulfur_dioxide

Unit: mol

Unit ref: MOLE

Unit: m2 s-1

Unit ref: SQMS

atmosphere_net_rate_of_absorption_of_longwave_energy

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

"longwave" means longwave radiation. Net absorbed radiation is the difference between absorbed and emitted radiation.

atmosphere_net_rate_of_absorption_of_shortwave_energy

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

"shortwave" means shortwave radiation. Net absorbed radiation is the difference between absorbed and emitted radiation.

atmosphere_net_upward_convective_mass_flux

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

Alias:

atmosphere_convective_mass_flux

In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The atmosphere convective mass flux is the vertical transport of mass for a field of cumulus clouds or thermals, given by the product of air density and vertical velocity. Net upward convective mass flux is the difference between the updraft mass flux and the downdraft mass flux. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). For an area-average, cell_methods should specify whether the average is over all the area or the area of updrafts and/or downdrafts only.

atmosphere_net_upward_deep_convective_mass_flux

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

"Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The atmosphere convective mass flux is the vertical transport of mass for a field of cumulus clouds or thermals, given by the product of air density and vertical velocity. For an area-average, cell_methods should specify whether the average is over all the area or the area of updrafts and/or downdrafts only. Net upward convective mass flux is the difference between the updraft mass flux and the downdraft mass flux.

atmosphere_net_upward_shallow_convective_mass_flux

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

atmosphere_northward_stress_due_to_gravity_wave_drag

Unit: Pa

Unit ref: PASX

AMIP: tauvgwd

atmosphere_number_content_of_aerosol_particles

Unit: m-2

Unit ref: PMSQ

atmosphere_number_content_of_cloud_droplets

Unit: m-2

Unit ref: PMSQ

atmosphere_number_content_of_ice_crystals

Unit: m-2

Unit ref: PMSQ

atmosphere_optical_thickness_due_to_ambient_aerosol_particles

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Alias:

atmosphere_optical_thickness_due_to_ambient_aerosol

Alias:

atmosphere_optical_thickness_due_to_aerosol

The optical thickness is the integral along the path of radiation of a volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient. The radiative flux is reduced by a factor exp(-optical_thickness) on traversing the path. A coordinate variable of radiation_wavelength or radiation_frequency can be specified to indicate that the optical thickness applies at specific wavelengths or frequencies. The atmosphere optical thickness applies to radiation passing through the entire atmosphere. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the quantity described by the standard name applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature". The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.

atmosphere_optical_thickness_due_to_ammonium_ambient_aerosol_particles

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

The optical thickness is the integral along the path of radiation of a volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient. The radiative flux is reduced by a factor exp(-"optical_thickness") on traversing the path. The atmosphere optical thickness applies to radiation passing through the entire atmosphere. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the quantity described by the standard name applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.

atmosphere_optical_thickness_due_to_black_carbon_ambient_aerosol

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The optical thickness is the integral along the path of radiation of a volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient. The radiative flux is reduced by a factor exp(-optical_thickness) on traversing the path. The atmosphere optical thickness applies to radiation passing through the entire atmosphere. "Aerosol" means the suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets). "Ambient aerosol" is aerosol that has taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the aerosol. Black carbon aerosol is composed of elemental carbon. It is strongly light absorbing.

atmosphere_optical_thickness_due_to_cloud

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

atmosphere_optical_thickness_due_to_sulfate_ambient_aerosol_particles

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

The optical thickness is the integral along the path of radiation of a volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient. The radiative flux is reduced by a factor exp(-"optical_thickness") on traversing the path. A coordinate variable of radiation_wavelength or radiation_frequency can be specified to indicate that the optical thickness applies at specific wavelengths or frequencies. The atmosphere optical thickness applies to radiation passing through the entire atmosphere. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the quantity described by the standard name applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.

atmosphere_optical_thickness_due_to_water_in_ambient_aerosol_particles

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Alias:

atmosphere_optical_thickness_due_to_water_in_ambient_aerosol

The optical thickness is the integral along the path of radiation of a volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient. The radiative flux is reduced by a factor exp(-optical_thickness) on traversing the path. The atmosphere optical thickness applies to radiation passing through the entire atmosphere. A coordinate variable of radiation_wavelength or radiation_frequency can be specified to indicate that the optical thickness applies at specific wavelengths or frequencies. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "atmosphere_optical_thickness_due_to_water_in_ambient_aerosol" refers to the optical thickness due to the water that is associated with aerosol particles due to hygroscopic growth in ambient air, affecting the radius and refractive index of the particle. It corresponds to the difference between the total dry aerosol optical thickness and the total ambient aerosol optical thickness. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.

atmosphere_potential_energy_content

Unit: J m-2

Unit ref: JMSQ

atmosphere_relative_vorticity

Unit: s-1

Unit ref: PRSC

GRIB: 43 E138

Relative vorticity is the upward component of the vorticity vector i.e. the component which arises from horizontal velocity.

atmosphere_sigma_coordinate

Unit: 1

See Appendix D of the CF convention for information about dimensionless vertical coordinates.

atmosphere_sleve_coordinate

Unit: 1

See Appendix D of the CF convention for information about dimensionless vertical coordinates.

atmosphere_stability_k_index

Unit: K

Unit ref: UPKA

The atmosphere_stability_k_index is an index that indicates the potential of severe convection and is often referred to a simply the k index. The index is derived from the difference in air temperature between 850 and 500 hPa, the dew point temperature at 850 hPa, and the difference between the air temperature and the dew point temperature at 700 hPa.

atmosphere_stability_showalter_index

Unit: K

Unit ref: UPKA

The atmosphere_stability_showalter_index is an index used to determine convective and thunderstorm potential and is often referred to as simply the showalter index. The index is defined as the temperature difference between a parcel of air lifted from 850 to 500 hPa (wet adiabatically) and the ambient air temperature at 500 hPa.

atmosphere_stability_total_totals_index

Unit: K

Unit ref: UPKA

The atmosphere_stability_total_totals_index indicates thelikelihood of severe convection and is often referred to as simply thetotal totals index. The index is derived from the difference in airtemperature between 850 and 500 hPa (the vertical totals) and thedifference between the dew point temperature at 850 hPa and the airtemperature at 500 hPa (the cross totals). The vertical totals and crosstotals are summed to obtain the index.

atmosphere_updraft_convective_mass_flux

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The atmosphere convective mass flux is the vertical transport of mass for a field of cumulus clouds or thermals, given by the product of air density and vertical velocity. For an area-average, cell_methods should specify whether the average is over all the area or the area of updrafts and/or downdrafts only. "Updraft" means that the flux is positive in the updward direction (negative downward).

automated_tropical_cyclone_forecasting_system_storm_identifier

Unit:

The Automated Tropical Cyclone Forecasting System (ATCF) storm identifier is an 8 character string which identifies a tropical cyclone. The storm identifier has the form BBCCYYYY, where BB is the ocean basin, specifically: AL - North Atlantic basin, north of the Equator; SL - South Atlantic basin, south of the Equator; EP - North East Pacific basin, eastward of 140 degrees west longitude; CP - North Central Pacific basin, between the dateline and 140 degrees west longitude; WP -North West Pacific basin, westward of the dateline; IO - North Indian Ocean basin, north of the Equator between 40 and 100 degrees east longitude; SH - South Pacific Ocean basin and South Indian Ocean basin. CC is the cyclone number. Numbers 01 through 49 are reserved for tropical and subtropical cyclones. A cyclone number is assigned to each tropical or subtropical cyclone in each basin as it develops. Numbers are assigned in chronological order. Numbers 50 through 79 are reserved for internal use by operational forecast centers. Numbers 80 through 89 are reserved for training, exercises and testing. Numbers 90 through 99 are reserved for tropical disturbances having the potential to become tropical or subtropical cyclones. The 90's are assigned sequentially and reused throughout the calendar year. YYYY is the four-digit year. This is calendar year for the northern hemisphere. For the southern hemisphere, the year begins July 1, with calendar year plus one. Reference: Miller, R.J., Schrader, A.J., Sampson, C.R., & Tsui, T.L. (1990), The Automated Tropical Cyclone Forecasting System (ATCF), American Meteorological Society Computer Techniques, 5, 653–660.

Unit: s-1 m-3

Unit ref: M3PS

biomass_burning_carbon_flux

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

"Biomass burning carbon" refers to the rate at which biomass is burned by forest fires etc., expressed as the mass of carbon which it contains. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

bolus_eastward_sea_water_velocity

Unit: m s-1

Bolus velocity in an ocean model means the velocity due to a scheme representing eddy-induced effects which are not resolved on the grid scale of the model. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward).

Unit: m s-1

Bolus velocity in an ocean model means the velocity due to a scheme representing eddy-induced effects which are not resolved on the grid scale of the model. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward).

brightness_temperature

Unit: K

Unit ref: UPKA

GRIB: 118

The brightness temperature of a body is the temperature of a black body which radiates the same power per unit solid angle per unit area.

brightness_temperature_anomaly

Unit: K

Unit ref: UPKA

The brightness temperature of a body is the temperature of a black body which radiates the same power per unit solid angle per unit area. "anomaly" means difference from climatology.

brightness_temperature_at_cloud_top

Unit: K

Unit ref: UPKA

cloud_top refers to the top of the highest cloud. brightness_temperature of a body is the temperature of a black body which radiates the same power per unit solid angle per unit area. A coordinate variable of radiation_wavelength, sensor_band_central_radiation_wavelength, or radiation_frequency may be specified to indicate that the brightness temperature applies at specific wavelengths or frequencies.

brunt_vaisala_frequency_in_air

Unit: s-1

Frequency is the number of oscillations of a wave per unit time.

burned_area

Unit: m2

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/38/UMSQ

"X_area" means the horizontal area occupied by X within the grid cell. "Burned area" means the area of burned vegetation.

burned_area_fraction

Unit: 1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/38/UUUU

"X_area_fraction" means the fraction of horizontal area occupied by X. "X_area" means the horizontal area occupied by X within the grid cell. "Burned area" means the area of burned vegetation.

canopy_and_surface_water_amount

Unit: kg m-2

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Amount" means mass per unit area. "Water" means water in all phases, including frozen i.e. ice and snow. "Canopy" means the plant or vegetation canopy. "Canopy and surface water" means the sum of water on the ground and on the canopy.

canopy_height

Unit: m

Height is the vertical distance above the surface. "Canopy" means the plant or vegetation canopy.

canopy_resistance_to_ozone_dry_deposition

Unit: m-1 s

Unit ref: SCPM

"Canopy" means the plant or vegetation canopy. The "canopy_resistance" is the resistance of a compound to uptake by the vegetation canopy. It varies both with the surface and the chemical species or physical state (gas or particle). Canopy resistance is a function of the canopy stomatal resistance (Rstom), the canopy cuticle resistance (Rcuticle), and the soil resistance (Rsoil). In the case of ozone the uptake by the cuticle is small compared to the uptake through the stomata, reference: Kerstiens and Lendzian, 1989. This means that the cuticle transfer pathway can be neglected in model parameterizations, reference: Ganzeveld and Jos Lelieveld , 1995, doi/10.1029/95JD02266/pdf. The chemical formula for ozone is O3. The IUPAC name for ozone is trioxygen.

canopy_temperature

Unit: K

"Canopy" means the plant or vegetation canopy. "Canopy_temperature" is the bulk temperature of the canopy, not the surface (skin) temperature.

canopy_throughfall_flux

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

"Canopy" means the plant or vegetation canopy. "Throughfall" is the part of the precipitation flux that reaches the ground directly through the vegetative canopy, through intershrub spaces in the canopy, and as drip from the leaves, twigs, and stems (but not including snowmelt). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

canopy_water_amount

Unit: kg m-2

"Amount" means mass per unit area. "Water" means water in all phases, including frozen i.e. ice and snow. "Canopy" means the plant or vegetation canopy. The canopy water is the water on the canopy.

carbon_content_of_products_of_anthropogenic_land_use_change

Unit: kg m-2

"Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "products_of_anthropogenic_land_use_change" means the different end-products of wood that has been removed from the environment by deforestation. Examples are paper, cardboard, furniture and timber for construction. Models that simulate land use changes have one or more pools of carbon that represent these products in order to conserve carbon and allow its eventual release into the atmosphere, for example, when the products decompose in landfill sites. "Anthropogenic" means influenced, caused, or created by human activity.

carbon_mass_flux_into_soil_from_litter

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. "Litter" is dead plant material in or above the soil.

carbon_mass_flux_into_soil_from_vegetation_excluding_litter

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

"Vegetation" means any plants e.g. trees, shrubs, grass. "Litter" is dead plant material in or above the soil. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

cell_area

Unit: m2

Unit ref: UMSQ

"Cell_area" is the horizontal area of a gridcell.

cell_thickness

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

"Thickness" means the vertical extent of a layer. "Cell" refers to a model grid-cell.

change_in_atmosphere_energy_content_due_to_change_in_sigma_coordinate_wrt_surface_pressure

Unit: J m-2

Unit ref: JMSQ

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "wrt" means with respect to. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. "Atmosphere energy content" has not yet been precisely defined! Please express your views on this quantity on the CF email list. See Appendix D of the CF convention for information about dimensionless vertical coordinates.

change_in_energy_content_of_atmosphere_layer_due_to_change_in_sigma_coordinate_wrt_surface_pressure

Unit: J m-2

Unit ref: JMSQ

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "wrt" means with respect to. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. See Appendix D of the CF convention for information about dimensionless vertical coordinates.

change_in_land_ice_amount

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

"Amount" means mass per unit area. Zero change in land ice amount is an arbitrary level. "Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves.

change_over_time_in_atmosphere_mass_content_of_water_due_to_advection

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

Alias:

change_over_time_in_atmosphere_water_content_due_to_advection

Alias:

change_over_time_in_atmospheric_water_content_due_to_advection

"change_over_time_in_X" means change in a quantity X over a time-interval, which should be defined by the bounds of the time coordinate. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. "Water" means water in all phases. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.

change_over_time_in_sea_water_absolute_salinity

Unit: g kg-1

Unit ref: UGKG

"change_over_time_in_X" means change in a quantity X over a time-interval, which should be defined by the bounds of the time coordinate. Absolute Salinity, S_A, is defined as part of the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10) which was adopted in 2010 by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC). It is the mass fraction of dissolved material in sea water. Absolute Salinity incorporates the spatial variations in the composition of sea water. This type of Absolute Salinity is also called "Density Salinity". TEOS-10 estimates Absolute Salinity as the salinity variable that, when used with the TEOS-10 expression for density, yields the correct density of a sea water sample even when the sample is not of Reference Composition. In practice, Absolute Salinity is often calculated from Practical Salinity using a spatial lookup table of pre-defined values of the Absolute Salinity Anomaly. It is recommended that the version of (TEOS-10) software and the associated Absolute Salinity Anomaly climatology be specified within metadata by attaching a comment attribute to the data variable. Reference: www.teos-10.org; Millero et al., 2008 doi: 10.1016/j.dsr.2007.10.001. There are also standard names for the precisely defined salinity quantities sea_water_knudsen_salinity, S_K (used for salinity observations between 1901 and 1966), sea_water_cox_salinity, S_C (used for salinity observations between 1967 and 1977), sea_water_practical_salinity, S_P (used for salinity observations from 1978 onwards), sea_water_preformed_salinity, S_*, and sea_water_reference_salinity. Salinity quantities that do not match any of the precise definitions should be given the more general standard name of sea_water_salinity.

change_over_time_in_sea_water_conservative_temperature

Unit: K

Unit ref: UPKA

The phrase "change_over_time_in_X" means change in a quantity X over a time-interval, which should be defined by the bounds of the time coordinate. Conservative Temperature is defined as part of the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10) which was adopted in 2010 by the International Oceanographic Commission (IOC). Conservative Temperature is specific potential enthalpy (which has the standard name sea_water_specific_potential_enthalpy) divided by a fixed value of the specific heat capacity of sea water, namely cp_0 = 3991.86795711963 J kg-1 K-1. Conservative Temperature is a more accurate measure of the "heat content" of sea water, by a factor of one hundred, than is potential temperature. Because of this, it can be regarded as being proportional to the heat content of sea water per unit mass. Reference: www.teos-10.org; McDougall, 2003 doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<0945:PEACOV>2.0.CO;2.

change_over_time_in_sea_water_density

Unit: kg m-3

Unit ref: UKMC

Sea water density is the in-situ density (not the potential density). If 1000 kg m-3 is subtracted, the standard name "sea_water_sigma_t" should be chosen instead. "change_over_time_in_X" means change in a quantity X over a time-interval, which should be defined by the bounds of the time coordinate.

change_over_time_in_sea_water_neutral_density

Unit: kg m-3

Unit ref: UKMC

"change_over_time_in_X" means change in a quantity X over a time-interval, which should be defined by the bounds of the time coordinate. "Neutral density" is a variable designed so that a surface of constant neutral density everywhere has a local slope that is close to the local slope of the neutral tangent plane. At the sea surface in the equatorial Pacific neutral density is very close to the potential density anomaly. At other locations, this is not the case. For example, along a neutral density surface there is a difference of up to 0.14 kg/m^3 in the potential density anomaly at the outcrops in the Southern and Northern hemispheres. Refer to Jackett & McDougall (1997; Journal of Physical Oceanography, Vol 27, doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(1997)027<0237:ANDVFT>2.0.CO;2) for more information.

change_over_time_in_sea_water_potential_density

Unit: kg m-3

Unit ref: UKMC

Potential density is the density a parcel of air or sea water would have if moved adiabatically to a reference pressure, by default assumed to be sea level pressure. For sea water potential density, if 1000 kg m-3 is subtracted, the standard name "sea_water_sigma_theta" should be chosen instead. "change_over_time_in_X" means change in a quantity X over a time-interval, which should be defined by the bounds of the time coordinate.

change_over_time_in_sea_water_potential_temperature

Unit: K

Unit ref: UPKA

Potential temperature is the temperature a parcel of air or sea water would have if moved adiabatically to sea level pressure. The phrase "change_over_time_in_X" means change in a quantity X over a time-interval, which should be defined by the bounds of the time coordinate.

change_over_time_in_sea_water_practical_salinity

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

"change_over_time_in_X" means change in a quantity X over a time-interval, which should be defined by the bounds of the time coordinate. Practical Salinity, S_P, is a determination of the salinity of sea water, based on its electrical conductance. The measured conductance, corrected for temperature and pressure, is compared to the conductance of a standard potassium chloride solution, producing a value on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978 (PSS-78). This name should not be used to describe salinity observations made before 1978, or ones not based on conductance measurements. Conversion of Practical Salinity to other precisely defined salinity measures should use the appropriate formulas specified by TEOS-10. Other standard names for precisely defined salinity quantities are sea_water_absolute_salinity (S_A); sea_water_preformed_salinity (S_*), sea_water_reference_salinity (S_R); sea_water_cox_salinity (S_C), used for salinity observations between 1967 and 1977; and sea_water_knudsen_salinity (S_K), used for salinity observations between 1901 and 1966. Salinity quantities that do not match any of the precise definitions shoul d be given the more general standard name of sea_water_salinity. Reference: www.teos-10.org; Lewis, 1980 doi:10.1109/JOE.1980.1145448.

change_over_time_in_sea_water_preformed_salinity

Unit: g kg-1

Unit ref: UGKG

"change_over_time_in_X" means change in a quantity X over a time-interval, which should be defined by the bounds of the time coordinate. Preformed Salinity, S*, is defined as part of the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10) which was adopted in 2010 by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC). Preformed Salinity is a salinity variable that is designed to be as conservative as possible, by removing the estimated biogeochemical influences on the sea water composition. Preformed Salinity is Absolute Salinity, S_A (which has the standard name sea_water_absolute_salinity), minus all contributions to sea water composition from biogeochemical processes. Preformed Salinity is the mass fraction of dissolved material in sea water. Reference: www.teos-10.org; Pawlowicz et al., 2011 doi: 10.5194/os-7-363-2011; Wright et al., 2011 doi: 10.5194/os-7-1-2011. There are also standard names for the precisely defined salinity quantities sea_water_knudsen_salinity, S_K (used for salinity observations between 1901 and 1966), sea_water_cox_salinity, S_C (used for salinity observations between 1967 and 1977), sea_water_practical_salinity, S_P (used for salinity observations from 1978 onwards), and sea_water_reference_salinity. Salinity quantities that do not match any of the precise definitions should be given the more general standard name of sea_water_salinity.

change_over_time_in_sea_water_salinity

Unit: 1e-3

Unit ref: UUUU

"change_over_time_in_X" means change in a quantity X over a time-interval, which should be defined by the bounds of the time coordinate. Sea water salinity is the salt content of sea water, often on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978. However, the unqualified term 'salinity' is generic and does not necessarily imply any particular method of calculation. The units of salinity are dimensionless and the units attribute should normally be given as 1e-3 or 0.001 i.e. parts per thousand. There are standard names for the more precisely defined salinity quantities: sea_water_knudsen_salinity, S_K (used for salinity observations between 1901 and 1966), sea_water_cox_salinity, S_C (used for salinity observations between 1967 and 1977), sea_water_practical_salinity, S_P (used for salinity observations from 1978 to the present day), sea_water_absolute_salinity, S_A, sea_water_preformed_salinity, S_*, and sea_water_reference_salinity. Practical Salinity is reported on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978 (PSS-78), and is usually based on the electrical conductivity of sea water in observations since the 1960s. Conversion of data between the observed scales follows: S_P = (S_K - 0.03) * (1.80655 / 1.805) and S_P = S_C, however the accuracy of the latter is dependent on whether chlorinity or conductivity was used to determine the S_C value, with this inconsistency driving the development of PSS-78. The more precise standard names should be used where appropriate for both modelled and observed salinities. In particular, the use of sea_water_salinity to describe salinity observations made from 1978 onwards is now deprecated in favor of the term sea_water_practical_salinity which is the salinity quantity stored by national data centers for post-1978 observations. The only exception to this is where the observed salinities are definitely known not to be recorded on the Practical Salinity Scale. The unit "parts per thousand" was used for sea_water_knudsen_salinity and sea_water_cox_salinity.

change_over_time_in_sea_water_specific_potential_enthalpy

Unit: J kg-1

Unit ref: JPKG

"change_over_time_in_X" means change in a quantity X over a time-interval, which should be defined by the bounds of the time coordinate. The potential enthalpy of a sea water parcel is the specific enthalpy after an adiabatic and isohaline change in pressure from its in situ pressure to the sea pressure p = 0 dbar. "specific" means per unit mass. Reference: www.teos-10.org; McDougall, 2003 doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<0945:PEACOV>2.0.CO;2.

change_over_time_in_sea_water_temperature

Unit: K

Unit ref: UPKA

The phrase "change_over_time_in_X" means change in a quantity X over a time-interval, which should be defined by the bounds of the time coordinate.Sea water temperature is the in situ temperature of the sea water. To specify the depth at which the temperature applies use a vertical coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable. There are standard names for sea_surface_temperature, sea_surface_skin_temperature, sea_surface_subskin_temperature and sea_surface_foundation_temperature which can be used to describe data located at the specified surfaces. For observed data, depending on the period during which the observation was made, the measured in situ temperature was recorded against standard "scales". These historical scales include the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1948 (IPTS-48; 1948-1967), the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 (IPTS-68, Barber, 1969; 1968-1989) and the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90, Saunders 1990; 1990 onwards). Conversion of data between these scales follows t68 = t48 - (4.4 x 10e-6) * t48(100 - t - 48); t90 = 0.99976 * t68. Observations made prior to 1948 (IPTS-48) have not been documented and therefore a conversion cannot be certain. Differences between t90 and t68 can be up to 0.01 at temperatures of 40 C and above; differences of 0.002-0.007 occur across the standard range of ocean temperatures (-10 - 30 C). The International Equation of State of Seawater 1980 (EOS-80, UNESCO, 1981) and the Practical Salinity Scale (PSS-78) were both based on IPTS-68, while the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10) is based on ITS-90. References: Barber, 1969, doi: 10.1088/0026-1394/5/2/001; UNESCO, 1981; Saunders, 1990, WOCE Newsletter, 10, September 1990.

change_over_time_in_surface_snow_amount

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "change_over_time_in_X" means change in a quantity X over a time-interval, which should be defined by the bounds of the time coordinate. "Amount" means mass per unit area. Surface amount refers to the amount on the ground, excluding that on the plant or vegetation canopy.

clear_sky_area_fraction

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

"X_area_fraction" means the fraction of horizontal area occupied by X. "X_area" means the horizontal area occupied by X within the grid cell. The clear_sky area fraction is for the whole atmosphere column, as seen from the surface or the top of the atmosphere.

cloud_albedo

"Compressive strength" is a measure of the capacity of a material to withstand compressive forces. If compressive forces are exerted on a material in excess of its compressive strength, fracturing will occur.

convection_time_fraction

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

"Time fraction" means a fraction of a time interval. The interval in question must be specified by the values or bounds of the time coordinate variable associated with the data. "X_time_fraction" means the fraction of the time interval during which X occurs.

convective_cloud_area_fraction

Unit: 1

GRIB: 72 E185

Unit: m s-1

"Precipitation rate" means the depth or thickness of the layer formed by precipitation per unit time.

convective_rainfall_amount

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

"Amount" means mass per unit area.

convective_rainfall_flux

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

convective_rainfall_rate

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: UVAA

convective_snowfall_amount

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

GRIB: 78

"Amount" means mass per unit area.

convective_snowfall_flux

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

coriolis_parameter

Unit: s-1

Unit ref: PRSC

The Coriolis parameter is twice the component of the earth's angular velocity about the local vertical i.e. 2 W sin L, where L is latitude and W the angular speed of the earth.

correction_for_model_negative_specific_humidity

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

A numerical correction which is added to modelled negative specific humidities in order to obtain a value of zero.

depth

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

Depth is the vertical distance below the surface.

depth_at_maximum_upward_derivative_of_sea_water_potential_temperature

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

This quantity, often used to indicate the "thermocline depth", is the depth of the maximum vertical gradient of sea water potential temperature. Depth is the vertical distance below the surface. Potential temperature is the temperature a parcel of air or sea water would have if moved adiabatically to sea level pressure.

depth_at_shallowest_local_minimum_in_vertical_profile_of_mole_concentration_of_dissolved_molecular_oxygen_in_sea_water

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

Depth is the vertical distance below the surface. 'Mole concentration' means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The concentration of any chemical species, whether particulate or dissolved, may vary with depth in the ocean. A depth profile may go through one or more local minima in concentration. The depth_at_shallowest_local_minimum_in_vertical_profile_of_mole_concentration_of_dissolved_molecular_oxygen_in_sea_water is the depth of the local minimum in the oxygen concentration that occurs closest to the sea surface.

depth_below_geoid

Unit: m

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/37/ULAA

depth_of_isosurface_of_sea_water_potential_temperature

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

This quantity, sometimes called the "isotherm depth", is the depth (if it exists) at which the sea water potential temperature equals some specified value. This value should be specified in a scalar coordinate variable. Depth is the vertical distance below the surface. Potential temperature is the temperature a parcel of air or sea water would have if moved adiabatically to sea level pressure.

dew_point_depression

Unit: K

Unit ref: UPKA

GRIB: 18

Dew point depression is also called dew point deficit. It is the amount by which the air temperature exceeds its dew point temperature. Dew point temperature is the temperature at which a parcel of air reaches saturation upon being cooled at constant pressure and specific humidity.

dew_point_temperature

Unit: K

Unit ref: UPKA

GRIB: 17

Dew point temperature is the temperature at which a parcel of air reaches saturation upon being cooled at constant pressure and specific humidity.

difference_of_air_pressure_from_model_reference

Unit: Pa

In some atmosphere models, the difference of air pressure from model reference is a prognostic variable, instead of the air pressure itself. The model reference air pressure is a model-dependent constant.

diffuse_downwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air

Unit: W m-2

distance_from_geocenter

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

A measure of distance from the Earth's geocenter, commonly used in satellite tracks.

distance_from_sun

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

The distance from the sun to the point of observation.

distance_from_tropical_cyclone_center_to_leading_edge_of_displaced_convection

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

The great circle distance measured from the tropical cyclone center to the leading edge of displaced convection, which is defined as the closest point that exceeds a threshold brightness temperature at top of atmosphere limit. The threshold applied should be recorded in a coordinate variable having the standard name of toa_brightness_temperature. A coordinate variable with standard name of radiation_wavelength, sensor_band_central_radiation_wavelength, or radiation_frequency may be specified to indicate that the brightness temperature applies at specific wavelengths or frequencies.

divergence_of_sea_ice_velocity

Unit: s-1

GRIB: 98

"[horizontal_]divergence_of_X" means [horizontal] divergence of a vector X; if X does not have a vertical component then "horizontal" should be omitted. A velocity is a vector quantity. Sea ice velocity is defined as a two-dimensional vector, with no vertical component.

divergence_of_wind

Unit: s-1

Unit ref: PRSC

GRIB: 44 E155

"[horizontal_]divergence_of_X" means [horizontal] divergence of a vector X; if X does not have a vertical component then "horizontal" should be omitted. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)

downward_air_velocity

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: UVAA

A velocity is a vector quantity. “Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Downward air velocity is the vertical component of the 3D air velocity vector. The standard name upward_air_velocity may be used for a vector component with the opposite sign convention.

downward_dry_static_energy_flux_due_to_diffusion

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

downward_eastward_momentum_flux_in_air

Unit: Pa

Unit ref: PASX

GRIB: 124

downward_eastward_momentum_flux_in_air_due_to_diffusion

Unit: Pa

Unit ref: PASX

"Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). "Downward eastward" indicates the ZX component of a tensor. Momentum flux is dimensionally equivalent to stress and pressure. It is a tensor quantity. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means thatthe quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the generalquantity named by omitting the phrase.

downward_eastward_stress_at_sea_ice_base

Unit: Pa

downward_heat_flux_at_ground_level_in_snow

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

ground_level means the land surface (beneath the snow and surface water, if any). "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

downward_heat_flux_at_ground_level_in_soil

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

downward_heat_flux_in_air

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

"Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). The vertical heat flux in air is the sum of all heat fluxes i.e. radiative, latent and sensible. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

downward_heat_flux_in_floating_ice

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

downward_heat_flux_in_sea_ice

Unit: W m-2

downward_heat_flux_in_soil

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

downward_northward_momentum_flux_in_air

Unit: Pa

Unit ref: PASX

GRIB: 125

downward_northward_momentum_flux_in_air_due_to_diffusion

Unit: Pa

Unit ref: PASX

"Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). "Downward northward" indicates the ZY component of a tensor. Momentum flux is dimensionally equivalent to stress and pressure. It is a tensor quantity. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.

downward_northward_stress_at_sea_ice_base

Unit: Pa

downward_sea_ice_basal_salt_flux

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

downward_water_vapor_flux_in_air_due_to_diffusion

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

downward_x_stress_at_sea_ice_base

Unit: Pa

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/PASX

"x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward).

downward_y_stress_at_sea_ice_base

Unit: Pa

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/PASX

"y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward).

downwelling_longwave_flux_in_air

Unit: W m-2

"longwave" means longwave radiation. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

downwelling_longwave_flux_in_air_assuming_clear_sky

Unit: W m-2

downwelling_longwave_radiance_in_air

Unit: W m-2 sr-1

"longwave" means longwave radiation. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction from which it is coming must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead.

downwelling_photon_flux_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-2 s-1

Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". A photon flux is specified in terms of numbers of photons expressed in moles. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

downwelling_photon_flux_per_unit_wavelength_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-2 s-1 m-1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/M2MM

Alias:

downwelling_spectral_photon_flux_in_sea_water

downwelling_photon_radiance_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-2 s-1 sr-1

downwelling_photon_radiance_per_unit_wavelength_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-2 s-1 m-1 sr-1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/M2SR

Alias:

downwelling_spectral_photon_radiance_in_sea_water

Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". Photon radiance is the photon flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction from which it is coming must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead. A photon flux is specified in terms of numbers of photons expressed in moles. A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength.

downwelling_photon_spherical_irradiance_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-2 s-1

Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". Photon spherical irradiance is the photon flux incident on unit area of a hemispherical (or "2-pi") collector. A photon flux is specified in terms of numbers of photons expressed in moles.

downwelling_photon_spherical_irradiance_per_unit_wavelength_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-2 s-1 m-1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/M2MM

Alias:

downwelling_spectral_photon_spherical_irradiance_in_sea_water

Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength. Photon spherical irradiance is the photon flux incident on unit area of a hemispherical (or "2-pi") collector. A photon flux is specified in terms of numbers of photons expressed in moles.

downwelling_photosynthetic_photon_flux_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-2 s-1

Unit ref: M2MS

Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". "Photosynthetic" radiation is the part of the spectrum which is used in photosynthesis e.g. 400-700 nm. The range of wavelengths could be specified precisely by the bounds of a coordinate of radiation_wavelength. A photon flux is specified in terms of numbers of photons expressed in moles. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

downwelling_photosynthetic_photon_radiance_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-2 s-1 sr-1

Unit ref: M3SR

Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". Photon radiance is the photon flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction from which it is coming must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead. "Photosynthetic" radiation is the part of the spectrum which is used in photosynthesis e.g. 400-700 nm. The range of wavelengths could be specified precisely by the bounds of a coordinate of radiation_wavelength. A photon flux is specified in terms of numbers of photons expressed in moles.

downwelling_photosynthetic_photon_spherical_irradiance_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-2 s-1

Unit ref: M2MS

Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". "Photosynthetic" radiation is the part of the spectrum which is used in photosynthesis e.g. 400-700 nm. The range of wavelengths could be specified precisely by the bounds of a coordinate of radiation_wavelength. Photon spherical irradiance is the photon flux incident on unit area of a hemispherical (or "2-pi") collector. The direction ("up/downwelling") is specified. Radiation incident on a 4-pi collector has a standard name referring to "omnidirectional spherical irradiance". A photon flux is specified in terms of numbers of photons expressed in moles.

downwelling_photosynthetic_radiance_in_sea_water

Unit: W m-2 sr-1

Unit ref: WMSS

Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction from which it is coming must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead. "Photosynthetic" radiation is the part of the spectrum which is used in photosynthesis e.g. 400-700 nm. The range of wavelengths could be specified precisely by the bounds of a coordinate of radiation_wavelength.

downwelling_photosynthetic_radiative_flux_in_sea_water

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Photosynthetic" radiation is the part of the spectrum which is used in photosynthesis e.g. 400-700 nm. The range of wavelengths could be specified precisely by the bounds of a coordinate of radiation_wavelength. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

downwelling_photosynthetic_spherical_irradiance_in_sea_water

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". "Photosynthetic" radiation is the part of the spectrum which is used in photosynthesis e.g. 400-700 nm. The range of wavelengths could be specified precisely by the bounds of a coordinate of radiation_wavelength. Spherical irradiance is the radiation incident on unit area of a hemispherical (or "2-pi") collector. It is sometimes called "scalar irradiance". The direction (up/downwelling) is specified. Radiation incident on a 4-pi collector has standard names of "omnidirectional spherical irradiance".

downwelling_radiance_in_sea_water

Unit: W m-2 sr-1

downwelling_radiance_per_unit_wavelength_in_air

Unit: W m-2 m-1 sr-1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/WM2S

Alias:

downwelling_spectral_radiance_in_air

Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength. Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction from which it is coming must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead.

downwelling_radiance_per_unit_wavelength_in_sea_water

Unit: W m-2 m-1 sr-1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/WM2S

Alias:

downwelling_spectral_radiance_in_sea_water

Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength. Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction from which it is coming must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead.

downwelling_radiative_flux_in_sea_water

Unit: W m-2

downwelling_radiative_flux_per_unit_wavelength_in_air

Unit: W m-2 m-1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/WM2M

Alias:

downwelling_spectral_radiative_flux_in_air

downwelling_radiative_flux_per_unit_wavelength_in_sea_water

Unit: W m-2 m-1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/WM2M

Alias:

downwelling_spectral_radiative_flux_in_sea_water

downwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air

Unit: W m-2

"shortwave" means shortwave radiation. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

downwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air_assuming_clear_sky

Unit: W m-2

downwelling_shortwave_flux_in_sea_water

Unit: W m-2

downwelling_shortwave_radiance_in_air

Unit: W m-2 sr-1

"shortwave" means shortwave radiation. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction from which it is coming must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead.

downwelling_spherical_irradiance_in_sea_water

Unit: W m-2

Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". Spherical irradiance is the radiation incident on unit area of a hemispherical (or "2-pi") collector. It is sometimes called "scalar irradiance". The direction (up/downwelling) is specified. Radiation incident on a 4-pi collector has standard names of "omnidirectional spherical irradiance".

downwelling_spherical_irradiance_per_unit_wavelength_in_sea_water

Unit: W m-2 m-1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/WM2M

Alias:

downwelling_spectral_spherical_irradiance_in_sea_water

dry_atmosphere_mole_fraction_of_carbon_dioxide

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Mole fraction is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The construction "dry_atmosphere_mole_fraction" means that the quantity refers to the whole atmospheric column and is calculated as the total number of particles of X in the column divided by the number of dry air particles in the same column, i.e. the effect of water vapor is excluded. For localized values within the atmospheric medium, standard names including "in_air" are used. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2.

Unit: kg m-1 s-1

Unit ref: KMPS

eastward_derivative_of_northward_sea_ice_velocity

Unit: s-1

A velocity is a vector quantity. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Sea ice velocity is defined as a two-dimensional vector, with no vertical component. "component_derivative_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to distance in the component direction, which may be northward, southward, eastward, westward, x or y. The last two indicate derivatives along the axes of the grid, in the case where they are not true longitude and latitude. The named quantity is a component of the strain rate tensor for sea ice.

eastward_land_ice_velocity

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: UVAA

A velocity is a vector quantity. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). Land ice velocity is defined as a two-dimensional vector, with no vertical component. "Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves.

eastward_mass_flux_of_air

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

"Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

eastward_momentum_flux_correction

Unit: Pa

Unit ref: PASX

AMIP: tauucorr

"Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). Momentum flux is dimensionally equivalent to stress and pressure. It is a tensor quantity. Flux correction is also called "flux adjustment". A positive flux correction is downward i.e. added to the ocean. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

eastward_sea_ice_displacement

Unit: m

"Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). "Displacement" means the change in geospatial position of an object that has moved over time. If possible, the time interval over which the motion took place should be specified using a bounds variable for the time coordinate variable. A displacement can be represented as a vector. Such a vector should however not be interpreted as describing a rectilinear, constant speed motion but merely as an indication that the start point of the vector is found at the tip of the vector after the time interval associated with the displacement variable. A displacement does not prescribe a trajectory. Sea ice displacement can be defined as a two-dimensional vector, with no vertical component. An eastward displacement is the distance calculated from the change in a moving object's longitude between the start and end of the time interval associated with the displacement variable.

eastward_sea_ice_velocity

Unit: m s-1

GRIB: 95

A velocity is a vector quantity. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). Sea ice velocity is defined as a two-dimensional vector, with no vertical component.

eastward_sea_water_velocity

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: UVAA

GRIB: 49

A velocity is a vector quantity. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward).

eastward_sea_water_velocity_assuming_no_tide

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: UVAA

A velocity is a vector quantity. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition.

eastward_transformed_eulerian_mean_air_velocity

Unit: m s-1

Alias:

eastward_transformed_eulerian_mean_velocity

"Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward).

eastward_water_vapor_flux_in_air

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

Alias:

eastward_water_vapor_flux

eastward_water_vapor_transport_across_unit_distance_in_atmosphere_layer

Unit: kg m-1 s-1

Unit ref: KMPS

"Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). Transport across_unit_distance means expressed per unit distance normal to the direction of transport.

eastward_wind

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: UVAA

AMIP: ua

GRIB: 33 E131

"Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)

eastward_wind_shear

Unit: s-1

Unit ref: PRSC

GRIB: 45

effective_radius_of_cloud_condensed_water_particles_at_cloud_top

Unit: m

Unit: m

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/ULAA

The diameter of an aerosol particle as selected by its electrical mobility.

enthalpy_content_of_atmosphere_layer

Unit: J m-2

Unit ref: JMSQ

"Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. Enthalpy can be written either as (1) CpT, where Cp is heat capacity at constant pressure, T is absolute temperature, or (2) U+pV, where U is internal energy, p is pressure and V is volume.

equilibrium_line_altitude

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

Altitude is the (geometric) height above the geoid, which is the reference geopotential surface. The geoid is similar to mean sea level. The equilibrium line is the locus of points on a land ice surface at which ice accumulation balances ice ablation over the year.

equivalent_potential_temperature

Unit: K

Unit ref: UPKA

Potential temperature is the temperature a parcel of air or sea water would have if moved adiabatically to sea level pressure.

equivalent_pressure_of_atmosphere_ozone_content

Unit: Pa

Unit ref: PASX

equivalent_reflectivity_factor

Unit: dBZ

Unit ref: UDBZ

equivalent_temperature

Unit: K

Unit ref: UPKA

equivalent_thickness_at_stp_of_atmosphere_ozone_content

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

GRIB: 10

Alias:

equivalent_thickness_at_stp_of_atmosphere_o3_content

"stp" means standard temperature (0 degC) and pressure (101325 Pa). "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The equivalent thickness at STP of a particular constituent of the atmosphere is the thickness of the layer that the gas would occupy if it was separated from the other constituents and gathered together at STP. equivalent_thickness_at_stp_of_atmosphere_ozone_content is usually measured in Dobson Units which are equivalent to 446.2 micromoles m-2 or an equivalent thickness at STP of 10 micrometers. N.B. Data variables containing column content of ozone can be given the standard name of either equivalent_thickness_at_stp_of_atmosphere_ozone_content or atmosphere_mole_content_of_ozone. The latter name is recommended for consistency with mole content names for chemical species other than ozone.

ertel_potential_vorticity

Unit: K m2 kg-1 s-1

Unit ref: KMSS

AMIP: vorpot

fast_soil_pool_carbon_content

Unit: kg m-2

"Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "soil content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface down to the bottom of the soil model. For the content between specified levels in the soil, standard names including content_of_soil_layer are used. "Soil carbon" is the organic matter present in soil quantified by the mass of carbon it contains. Soil carbon is returned to the atmosphere as the organic matter decays. The decay process takes varying amounts of time depending on the composition of the organic matter, the temperature and the availability of moisture. A carbon "soil pool" means the carbon contained in organic matter which has a characteristic period over which it decays and releases carbon into the atmosphere. "Fast soil pool" refers to the decay of organic matter in soil with a characteristic period of less than ten years under reference climate conditions of a temperature of 20 degrees Celsius and no water limitations.

final_air_pressure_of_lifted_parcel

Unit: Pa

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/PASX

Various stability and convective potential indices are calculated by "lifting" a parcel of air: moving it dry adiabatically from a starting height (often the surface) to the Lifting Condensation Level, and then wet adiabatically from there to an ending height (often the top of the data/model/atmosphere). original_air_pressure_of_lifted_parcel and final_air_pressure_of_lifted_parcel are the pressure heights at the start and end of lifting, respectively.

fire_area

Unit: m2

Unit ref: UMSQ

"X_area" means the horizontal area occupied by X within the grid cell. "Fire area" means the area of detected biomass fire.

fire_radiative_power

Unit: W

Unit ref: WATT

The product of the irradiance (the power per unit area) of a biomass fire and the corresponding fire area. A data variable containing the area affected by fire should be given the standard name fire_area.

fire_temperature

Unit: K

Unit ref: UPKA

The overall temperature of a fire area due to contributions from smoldering and flaming biomass. A data variable containing the area affected by fire should be given the standard name fire_area.

floating_ice_thickness

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

"Floating ice" means any ice that is floating on water, e.g. on a sea or lake surface. "Thickness" means the vertical extent of the ice.

fog_area_fraction

Unit: 1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/UUUU

Fog means water droplets or minute ice crystals close to the surface which reduce visibility in air to less than 1000m. "X_area_fraction" means the fraction of horizontal area occupied by X.

forecast_period

Unit: s

Unit ref: UTBB

Forecast period is the time interval between the forecast reference time and the validity time. A period is an interval of time, or the time-period of an oscillation.

forecast_reference_time

Unit: s

Unit ref: UTBB

The forecast reference time in NWP is the "data time", the time of the analysis from which the forecast was made. It is not the time for which the forecast is valid; the standard name of time should be used for that time.

fractional_saturation_of_oxygen_in_sea_water

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Fractional saturation is the ratio of some measure of concentration to the saturated value of the same quantity.

fraction_of_surface_downwelling_photosynthetic_radiative_flux_absorbed_by_vegetation

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The quantity with standard name fraction_of_surface_downwelling_photosynthetic_radiative_flux_absorbed_by_vegetation, often called Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR), is the fraction of incoming solar radiation in the photosynthetically active radiation spectral region that is absorbed by a vegetation canopy. "Photosynthetic" radiation is the part of the spectrum which is used in photosynthesis e.g. 400-700 nm. The range of wavelengths could be specified precisely by the bounds of a coordinate of "radiation_wavelength". The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". "Vegetation" means any plants e.g. trees, shrubs, grass. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

AMIP: zg

GRIB: 7 E156

geopotential_height_anomaly

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

GRIB: 27

"anomaly" means difference from climatology. Geopotential is the sum of the specific gravitational potential energy relative to the geoid and the specific centripetal potential energy. Geopotential height is the geopotential divided by the standard acceleration due to gravity. It is numerically similar to the altitude (or geometric height) and not to the quantity with standard name height, which is relative to the surface.

geopotential_height_at_cloud_top

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

Cloud_top refers to the top of the highest cloud. Geopotential is the sum of the specific gravitational potential energy relative to the geoid and the specific centripetal potential energy. Geopotential height is the geopotential divided by the standard acceleration due to gravity. It is numerically similar to the altitude (or geometric height) and not to the quantity with standard name "height", which is relative to the surface.

geopotential_height_at_volcanic_ash_cloud_top

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

Geopotential is the sum of the specific gravitational potential energy relative to the geoid and the specific centripetal potential energy. Geopotential height is the geopotential divided by the standard acceleration due to gravity. It is numerically similar to the altitude (or geometric height) and not to the quantity with standard name "height", which is relative to the surface. "Volcanic_ash" means the fine-grained products of explosive volcanic eruptions, such as minerals or crystals, older fragmented rock (e.g. andesite), and glass. Particles within a volcanic ash cloud have diameters less than 2 mm. "Volcanic_ash" does not include non-volcanic dust.

geostrophic_eastward_wind

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: UVAA

geostrophic_northward_wind

Unit: m s-1

"Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)

global_average_sea_level_change

Unit: m

global_average_steric_sea_level_change

Unit: m

Global average steric sea level change is caused by changes in sea water density due to changes in temperature (thermosteric) and salinity (halosteric). Zero sea level change is an arbitrary level.

global_average_thermosteric_sea_level_change

Unit: m

Global average thermosteric sea level change is the part caused by change in density due to change in temperature i.e. thermal expansion. Zero sea level change is an arbitrary level.

grid_latitude

Unit: degree

Unit ref: UAAA

Latitude is positive northward; its units of degree_north (or equivalent) indicate this explicitly. In a latitude-longitude system defined with respect to a rotated North Pole, the standard name of grid_latitude should be used instead of latitude. Grid latitude is positive in the grid-northward direction, but its units should be plain degree.

grid_longitude

Unit: degree

Unit ref: UAAA

Longitude is positive eastward; its units of degree_east (or equivalent) indicate this explicitly. In a latitude-longitude system defined with respect to a rotated North Pole, the standard name of grid_longitude should be used instead of longitude. Grid longitude is positive in the grid-eastward direction, but its units should be plain degree.

gross_primary_productivity_of_biomass_expressed_as_carbon

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

Alias:

gross_primary_productivity_of_carbon

"Production of carbon" means the production of biomass expressed as the mass of carbon which it contains. Gross primary production is the rate of synthesis of biomass from inorganic precursors by autotrophs ("producers"), for example, photosynthesis in plants or phytoplankton. The producers also respire some of this biomass and the difference is "net_primary_production". "Productivity" means production per unit area. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.

harmonic_period

Unit: s

Unit ref: UTBB

A period is an interval of time, or the time-period of an oscillation.

heat_flux_correction

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

AMIP: hfcorr

Flux correction is also called "flux adjustment". A positive flux correction is downward i.e. added to the ocean. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

heat_flux_into_sea_water_due_to_freezing_of_frazil_ice

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Frazil" consists of needle like crystals of ice, typically between three and four millimeters in diameter, which form as sea water begins to freeze. Salt is expelled during the freezing process and frazil ice consists of nearly pure fresh water.

heat_flux_into_sea_water_due_to_iceberg_thermodynamics

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. " Iceberg thermodynamics" refers to the addition or subtraction of mass due to surface and basal fluxes, i.e., due to melting, sublimation and fusion.

heat_flux_into_sea_water_due_to_newtonian_relaxation

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The heat_flux_into_sea_water_due_to_newtonian_relaxation is the heat flux resulting from the Newtonian relaxation of the sea surface temperature. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

heat_flux_into_sea_water_due_to_sea_ice_thermodynamics

Unit: W m-2

In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Sea ice thermodynamics" refers to the addition or subtraction of mass due to surface and basal fluxes, i.e., due to melting, sublimation and fusion.

heat_flux_into_sea_water_due_to_snow_thermodynamics

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Snow thermodynamics" refers to the addition or subtraction of mass due to surface and basal fluxes, i.e., due to melting, sublimation and fusion.

height

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

AMIP: zh

Height is the vertical distance above the surface.

height_above_reference_ellipsoid

Unit: m

Height is the vertical distance above a surface. A reference ellipsoid is a mathematical figure that approximates the geoid. The geoid is a surface of constant geopotential with which mean sea level would coincide if the ocean were at rest. The ellipsoid is an approximation because the geoid is an irregular shape. A number of reference ellipsoids are defined for use in the field of geodesy.

height_above_sea_floor

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

height_at_cloud_top

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

cloud_top refers to the top of the highest cloud. Height is the vertical distance above the surface.

heterotrophic_respiration_carbon_flux

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

"Respiration carbon" refers to the rate at which biomass is respired expressed as the mass of carbon which it contains. Heterotrophic respiration is respiration by heterotrophs ("consumers"), which are organisms (including animals and decomposers) that consume other organisms or dead organic material, rather than synthesising organic material from inorganic precursors using energy from the environment (especially sunlight) as autotrophs ("producers") do. Heterotrophic respiration goes on both above and within the soil. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

high_type_cloud_area_fraction

Unit: 1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/UUUU

High type clouds are: Cirrus, Cirrostratus, Cirrocumulus. "X_area_fraction" means the fraction of horizontal area occupied by X. Cloud area fraction is also called "cloud amount" and "cloud cover". X_type_cloud_area_fraction is determined on the basis of cloud type and not on the vertical location of the cloud.

histogram_of_backscattering_ratio_over_height_above_reference_ellipsoid

Unit: 1

histogram_of_equivalent_reflectivity_factor_over_height_above_reference_ellipsoid

Unit: 1

"Equivalent reflectivity factor" is the radar reflectivity factor that is calculated from the measured radar return power assuming the target is composed of liquid water droplets whose diameter is less than one tenth of the radar wavelength, i.e., treating the droplets as Rayleigh scatterers. The actual radar reflectivity factor would depend on the size distribution and composition of the particles within the target volume and these are often unknown. "histogram_of_X[_over_Z]" means histogram (i.e. number of counts for each range of X) of variations (over Z) of X. The data variable should have an axis for X. A reference ellipsoid is a regular mathematical figure that approximates the irregular shape of the geoid. A number of reference ellipsoids are defined for use in the field of geodesy.

horizontal_atmosphere_dry_energy_transport

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

Dry energy is the sum of dry static energy and kinetic energy. Dry static energy is the sum of enthalpy and potential energy (itself the sum of gravitational and centripetal potential energy). Enthalpy can be written either as (1) CpT, where Cp is heat capacity at constant pressure, T is absolute temperature, or (2) U+pV, where U is internal energy, p is pressure and V is volume.

horizontal_dry_energy_transport_in_atmosphere_layer

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

"Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. Dry energy is the sum of dry static energy and kinetic energy. Dry static energy is the sum of enthalpy and potential energy (itself the sum of gravitational and centripetal potential energy). Enthalpy can be written either as (1) CpT, where Cp is heat capacity at constant pressure, T is absolute temperature, or (2) U+pV, where U is internal energy, p is pressure and V is volume.

humidity_mixing_ratio

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

GRIB: 53

Humidity mixing ratio of a parcel of moist air is the ratio of the mass of water vapor to the mass of dry air.

institution

Unit:

Unit ref: XXXX

An auxiliary coordinate variable with a standard name of institution contains string values which specify where the original data, with which the coordinate variable is associated, were produced. The use of institution as the standard name for an auxiliary coordinate variable permits the aggregation of data from multiple institutions within a single data file.

integral_of_air_temperature_deficit_wrt_time

Unit: K s

"integral_of_Y_wrt_X" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. "wrt" means with respect to. Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. The air temperature deficit is the air temperature threshold minus the air temperature. Its integral with respect to time is often called after its units of "degree-days".

integral_of_air_temperature_excess_wrt_time

Unit: K s

"integral_of_Y_wrt_X" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. "wrt" means with respect to. Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. The air temperature excess is the air temperature minus the air temperature threshold. Its integral with respect to time is often called after its units of "degree-days".

integral_of_sea_ice_temperature_wrt_depth_expressed_as_heat_content

Unit: J m-2

"Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. Depth is the vertical distance below the surface. The quantity with standard name integral_of_sea_ice_temperature_wrt_depth_expressed_as_heat_content is calculated relative to the heat content of ice at zero degrees Celsius, which is assumed to have a heat content of zero Joules. "integral_of_Y_wrt_X" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. "wrt" means with respect to.

integral_of_sea_water_potential_temperature_wrt_depth_expressed_as_heat_content

Unit: J m-2

"integral_of_Y_wrt_X" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. "wrt" means with respect to. "expressed_as_heat_content" means that this quantity is calculated as the (assumed constant) specific heat capacity times density of sea water multiplied by the integral, over the specified layer of the ocean, of the sea water potential temperature wrt depth.

integral_of_sea_water_temperature_wrt_depth_in_ocean_layer

Unit: K m

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/40/KMTX

"integral_of_Y_wrt_X" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. "wrt" means with respect to. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. Depth is the vertical distance below the surface. Sea water temperature is the in situ temperature of the sea water. For observed data, depending on the period during which the observation was made, the measured in situ temperature was recorded against standard "scales". These historical scales include the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1948 (IPTS-48; 1948-1967), the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 (IPTS-68, Barber, 1969; 1968-1989) and the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90, Saunders 1990; 1990 onwards). Conversion of data between these scales follows t68 = t48 - (4.4 x 10e-6) * t48(100 - t - 48); t90 = 0.99976 * t68. Observations made prior to 1948 (IPTS-48) have not been documented and therefore a conversion cannot be certain. Differences between t90 and t68 can be up to 0.01 at temperatures of 40 C and above; differences of 0.002-0.007 occur across the standard range of ocean temperatures (-10 - 30 C). The International Equation of State of Seawater 1980 (EOS-80, UNESCO, 1981) and the Practical Salinity Scale (PSS-78) were both based on IPTS-68, while the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10) is based on ITS-90. References: Barber, 1969, doi: 10.1088/0026-1394/5/2/001; UNESCO, 1981; Saunders, 1990, WOCE Newsletter, 10, September 1990.

Unit: W s m-2

"integral_of_Y_wrt_X" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. "wrt" means with respect to. "toa" means top of atmosphere. "Longwave" means longwave radiation. The TOA outgoing longwave flux is the upwelling thermal radiative flux, often called the "outgoing longwave radiation" or "OLR". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

integral_wrt_depth_of_tendency_of_sea_water_alkalinity_expressed_as_mole_equivalent

Unit: mol m-2 s-1

Unit ref: M2MS

Depth is the vertical distance below the surface. 'sea_water_alkalinity_expressed_as_mole_equivalent' is the total alkalinity equivalent concentration (including carbonate, nitrogen, silicate, and borate components). "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "wrt" means with respect to.

integral_wrt_depth_of_tendency_of_sea_water_alkalinity_expressed_as_mole_equivalent_due_to_biological_processes

Unit: mol m-2 s-1

Unit ref: M2MS

Depth is the vertical distance below the surface. 'sea_water_alkalinity_expressed_as_mole_equivalent' is the total alkalinity equivalent concentration (including carbonate, nitrogen, silicate, and borate components). The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "wrt" means with respect to.

isccp_cloud_area_fraction

Unit: 1

AMIP: clisccp

"X_area_fraction" means the fraction of horizontal area occupied by X. "X_area" means the horizontal area occupied by X within the grid cell. Cloud area fraction is also called "cloud amount" and "cloud cover". The cloud area fraction is for the whole atmosphere column, as seen from the surface or the top of the atmosphere. The cloud area fraction in a layer of the atmosphere has the standard name cloud_area_fraction_in_atmosphere_layer. The ISCCP cloud area fraction is diagnosed from atmosphere model output by the ISCCP simulator software in such a way as to be comparable with the observational diagnostics of ISCCP (the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project).

isotropic_longwave_radiance_in_air

Unit: W m-2 sr-1

Unit ref: WMSS

Alias:

longwave_radiance

"longwave" means longwave radiation. Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. If radiation is isotropic, the radiance is independent of direction, so the direction should not be specified. If the radiation is directionally dependent, a standard name of upwelling or downwelling radiance should be chosen instead.

isotropic_radiance_per_unit_wavelength_in_air

Unit: W m-2 m-1 sr-1

Unit ref: WM2S

Alias:

isotropic_spectral_radiance_in_air

Alias:

Unit: s-1

GRIB: 38

Alias:

upward_air_velocity_expressed_as_tendency_of_sigma

Alias:

vertical_air_velocity_expressed_as_tendency_of_sigma

"tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The Lagrangian tendency of a quantity is its rate of change following the motion of the fluid, also called the "material derivative" or "convective derivative". The Lagrangian tendency of sigma plays the role of the upward component of air velocity when the atmosphere sigma coordinate (a dimensionless atmosphere vertical coordinate) is being used as the vertical coordinate. If the vertical air velocity is upwards, it is negative when expressed as a tendency of sigma; downwards is positive. See Appendix D of the CF convention for information about dimensionless vertical coordinates.

land_area_fraction

Unit: 1

AMIP: sftlf

GRIB: 81

"X_area_fraction" means the fraction of horizontal area occupied by X. "X_area" means the horizontal area occupied by X within the grid cell.

land_binary_mask

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

GRIB: E172

X_binary_mask has 1 where condition X is met, 0 elsewhere. 1 = land, 0 = sea.

land_cover_lccs

Unit:

Unit ref: XXXX

A variable with the standard name of land_cover_sccs contains strings which indicate the nature of the surface, e.g. cropland_..., tree_... . These strings are standardised. Values must be combinations of classifiers from the Land Cover Classification System (LCCS; Di Gregorio A., 2005, UN Land Cover Classification System (LCCS) - Classification concepts and user manual for Software version 2; available at www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X0596E/X0596e00.htm).

land_ice_area_fraction

Unit: 1

AMIP: sftgif

"X_area_fraction" means the fraction of horizontal area occupied by X. "Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves.

land_ice_basal_melt_rate

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: UVAA

"Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves. The land ice basal melt rate is the rate at which ice is lost per unit area at the base of the ice.

land_ice_basal_x_velocity

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: UVAA

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: UVAA

Alias:

land_ice_lwe_surface_specific_mass_balance

"Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves. "lwe" means liquid water equivalent. Specific mass balance means the net rate at which ice is added per unit area at the land ice surface due to all processes of surface accumulation and ablation. A negative value means loss of ice.

land_ice_sigma_coordinate

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

"Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves.

land_ice_surface_specific_mass_balance_flux

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

"Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves. Specific mass balance means the net rate at which ice is added per unit area at the land ice surface. A negative value means loss of ice. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

land_ice_surface_specific_mass_balance_rate

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: UVAA

Alias:

land_ice_surface_specific_mass_balance

"Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves. Specific mass balance means the net rate at which ice is added at the land ice surface due to all processes of surface accumulation and ablation. A negative value means loss of ice.

land_ice_temperature

Unit: K

Unit ref: UPKA

"Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves.

land_ice_thickness

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

"Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves. "Thickness" means the vertical extent of a layer.

land_ice_vertical_mean_x_velocity

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: UVAA

A velocity is a vector quantity. "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x. "Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves. The vertical mean land ice velocity is the average from the bedrock to the surface of the ice.

land_ice_vertical_mean_y_velocity

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: UVAA

A velocity is a vector quantity. "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. "Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves. The vertical mean land ice velocity is the average from the bedrock to the surface of the ice.

land_ice_x_velocity

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: UVAA

land_ice_y_velocity

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: UVAA

latitude

Unit: degree_north

Unit ref: DEGN

AMIP: latitude

leaf_area_index

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

"X_area" means the horizontal area occupied by X within the grid cell.

leaf_carbon_content

Unit: kg m-2

"Content" indicates a quantity per unit area.

lightning_radiant_energy

Unit: J

Unit ref: JOUL

The standard name "lightning radiant energy" means the energy emitted as electromagnetic radiation due to lightning. A coordinate variable of radiation_wavelength, radiation_frequency, or sensor_band_central_wavelength may be specified to indicate that the lightning_radiant_energy applies at specific wavelengths or frequencies. Bounds of the time and spatial coordinates may be specified to indicate the time interval and spatial extent over which the energy is emitted.

liquid_water_content_of_permafrost_layer

Unit: kg m-2

Unit: m-3

Unit ref: PCUM

The cloud condensation nuclei number size distribution is the number concentration of aerosol particles, normalised to the decadal logarithmic size interval the concentration applies to, as a function of particle diameter, where the particle acts as condensation nucleus for liquid-phase clouds. A coordinate variable with the standard name of relative_humidity should be specified to indicate that the property refers to a specific supersaturation with respect to liquid water. A coordinate variable with the standard name of electrical_mobility_particle_diameter should be specified to indicate that the property applies at specific mobility particle sizes. To specify the relative humidity at which the particle sizes were selected, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of relative_humidity_for_aerosol_particle_size_selection. The ability of a particle to act as a condensation nucleus is determined by its size, chemical composition, and morphology. "log10_X" means common logarithm (i.e. base 10) of X. "stp" means standard temperature (0 degC) and pressure (101325 Pa).

longitude

Unit: degree_east

Unit ref: DEGE

AMIP: longitude

low_type_cloud_area_fraction

Unit: 1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/UUUU

Low type clouds are: Stratus, Stratocumulus, Cumulus, Cumulonimbus. "X_area_fraction" means the fraction of horizontal area occupied by X. Cloud area fraction is also called "cloud amount" and "cloud cover". X_type_cloud_area_fraction is determined on the basis of cloud type and not on the vertical location of the cloud.

lwe_convective_precipitation_rate

Unit: m s-1

Alias:

convective_precipitation_rate

"lwe" means liquid water equivalent.

lwe_convective_snowfall_rate

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: UVAA

"lwe" means liquid water equivalent.

lwe_precipitation_rate

Unit: m s-1

"lwe" means liquid water equivalent.

lwe_snowfall_rate

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: UVAA

"lwe" means liquid water equivalent.

lwe_stratiform_precipitation_rate

Unit: m s-1

Alias:

lwe_large_scale_precipitation_rate

Stratiform precipitation, whether liquid or frozen, is precipitation that formed in stratiform cloud. "lwe" means liquid water equivalent.

lwe_stratiform_snowfall_rate

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: UVAA

Alias:

lwe_large_scale_snowfall_rate

Stratiform precipitation, whether liquid or frozen, is precipitation that formed in stratiform cloud. "lwe" means liquid water equivalent.

lwe_thickness_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_water_vapor

Unit: m

Unit ref: KMP2

GRIB: E137

Alias:

lwe_thickness_of_atmosphere_water_vapor_content

"lwe" means liquid water equivalent. The construction lwe_thickness_of_X_amount or _content means the vertical extent of a layer of liquid water having the same mass per unit area. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. Atmosphere water vapor content is sometimes referred to as "precipitable water", although this term does not imply the water could all be precipitated.

lwe_thickness_of_canopy_water_amount

Unit: m

"lwe" means liquid water equivalent. "Amount" means mass per unit area. The construction lwe_thickness_of_X_amount or _content means the vertical extent of a layer of liquid water having the same mass per unit area. "Water" means water in all phases, including frozen i.e. ice and snow. "Canopy" means the plant or vegetation canopy. The canopy water is the water on the canopy.

lwe_thickness_of_convective_precipitation_amount

Unit: m

GRIB: E143

Unit: m

lwe_thickness_of_snowfall_amount

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

GRIB: E144

lwe_thickness_of_soil_moisture_content

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

GRIB: E140

lwe_thickness_of_stratiform_precipitation_amount

Unit: m

GRIB: E142

Alias:

lwe_thickness_of_large_scale_precipitation_amount

"Amount" means mass per unit area. "lwe" means liquid water equivalent. The construction lwe_thickness_of_X_amount or _content means the vertical extent of a layer of liquid water having the same mass per unit area. Stratiform precipitation, whether liquid or frozen, is precipitation that formed in stratiform cloud.

lwe_thickness_of_stratiform_snowfall_amount

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

Alias:

lwe_thickness_of_large_scale_snowfall_amount

lwe_thickness_of_surface_snow_amount

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

GRIB: E141

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "lwe" means liquid water equivalent. "Amount" means mass per unit area. The construction lwe_thickness_of_X_amount or _content means the vertical extent of a layer of liquid water having the same mass per unit area. Surface amount refers to the amount on the ground, excluding that on the plant or vegetation canopy.

lwe_thickness_of_water_evaporation_amount

Unit: m

Unit: m

Alias:

sea_ice_displacement

"magnitude_of_X" means magnitude of a vector X. 'Displacement' means the change in geospatial position of an object that has moved over time. If possible, the time interval over which the motion took place should be specified using a bounds variable for the time coordinate variable. A displacement can be represented as a vector. Such a vector should however not be interpreted as describing a rectilinear, constant speed motion but merely as an indication that the start point of the vector is found at the tip of the vector after the time interval associated with the displacement variable. A displacement does not prescribe a trajectory. Sea ice displacement can be defined as a two-dimensional vector, with no vertical component.

magnitude_of_surface_downward_stress

Unit: Pa

Unit: kg m-3

Unit ref: UKMC

Alias:

mass_concentration_of_ammonium_dry_aerosol_in_air

mass_concentration_of_anthropogenic_nmvoc_expressed_as_carbon_in_air

Unit: kg m-3

mass_concentration_of_calcareous_phytoplankton_expressed_as_chlorophyll_in_sea_water

Unit: kg m-3

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/UKMC

'Mass concentration' means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Chlorophylls are the green pigments found in most plants, algae and cyanobacteria; their presence is essential for photosynthesis to take place. There are several different forms of chlorophyll that occur naturally. All contain a chlorin ring (chemical formula C20H16N4) which gives the green pigment and a side chain whose structure varies. The naturally occurring forms of chlorophyll contain between 35 and 55 carbon atoms. 'Calcareous phytoplankton' are phytoplankton that produce calcite. Calcite is a mineral that is a polymorph of calcium carbonate. The chemical formula of calcite is CaCO3. Phytoplankton are autotrophic prokaryotic or eukaryotic algae that live near the water surface where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis.

mass_concentration_of_carbon_dioxide_in_air

Unit: kg m-3

Unit ref: UKMC

mass_concentration_of_carbon_monoxide_in_air

Unit: kg m-3

Unit: kg m-3

Unit ref: UKMC

mass_concentration_of_chlorine_monoxide_in_air

Unit: kg m-3

Unit ref: UKMC

mass_concentration_of_chlorine_nitrate_in_air

Unit ref: UKMC

Alias:

mass_concentration_of_coarse_mode_ambient_aerosol_in_air

mass_concentration_of_condensed_water_in_soil

Unit: kg m-3

Unit ref: UKMC

mass_concentration_of_dimethyl_sulfide_in_air

Unit: kg m-3

Unit ref: UKMC

mass_concentration_of_dinitrogen_pentoxide_in_air

Unit: kg m-3

Unit: kg m-3

Unit ref: UKMC

mass_concentration_of_ethanol_in_air

Unit: kg m-3

Unit ref: UKMC

mass_concentration_of_ethene_in_air

Unit: kg m-3

Unit ref: UKMC

mass_concentration_of_ethyne_in_air

Unit: kg m-3

Unit ref: UKMC

mass_concentration_of_flagellates_expressed_as_carbon_in_sea_water

Unit: kg m-3

mass_concentration_of_flagellates_expressed_as_nitrogen_in_sea_water

Unit: kg m-3

mass_concentration_of_formaldehyde_in_air

Unit: kg m-3

Unit ref: UKMC

mass_concentration_of_formic_acid_in_air

Unit: kg m-3

Unit ref: UKMC

mass_concentration_of_gaseous_divalent_mercury_in_air

Unit: kg m-3

Unit ref: UKMC

mass_concentration_of_gaseous_elemental_mercury_in_air

Unit: kg m-3

Unit: kg m-3

Unit ref: UKMC

mass_concentration_of_hcfc142b_in_air

Unit: kg m-3

Unit ref: UKMC

Unit: kg m-3

Unit ref: UKMC

mass_concentration_of_hydroperoxyl_radical_in_air

Unit: kg m-3

Unit: kg m-3

mass_concentration_of_miscellaneous_phytoplankton_expressed_as_chlorophyll_in_sea_water

Unit: kg m-3

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/UKMC

Unit: kg m-3

Unit ref: UKMC

Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. "Noy" describes a family of chemical species. The family usually includes atomic nitrogen (N), nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5), nitric acid (HNO3), peroxynitric acid (HNO4), bromine nitrate (BrONO2) , chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) and organic nitrates (most notably peroxyacetyl nitrate, sometimes referred to as PAN, (CH3COO2NO2)). The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.

mass_concentration_of_organic_detritus_expressed_as_carbon_in_sea_water

Unit: kg m-3

Unit ref: UKMC

mass_concentration_of_organic_detritus_expressed_as_nitrogen_in_sea_water

Unit: kg m-3

Unit ref: UKMC

mass_concentration_of_oxygenated_hydrocarbons_in_air

Unit: kg m-3

Unit ref: UKMC

mass_concentration_of_oxygen_in_sea_water

Unit: kg m-3

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/40/UKMC

Alias:

mass_concentration_of_pm10_ambient_aerosol_in_air

Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Pm10 aerosol" is an air pollutant with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the particle size applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with the standard names of, respectively, "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature."

mass_concentration_of_pm1_ambient_aerosol_particles_in_air

Unit: kg m-3

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/40/UKMC

Alias:

mass_concentration_of_pm1_ambient_aerosol_in_air

Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Pm1 aerosol" is an air pollutant with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 1 micrometer. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the particle size applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with the standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature".

mass_concentration_of_pm2p5_ambient_aerosol_particles_in_air

Unit: kg m-3

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/40/UKMC

Alias:

mass_concentration_of_pm2p5_ambient_aerosol_in_air

Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Pm2p5 aerosol" is an air pollutant with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the particle size applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with the standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature."

mass_concentration_of_primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol_particles_in_air

Unit: kg m-3

Unit ref: UKMC

Alias:

mass_concentration_of_primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol_in_air

mass_concentration_of_propane_in_air

Unit: kg m-3

Unit ref: UKMC

mass_concentration_of_propene_in_air

Unit: kg m-3

Unit ref: UKMC

mass_concentration_of_radon_in_air

Unit: kg m-3

Unit: kg m-3

Unit ref: UKMC

mass_concentration_of_sulfate_ambient_aerosol_particles_in_air

Unit: kg m-3

Unit ref: UKMC

AMIP: trsul

Alias:

mass_concentration_of_sulfate_ambient_aerosol_in_air

Alias:

mass_concentration_of_sulfate_aerosol_in_air

mass_concentration_of_sulfate_dry_aerosol_particles_in_air

Unit: kg m-3

Unit ref: UKMC

Alias:

mass_concentration_of_sulfate_dry_aerosol_in_air

mass_concentration_of_sulfur_dioxide_in_air

Unit: kg m-3

Unit ref: UKMC

mass_concentration_of_suspended_matter_in_sea_water

Unit: kg m-3

Unit ref: UKMC

Alias:

Unit: kg m-3

Unit ref: UKMC

mass_content_of_cloud_condensed_water_in_atmosphere_layer

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

Alias:

cloud_condensed_water_content_of_atmosphere_layer

"condensed_water" means liquid and ice. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well.

mass_content_of_cloud_ice_in_atmosphere_layer

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

Alias:

cloud_ice_content_of_atmosphere_layer

mass_content_of_cloud_liquid_water_in_atmosphere_layer

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

Alias:

cloud_liquid_water_content_of_atmosphere_layer

mass_content_of_water_in_atmosphere_layer

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

Alias:

water_content_of_atmosphere_layer

mass_content_of_water_vapor_in_atmosphere_layer

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

Unit: 1

mass_fraction_of_bromine_chloride_in_air

Unit: 1

mass_fraction_of_bromine_monoxide_in_air

Unit: 1

mass_fraction_of_bromine_nitrate_in_air

Unit: 1

mass_fraction_of_brox_expressed_as_bromine_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Unit: 1

Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, whereX is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. "Clox" describes a familyof chemical species consisting of inorganic chlorine compounds with the exception of hydrogen chloride (HCl) and chlorine nitrate (ClONO2). "Clox" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity with a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. "Inorganic chlorine", sometimes referred to as Cly, describes a family of chemical species which result from the degradation of source gases containing chlorine (CFCs, HCFCs, VSLS) and natural inorganic chlorine sources such as seasalt and other aerosols. Standard names that use the term "inorganic_chlorine" are used for quantitiesthat contain all inorganic chlorine species including HCl and ClONO2. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A.It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.

mass_fraction_of_convective_cloud_condensed_water_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Alias:

mass_fraction_of_convective_condensed_water_in_air

mass_fraction_of_convective_cloud_ice_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). Convective cloud is that produced by the convection schemes in an atmosphere model.

mass_fraction_of_convective_cloud_liquid_water_in_air

Unit: 1

Alias:

mass_fraction_of_dust_dry_aerosol_in_air

mass_fraction_of_elemental_carbon_dry_aerosol_particles_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/UUUU

Alias:

mass_fraction_of_black_carbon_dry_aerosol_in_air

mass_fraction_of_inorganic_bromine_in_air

Unit: 1

Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, whereX is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. "Inorganic bromine", sometimes referred to as Bry, describes a family of chemical species which result from the degradation of source gases containing bromine (halons, methyl bromide, VSLS) and natural inorganic bromine sources such as volcanoes, seasalt and other aerosols. "Inorganic bromine" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. Standard names that use the term "brox" are used for quantities that contain all inorganic bromine species except HBr and BrONO2.

mass_fraction_of_inorganic_chlorine_in_air

Unit: 1

Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, whereX is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. "Inorganic chlorine", sometimes referred to as Cly, describes a family of chemical species which result from the degradation of source gases containing chlorine (CFCs, HCFCs, VSLS) and natural inorganic chlorine sources such as seasalt and other aerosols. "Inorganic chlorine" is the termused in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented withina given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. Standard names that use the term "clox" are used for quantities that contain all inorganic chlorine species except HCl and ClONO2.

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Alias:

mass_fraction_of_nox_expressed_as_nitrogen_in_air

Unit: 1

mass_fraction_of_noy_expressed_as_nitrogen_in_air

mass_fraction_of_peroxy_radicals_in_air

Unit: 1

mass_fraction_of_pm10_ambient_aerosol_particles_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/UUUU

Alias:

mass_fraction_of_pm10_ambient_aerosol_in_air

Alias:

mass_fraction_of_pm10_aerosol_in_air

Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Pm10 aerosol" is an air pollutant with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the particle size applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with the standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature."

mass_fraction_of_pm10_ammonium_dry_aerosol_particles_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/UUUU

mass_fraction_of_pm10_dry_aerosol_particles_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/UUUU

mass_fraction_of_pm10_dust_dry_aerosol_particles_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/UUUU

mass_fraction_of_pm10_elemental_carbon_dry_aerosol_particles_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/UUUU

Mass fraction is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm10 aerosol" is an air pollutant with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. Chemically, “elemental carbon” is the carbonaceous fraction of particulate matter that is thermally stable in an inert atmosphere to high temperatures near 4000K and can only be gasified by oxidation starting at temperatures above 340 C. It is assumed to be inert and non-volatile under atmospheric conditions and insoluble in any solvent (Ogren and Charlson, 1983).

mass_fraction_of_pm2p5_elemental_carbon_dry_aerosol_particles_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/UUUU

Mass fraction is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm2p5 aerosol" is an air pollutant with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers. Chemically, “elemental carbon” is the carbonaceous fraction of particulate matter that is thermally stable in an inert atmosphere to high temperatures near 4000K and can only be gasified by oxidation starting at temperatures above 340 C. It is assumed to be inert and non-volatile under atmospheric conditions and insoluble in any solvent (Ogren and Charlson, 1983).

Unit: 1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/UUUU

mass_fraction_of_pm2p5_sulfate_dry_aerosol_particles_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/UUUU

mass_fraction_of_precipitation_in_air

Unit: 1

Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X).

mass_fraction_of_primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol_particles_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Alias:

mass_fraction_of_primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/UUUU

Alias:

mass_fraction_of_seasalt_dry_aerosol_in_air

mass_fraction_of_secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol_particles_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Alias:

mass_fraction_of_secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol_in_air

Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Secondary particulate organic matter" means particulate organic matter formed within the atmosphere from gaseous precursors. The sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol is particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol.

mass_fraction_of_snow_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X).

mass_fraction_of_stratiform_cloud_ice_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes).

mass_fraction_of_stratiform_cloud_liquid_water_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

mass_fraction_of_sulfate_dry_aerosol_particles_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Alias:

mass_fraction_of_sulfate_dry_aerosol_in_air

Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). "Mass_fraction_of_sulfate" means that the mass is expressed as mass of SO4. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake.

mass_fraction_of_sulfur_dioxide_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Alias:

mass_fraction_of_water_in_ambient_aerosol_in_air

Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles.

mass_fraction_of_water_in_pm10_ambient_aerosol_particles_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/UUUU

"Mass fraction is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the quantity described by the standard name applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature". "Pm10 aerosol" is an air pollutant with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers.

mass_fraction_of_water_in_pm2p5_ambient_aerosol_particles_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/UUUU

Mass fraction is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the quantity described by the standard name applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature". "Pm2p5 aerosol" is an air pollutant with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers.

mass_fraction_of_xylene_in_air

Unit: 1

medium_soil_pool_carbon_content

Unit: kg m-2

"Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "soil content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface down to the bottom of the soil model. For the content between specified levels in the soil, standard names including content_of_soil_layer are used. "Soil carbon" is the organic matter present in soil quantified by the mass of carbon it contains. Soil carbon is returned to the atmosphere as the organic matter decays. The decay process takes varying amounts of time depending on the composition of the organic matter, the temperature and the availability of moisture. A carbon "soil pool" means the carbon contained in organic matter which has a characteristic period over which it decays and releases carbon into the atmosphere. "Medium soil pool" refers to the decay of organic matter in soil with a characteristic period of between ten and one hundred years under reference climate conditions of a temperature of 20 degrees Celsius and no water limitations.

medium_type_cloud_area_fraction

Unit: 1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/UUUU

Middle type clouds are: Altostratus, Altocumulus, Nimbostratus. "X_area_fraction" means the fraction of horizontal area occupied by X. Cloud area fraction is also called "cloud amount" and "cloud cover". X_type_cloud_area_fraction is determined on the basis of cloud type and not on the vertical location of the cloud.

minimum_depth_of_aragonite_undersaturation_in_sea_water

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

Depth is the vertical distance below the surface. 'Undersaturation' means that a solution is unsaturated with respect to a solute. Aragonite is a mineral that is a polymorph of calcium carbonate. The chemical formula of aragonite is CaCO3. Standard names also exist for calcite, another polymorph of calcium carbonate. The "minimum depth of undersaturation", sometimes called the "saturation horizon", is the shallowest depth at which a body of water is an undersaturated solution of a named solute.

minimum_depth_of_calcite_undersaturation_in_sea_water

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

Depth is the vertical distance below the surface. 'Undersaturation' means that a solution is unsaturated with respect to a solute. Calcite is a mineral that is a polymorph of calcium carbonate. The chemical formula of calcite is CaCO3. Standard names also exist for aragonite, another polymorph of calcium carbonate. The "minimum depth of undersaturation", sometimes called the "saturation horizon", is the shallowest depth at which a body of water is an undersaturated solution of a named solute.

minus_one_times_surface_upwelling_longwave_flux_in_air

Unit: W m-2

"Minus one times" means that the quantity described takes the opposite sign convention to that for the quantity which has the same standard name apart from this phrase, i.e. the two quantities differ from one another by a factor of -1. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "longwave" means longwave radiation. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

minus_one_times_surface_upwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air

Unit: W m-2

"Minus one times" means that the quantity described takes the opposite sign convention to that for the quantity which has the same standard name apart from this phrase, i.e. the two quantities differ from one another by a factor of -1. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

minus_one_times_toa_outgoing_shortwave_flux

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

"Minus one times" means that the quantity described takes the opposite sign convention to that for the quantity which has the same standard name apart from this phrase, i.e. the two quantities differ from one another by a factor of -1. Shortwave means shortwave radiation. "toa" means top of atmosphere. The TOA outgoing shortwave flux is the reflected and scattered solar radiative flux i.e. the "upwelling" TOA shortwave flux, sometimes called the "outgoing shortwave radiation" or "OSR". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

minus_one_times_water_flux_into_sea_water_from_rivers

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

The quantity minus_one_times_water_flux_into_sea_water_from_rivers is the quantity with standard name water_flux_into_sea_water_from_rivers multiplied by -1. "Water" means water in all phases. The water flux or volume transport into sea water from rivers is the inflow to the ocean, often applied to the surface in ocean models. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

miscellaneous_living_matter_carbon_content

Unit: kg m-2

"Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Miscellaneous living matter" means all those parts of living vegetation that are not leaf, wood, root or other separately named components.

model_level_number

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

AMIP: lev

Model level number should be understood as equivalent to layer number.

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

Unit: mol m-3

Unit ref: MLM3

Mole concentration means moles (amount of substance) per unit volume and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y.

mole_concentration_of_anthropogenic_nmvoc_expressed_as_carbon_in_air

Unit: mol m-3

Unit ref: vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/MLM3

mole_concentration_of_aragonite_expressed_as_carbon_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-3

Unit ref: MLM3

Unit: mol m-3

mole_concentration_of_calcite_expressed_as_carbon_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-3

Unit ref: MLM3

mole_concentration_of_calcite_expressed_as_carbon_in_sea_water_at_saturation

Unit: mol m-3

mole_concentration_of_carbonate_expressed_as_carbon_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-3

mole_concentration_of_carbon_dioxide_in_air

Unit: mol m-3

Unit ref: MLM3

mole_concentration_of_carbon_monoxide_in_air

Unit: mol m-3

Unit: mol m-3

Unit ref: MLM3

mole_concentration_of_dimethyl_sulfide_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-3

mole_concentration_of_dinitrogen_pentoxide_in_air

Unit: mol m-3

Unit: mol m-3

Unit ref: MLM3

mole_concentration_of_ethanol_in_air

Unit: mol m-3

Unit ref: MLM3

mole_concentration_of_ethene_in_air

Unit: mol m-3

Unit ref: MLM3

mole_concentration_of_ethyne_in_air

Unit: mol m-3

mole_concentration_of_formaldehyde_in_air

Unit: mol m-3

Unit ref: MLM3

mole_concentration_of_formic_acid_in_air

Unit: mol m-3

Unit ref: MLM3

mole_concentration_of_gaseous_divalent_mercury_in_air

Unit: mol m-3

Unit ref: MLM3

mole_concentration_of_gaseous_elemental_mercury_in_air

Unit: mol m-3

Unit: mol m-3

Unit ref: MLM3

mole_concentration_of_hcfc142b_in_air

Unit: mol m-3

Unit ref: MLM3

Unit: mol m-3

Unit ref: MLM3

mole_concentration_of_hydroperoxyl_radical_in_air

Unit: mol m-3

mole_concentration_of_hydroxyl_radical_in_air

Unit: mol m-3

mole_concentration_of_hypobromous_acid_in_air

Unit: mol m-3

Unit ref: MLM3

mole_concentration_of_hypochlorous_acid_in_air

Unit: mol m-3

Unit: mol m-3

mole_concentration_of_microzooplankton_expressed_as_carbon_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-3

Unit ref: MLM3

Mole concentration' means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where Xis a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Microzooplankton are zooplankton of less than 20 micrometers in size.

mole_concentration_of_microzooplankton_expressed_as_nitrogen_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-3

Unit ref: MLM3

Alias:

mole_concentration_of_microzooplankton_in_sea_water_expressed_as_nitrogen

mole_concentration_of_miscellaneous_phytoplankton_expressed_as_carbon_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-3

mole_concentration_of_miscellaneous_zooplankton_expressed_as_carbon_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-3

Mole concentration' means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where Xis a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. 'Miscellaneous zooplankton' are all those zooplankton that are not mesozooplankton, microzooplankton or other seperately named components of the zooplankton population.

mole_concentration_of_molecular_hydrogen_in_air

Unit: mol m-3

Unit ref: MLM3

mole_concentration_of_nitrate_and_nitrite_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-3

Unit ref: MLM3

mole_concentration_of_nitrate_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-3

mole_concentration_of_organic_detritus_in_sea_water_expressed_as_silicon

mole_concentration_of_ozone_in_air

Unit: mol m-3

Unit: mol m-3

Unit ref: MLM3

mole_concentration_of_phosphate_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-3

Unit: mol m-3

Unit ref: MLM3

mole_concentration_of_propene_in_air

Unit: mol m-3

Unit ref: MLM3

mole_concentration_of_radon_in_air

Unit: mol m-3

Unit ref: MLM3

mole_concentration_of_silicate_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-3

Unit ref: MLM3

Mole concentration means moles (amount of substance) per unit volume and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y.

mole_concentration_of_sulfur_dioxide_in_air

Unit: mol m-3

Unit ref: MLM3

mole_concentration_of_toluene_in_air

Unit: mol m-3

mole_concentration_of_water_vapor_in_air

Unit: mol m-3

Unit ref: MLM3

mole_concentration_of_xylene_in_air

Unit: mol m-3

Unit ref: MLM3

mole_concentration_of_zooplankton_expressed_as_carbon_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-3

mole_content_of_ozone_in_atmosphere_layer

Unit: mol m-2

Unit: 1

Unit: 1

Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, whereX is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemicalformula for beta_pinene is C10H16. The IUPAC name for beta-pinene is (1S,5S)-6,6-dimethyl-2-methylenebicyclo[3.1.1]heptane.

mole_fraction_of_biogenic_nmvoc_expressed_as_carbon_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "nmvoc" means non methane volatile organic compounds; "nmvoc" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this classification that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. "Biogenic" means influenced, caused, or created by natural processes.

mole_fraction_of_bromine_chloride_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. The chemical formula of bromine chloride is BrCl.

mole_fraction_of_bromine_monoxide_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. The chemical formula of bromine monoxide is BrO.

mole_fraction_of_bromine_nitrate_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. The chemical formula of bromine nitrate is BrONO2.

mole_fraction_of_brox_expressed_as_bromine_in_air

Unit: 1

Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, whereX is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. "Brox" describes a family of chemical species consisting of inorganic bromine compounds withthe exception of hydrogen bromide (HBr) and bromine nitrate (BrONO2). "Brox" isthe term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity with a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. "Inorganic bromine", sometimes referred to as Bry, describes a family of chemical species which result from the degradation of source gases containing bromine (halons, methyl bromide, VSLS) and natural inorganic bromine sources such as volcanoes, seasalt and other aerosols. Standard names that use the term "inorganic_bromine" are used for quantities that contain all inorganic bromine species includingHCl and ClONO2. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.

Unit: 1

Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. The chemical formula of carbon tetrachloride is CCl4.

mole_fraction_of_cfc113a_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit: 1

Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, whereX is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. "Clox" describes a family of chemical species consisting of inorganic chlorine compounds withthe exception of hydrogen chloride (HCl) and chlorine nitrate (ClONO2). "Clox" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity with a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. "Inorganic chlorine", sometimes referred to as Cly, describes a family of chemical species which result from the degradation of source gasescontaining chlorine (CFCs, HCFCs, VSLS) and natural inorganic chlorine sources such as seasalt and other aerosols. Standard names that use the term "inorganic_chlorine" are used for quantities that contain all inorganic chlorine species including HCl and ClONO2. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.

mole_fraction_of_dichlorine_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/40/UUUU

Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, whereX is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. Dichlorine is the molecular form of elemental chlorine with the chemical formula Cl2.

Unit: 1

mole_fraction_of_ethene_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y.

mole_fraction_of_ethyne_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y.

mole_fraction_of_formaldehyde_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y.

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

mole_fraction_of_hydroperoxyl_radical_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. The chemical formula of hydroperoxyl radical is HO2.

mole_fraction_of_hydroxyl_radical_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y.

mole_fraction_of_hypobromous_acid_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. The chemical formula of hypobromous acid is HOBr.

mole_fraction_of_hypochlorous_acid_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. The chemical formula of hypochlorous acid is HOCl.

mole_fraction_of_inorganic_bromine_in_air

Unit: 1

Alias:

mole_fraction_of_total_inorganic_bromine_in_air

Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. "Inorganic bromine", sometimes referred to as Bry, describes a family of chemical species which result from the degradation of bromine containing source gases (halons, methyl bromide, VSLS) and natural inorganic bromine sources such as volcanoes, seasalt and other aerosols. "Inorganic bromine" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. Standard names that use the term "brox" are used for quantities that contain all inorganic bromine species except HBr and BrONO2.

mole_fraction_of_inorganic_chlorine_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. "Inorganic chlorine",sometimes referred to as Cly, describes a family of chemical species which result from the degradation of chlorine-containing source gases (CFCs, HCFCs, VSLS) and natural inorganic chlorine sources such as sea-salt and other aerosols. mole_fraction_of_inorganic_chlorine is the sum of all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model.

mole_fraction_of_isoprene_in_air

Unit: 1

Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y.

mole_fraction_of_limonene_in_air

Unit: 1

Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, whereX is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemicalformula for limonene is C10H16. The IUPAC name for limonene is 1-methyl-4-prop-1-en-2-yl-cyclohexene. Limonene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as terpenes. There arestandard names for the terpene group as well as for some of the individual species.

mole_fraction_of_methane_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Unit: 1

Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, whereX is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemicalformula for methyl_peroxy_radical is CH3O2. In chemistry, a 'radical' is a highly reactive, and therefore shortlived, species.

mole_fraction_of_molecular_hydrogen_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. The chemical formula of molecular hydrogen is H2.

mole_fraction_of_nitrate_radical_in_air

Unit: 1

Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, whereX is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. In chemistry, a 'radical' is a highly reactive, and therefore shortlived, species.

mole_fraction_of_nitric_acid_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y.

mole_fraction_of_nitric_acid_trihydrate_ambient_aerosol_particles_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Alias:

mole_fraction_of_nitric_acid_trihydrate_ambient_aerosol_in_air

Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. The chemical formula for nitric acid is HNO3. Nitric acid trihydrate, sometimes referred to as NAT, is a stable crystalline substance consisting of three molecules of water to one molecule of nitric acid.

mole_fraction_of_nitrogen_dioxide_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y.

mole_fraction_of_nitrogen_monoxide_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

mole_fraction_of_total_reactive_nitrogen_in_air

Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, whereX is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. "Noy" describes a family of chemical species. The family usually includes atomic nitrogen (N), nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5), nitric acid (HNO3), peroxynitric acid (HNO4), bromine nitrate (BrONO2) , chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) and organic nitrates (most notably peroxyacetyl nitrate, sometimes referred to as PAN, (CH3COO2NO2)). The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, whereB is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.

mole_fraction_of_organic_nitrates_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Mole fraction is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". Organic nitrates are nitrogen-containing compounds having the general formula RONO2, where R is an alkyl (or organic) group; "organic_nitrates" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this common structure that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.

mole_fraction_of_ozone_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

AMIP: tro3

Alias:

mole_fraction_of_o3_in_air

Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y.

mole_fraction_of_peroxyacetyl_nitrate_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y.

mole_fraction_of_peroxynitric_acid_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. The chemical formula of peroxynitric acid is HNO4.

mole_fraction_of_propane_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y.

mole_fraction_of_propene_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y.

mole_fraction_of_radon_in_air

Unit: 1

mole_fraction_of_sulfur_dioxide_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y.

Unit: 1

Mole ratio is used in the construction mole_ratio_of_X_to_Y_in_medium, where X and Y are both material constituents of the medium. "Medium" can take anyof the values given in the "Small scale medium" section of the standard name Guidelines document. "ratio_of_X_to_Y" means X/Y. The chemical formula for the nitrate anion is NO3-. The chemical formula of the phosphate anion is PO4 with a charge of minus three.

moles_of_cfc11_per_unit_mass_in_sea_water

Unit: mol kg-1

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

"longwave" means longwave radiation. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. Net absorbed radiation is the difference between absorbed and emitted radiation.

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). Net upward radiation is the difference between radiation from below (upwelling) and radiation from above (downwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

normalized_difference_vegetation_index

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

"Normalized_difference_vegetation_index", usually abbreviated to NDVI, is an index calculated from reflectances measured in the visible and near infrared channels. It is calculated as NDVI = (NIR - R) / (NIR + R) where NIR is the reflectance in the near-infrared band and R is the reflectance in the red visible band. Reflectance is the ratio of the reflected over the incoming radiation in each spectral band. The calculated value of NDVI depends on the precise definitions of the spectral bands and these definitions may vary between different models and remote sensing instruments.

northward_atmosphere_dry_static_energy_transport_across_unit_distance

Unit: W m-1

Unit ref: WAPM

"Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Transport across_unit_distance means expressed per unit distance normal to the direction of transport. Dry static energy is the sum of enthalpy and potential energy (itself the sum of gravitational and centripetal potential energy). Enthalpy can be written either as (1) CpT, where Cp is heat capacity at constant pressure, T is absolute temperature, or (2) U+pV, where U is internal energy, p is pressure and V is volume.

northward_atmosphere_heat_transport

Unit: W

Unit ref: WATT

"Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). "Atmosphere heat transport" means total heat transport by the atmosphere by all processes.

northward_atmosphere_water_transport_across_unit_distance

Unit: kg m-1 s-1

Unit ref: KMPS

"Water" means water in all phases. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Transport across_unit_distance means expressed per unit distance normal to the direction of transport.

northward_atmosphere_water_vapor_transport_across_unit_distance

Unit: kg m-1 s-1

Unit ref: KMPS

northward_derivative_of_eastward_sea_ice_velocity

Unit: s-1

northward_eliassen_palm_flux_in_air

Unit: m3 s-2

Unit ref: MCS2

Alias:

northward_eliassen_palm_flux

"Eliassen Palm flux" is a widely used vector in the meridional plane, and the divergence of this flux appears as a forcing in the Transformed Eulerian mean formulation of the zonal mean zonal wind equation. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward).

northward_heat_flux_in_air_due_to_eddy_advection

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

Alias:

northward_heat_flux_due_to_eddy_advection

northward_land_ice_velocity

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: UVAA

A velocity is a vector quantity. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Land ice velocity is defined as a two-dimensional vector, with no vertical component. "Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves.

northward_mass_flux_of_air

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

"Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

northward_momentum_flux_correction

Unit: Pa

Unit ref: PASX

AMIP: tauvcorr

"Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Momentum flux is dimensionally equivalent to stress and pressure. It is a tensor quantity. Flux correction is also called "flux adjustment". A positive flux correction is downward i.e. added to the ocean. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

northward_northward_derivative_of_geopotential

Unit: s-2

Unit ref: UPSS

A quantity with standard name Xward_Yward_derivative_of_geopotential is a second spatial derivative of geopotential, P, in the direction specified by X and Y, i.e., d2P/dXdY. Geopotential is the sum of the specific gravitational potential energy relative to the geoid and the specific centripetal potential energy. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). "component_derivative_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to distance in the component direction, which may be "northward", "southward", "eastward", "westward", "x" or "y". The last two indicate derivatives along the axes of the grid, in the case where they are not true longitude and latitude.

northward_ocean_freshwater_transport

Unit: kg s-1

Unit ref: KGPS

"Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Ocean transport means transport by all processes, both sea water and sea ice.

northward_ocean_freshwater_transport_due_to_bolus_advection

Unit: kg s-1

northward_ocean_freshwater_transport_due_to_diffusion

Unit: kg s-1

Unit ref: KGPS

"Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Ocean transport means transport by all processes, both sea water and sea ice.

northward_ocean_salt_transport_due_to_bolus_advection

Unit: kg s-1

northward_ocean_salt_transport_due_to_diffusion

Unit: kg s-1

AMIP: sltovdiff

northward_ocean_salt_transport_due_to_gyre

Unit: kg s-1

AMIP: sltovgyre

northward_ocean_salt_transport_due_to_overturning

Unit: kg s-1

Unit: s-2

Unit ref: UPSS

A quantity with standard name Xward_Yward_derivative_of_geopotential is a second spatial derivative of geopotential in the direction specified by X and Y, i.e., d2P/dXdY. Geopotential is the sum of the specific gravitational potential energy relative to the geoid and the specific centripetal potential energy. "Westward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed westward (negative eastward). "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). "component_derivative_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to distance in the component direction, which may be "northward", "southward", "eastward", "westward", "x" or "y". The last two indicate derivatives along the axes of the grid, in the case where they are not true longitude and latitude.

northward_wind

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: UVAA

AMIP: va

GRIB: 34 E132

northward_wind_shear

Unit: s-1

Unit ref: PRSC

GRIB: 46

number_concentration_of_aerosol_particles_at_stp_in_air

Unit: m-3

Unit ref: PCUM

"Number concentration" means the number of particles or other specified objects per unit volume. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "stp" means standard temperature (0 degC) and pressure (101325 Pa). The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere.

number_concentration_of_ambient_aerosol_particles_in_air

Unit: m-3

Unit ref: PCUM

Alias:

number_concentration_of_ambient_aerosol_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. A variable whose standard name has the form number_of_days_with_X_below|above_threshold is a count of the number of days on which the condition X_below|above_threshold is satisfied. It must have a coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with the a standard name of X to supply the threshold(s). It must have a climatological time variable, and a cell_methods entry for within days which describes the processing of quantity X before the threshold is applied. A number_of_days is an extensive quantity in time, and the cell_methods entry for over days should be "sum".

number_of_days_with_air_temperature_below_threshold

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Unit ref: WATT

ocean_heat_y_transport

Unit: W

Unit ref: WATT

"y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y.

ocean_heat_y_transport_due_to_bolus_advection

Unit: W

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/WATT

"y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. Transport by bolus advection in an ocean model means the part due to a scheme representing eddy-induced effects not included in the velocity field. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.

ocean_heat_y_transport_due_to_diffusion

Unit: W

Unit ref: WATT

"y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.

ocean_integral_of_sea_water_temperature_wrt_depth

Unit: K m

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/40/KMTX

"integral_of_Y_wrt_X" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. "wrt" means with respect to. Depth is the vertical distance below the surface. Sea water temperature is the in situ temperature of the sea water. For observed data, depending on the period during which the observation was made, the measured in situ temperature was recorded against standard "scales". These historical scales include the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1948 (IPTS-48; 1948-1967), the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 (IPTS-68, Barber, 1969; 1968-1989) and the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90, Saunders 1990; 1990 onwards). Conversion of data between these scales follows t68 = t48 - (4.4 x 10e-6) * t48(100 - t - 48); t90 = 0.99976 * t68. Observations made prior to 1948 (IPTS-48) have not been documented and therefore a conversion cannot be certain. Differences between t90 and t68 can be up to 0.01 at temperatures of 40 C and above; differences of 0.002-0.007 occur across the standard range of ocean temperatures (-10 - 30 C). The International Equation of State of Seawater 1980 (EOS-80, UNESCO, 1981) and the Practical Salinity Scale (PSS-78) were both based on IPTS-68, while the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10) is based on ITS-90. References: Barber, 1969, doi: 10.1088/0026-1394/5/2/001; UNESCO, 1981; Saunders, 1990, WOCE Newsletter, 10, September 1990.

ocean_isopycnal_layer_thickness_diffusivity

Unit: m2 s-1

Unit ref: SQMS

ocean_kinetic_energy_dissipation_per_unit_area_due_to_vertical_friction

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

Friction, leading to the dissipation of kinetic energy, arises in ocean models as a result of the viscosity of sea water. Generally, the lateral (xy) viscosity is given a large value to maintain the numerical stability of the model. In contrast, the vertical viscosity is usually much smaller. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.

ocean_kinetic_energy_dissipation_per_unit_area_due_to_xy_friction

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

ocean_mass_content_of_dissolved_inorganic_carbon

Unit: kg m-2

"Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Dissolvedinorganic carbon" describes a family of chemical species in solution, including carbon dioxide, carbonic acid and the carbonate and bicarbonate anions. "Dissolved inorganic carbon" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.

ocean_mass_x_transport

Unit: kg s-1

Unit ref: KGPS

"x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x.

Unit: kg s-1

Unit ref: KGPS

ocean_mass_y_transport_due_to_advection_and_bolus_advection

Unit: kg s-1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/KGPS

ocean_meridional_overturning_mass_streamfunction

Unit: kg s-1

In contrast to the quantity with standard name ocean_meridional_overturning_streamfunction, this quantity includes all physical processes, resolved or parameterized, that impact mass/volume transport. Thus it includes contributions from the bolus and Gent-McWilliams velocity.

ocean_meridional_overturning_mass_streamfunction_due_to_bolus_advection

Unit: kg s-1

ocean_meridional_overturning_streamfunction

Unit: m3 s-1

AMIP: stfmmcgo

The ocean meridional overturning streamfunction should not include not include "bolus" or Gent-McWilliams velocity.

ocean_mixed_layer_thickness

Unit: m

GRIB: 67

The ocean mixed layer is the upper part of the ocean, regarded as being well-mixed. Various criteria are used to define the mixed layer; this can be specified by using a standard name of ocean_mixed_layer_defined_byX.

ocean_mixed_layer_thickness_defined_by_mixing_scheme

Unit: m

The ocean mixed layer is the upper part of the ocean, regarded as being well-mixed. The base of the mixed layer defined by the mixing scheme is a diagnostic of ocean models.

ocean_mixed_layer_thickness_defined_by_sigma_t

ocean_tracer_bolus_laplacian_diffusivity

Unit: m2 s-1

ocean_tracer_epineutral_biharmonic_diffusivity

Unit: m4 s-1

Unit ref: M4S1

Diffusivity is also sometimes known as the coefficient of diffusion. Diffusion occurs as a result of a gradient in the spatial distribution of mass concentration, temperature or momentum. The diffusivity may be very different in the vertical and horizontal directions. "epineutral diffusivity" means a lateral diffusivity along a either a neutral or isopycnal density surface due to motion which is not resolved on the grid scale of an ocean model. The type of density surface is dependent on the model formulation. "biharmonic diffusivity" means diffusivity for use with a biharmonic diffusion operator.

ocean_tracer_epineutral_laplacian_diffusivity

Unit: m2 s-1

Unit ref: SQMS

Diffusivity is also sometimes known as the coefficient of diffusion. Diffusion occurs as a result of a gradient in the spatial distribution of mass concentration, temperature or momentum. The diffusivity may be very different in the vertical and horizontal directions. "epineutral diffusivity" means a lateral diffusivity along a either a neutral or isopycnal density surface due to motion which is not resolved on the grid scale of an ocean model. The type of density surface is dependent on the model formulation. "laplacian diffusivity" means diffusivity for use with a Laplacian diffusion operator.

ocean_tracer_xy_biharmonic_diffusivity

Unit: m4 s-1

Unit ref: M4S1

ocean_tracer_xy_laplacian_diffusivity

Unit: m2 s-1

Unit ref: SQMS

Diffusivity is also sometimes known as the coefficient of diffusion. Diffusion occurs as a result of a gradient in the spatial distribution of mass concentration, temperature or momentum. The diffusivity may be very different in the vertical and horizontal directions. "xy diffusivity" means the lateral along_coordinate component of diffusivity due to motion which is not resolved on the grid scale of the model. xy diffusivities are used in some ocean models to counteract the numerical instabilities inherent in certain implementations of rotated neutral diffusion. "laplacian diffusivity" means diffusivity for use with a Laplacian diffusion operator.

ocean_vertical_diffusivity

Unit: m2 s-1

Unit ref: SQMS

"Vertical diffusivity" means the vertical component of diffusivity due to motion which is not resolved on the grid scale of the model.

ocean_vertical_heat_diffusivity

Unit: m2 s-1

Unit ref: SQMS

"Vertical heat diffusivity" means the vertical component of the diffusivity of heat due to motion which is not resolved on the grid scale of the model.

ocean_vertical_momentum_diffusivity

Unit: m2 s-1

Unit ref: SQMS

"Vertical momentum diffusivity" means the vertical component of the diffusivity of momentum due to motion which is not resolved on the grid scale of the model.

ocean_vertical_momentum_diffusivity_due_to_background

Unit: m2 s-1

Diffusivity is also sometimes known as the coefficient of diffusion. Diffusion occurs as a result of a gradient in the spatial distribution of mass concentration, temperature or momentum. The diffusivity may be very different in the vertical and horizontal directions. The construction vertical_X_diffusivity means the vertical component of thediffusivity of X due to motion which is not resolved on the grid scale of the model. "Due to background" means caused by a time invariant imposed field which may be eitherconstant over the globe or spatially varying, depending on the ocean model used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.

ocean_vertical_momentum_diffusivity_due_to_convection

Unit: m2 s-1

The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Vertical momentum diffusivity" means the vertical component of the diffusivity of momentum due to motion which is not resolved on the grid scale of the model. Convective mixing in the ocean is somtimes modelled as an enhanced diffusivity.

ocean_vertical_momentum_diffusivity_due_to_form_drag

Unit: m2 s-1

Diffusivity is also sometimes known as the coefficient of diffusion. Diffusion occurs as a result of a gradient in the spatial distribution of mass concentration, temperature or momentum. The diffusivity may be very different in the vertical and horizontal directions. The construction vertical_X_diffusivity means the vertical component of thediffusivity of X due to motion which is not resolved on the grid scale of the model. "Due to form drag" refers to a vertical diffusivity resulting from a model scheme representing mesoscale eddy-induced form drag. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.

Unit: m2 s-1

Diffusivity is also sometimes known as the coefficient of diffusion. Diffusion occurs as a result of a gradient in the spatial distribution of mass concentration, temperature or momentum. The diffusivity may be very different in the vertical and horizontal directions. The construction vertical_X_diffusivity means the vertical component of thediffusivity of X due to motion which is not resolved on the grid scale of the model. "Due to background" means caused by a time invariant imposed field which may be eitherconstant over the globe or spatially varying, depending on the ocean model used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.

ocean_vertical_tracer_diffusivity_due_to_convection

Unit: m2 s-1

Unit ref: SQMS

The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Vertical tracer diffusivity" means the vertical component of the diffusivity of tracers, i.e. heat and salinity, due to motion which is not resolved on the grid scale of the model. Convective mixing in the ocean is sometimes modelled as an enhanced diffusivity.

ocean_vertical_tracer_diffusivity_due_to_tides

Unit: m2 s-1

Diffusivity is also sometimes known as the coefficient of diffusion. Diffusion occurs as a result of a gradient in the spatial distribution of mass concentration, temperature or momentum. The diffusivity may be very different in the vertical and horizontal directions. The construction vertical_X_diffusivity means the vertical component of thediffusivity of X due to motion which is not resolved on the grid scale of the model. "Due to tides" means due to all astronomical gravity changes which manifest as tides.No distinction is made between different tidal components. The specification of a physicalprocess by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.

ocean_vertical_tracer_diffusivity_due_to_wind_mixing

Unit: m2 s-1

Unit ref: SQMS

The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Vertical tracer diffusivity" means the vertical component of the diffusivity of tracers, i.e. heat and salinity, due to motion which is not resolved on the grid scale of the model.

ocean_volume

Unit: m3

Unit ref: MCUB

ocean_volume_fraction

Unit: 1

"X_volume_fraction" means the fraction of volume occupied by X.

ocean_volume_transport_across_line

Unit: m3 s-1

Unit ref: CMPS

Transport "across_line" means that which crosses a particular line on the Earth's surface; formally this means the integral along the line of the normal component of the transport.

ocean_volume_x_transport

Unit: m3 s-1

Unit ref: CMPS

"x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x.

ocean_volume_y_transport

Unit: m3 s-1

Unit ref: CMPS

"y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y.

ocean_y_overturning_mass_streamfunction

Unit: kg s-1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/KGPS

"y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. In contrast to the quantity with standard name ocean_meridional_overturning_streamfunction, this quantity includes all physical processes, resolved or parameterized, that impact mass/volume transport. Thus it includes contributions from the bolus and Gent-McWilliams velocity.

ocean_y_overturning_mass_streamfunction_due_to_bolus_advection

Unit: kg s-1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/KGPS

omnidirectional_photosynthetic_spherical_irradiance_in_sea_water

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

"Photosynthetic" radiation is the part of the spectrum which is used in photosynthesis e.g. 400-700 nm. The range of wavelengths could be specified precisely by the bounds of a coordinate of radiation_wavelength. Omnidirectional spherical irradiance is the radiation incident on unit area of a spherical (or "4-pi") collector. It is sometimes called "scalar irradiance". Radiation incident on a 2-pi collector has standard names of "spherical irradiance" which specify up/downwelling.

omnidirectional_spherical_irradiance_per_unit_wavelength_in_sea_water

Unit: W m-3

Unit ref: UWCM

Alias:

omnidirectional_spectral_spherical_irradiance_in_sea_water

Omnidirectional spherical irradiance is the radiation incident on unit area of a spherical (or "4-pi") collector. It is sometimes called "scalar irradiance". Radiation incident on a 2-pi collector has standard names of "spherical irradiance" which specify up/downwelling. A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength.

optical_thickness_of_atmosphere_layer_due_to_ambient_aerosol_particles

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Alias:

optical_thickness_of_atmosphere_layer_due_to_ambient_aerosol

Alias:

optical_thickness_of_atmosphere_layer_due_to_aerosol

The optical thickness is the integral along the path of radiation of a volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient. The radiative flux is reduced by a factor exp(-optical_thickness) on traversing the path. A coordinate variable of radiation_wavelength or radiation_frequency can be specified to indicate that the optical thickness applies at specific wavelengths or frequencies. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.

original_air_pressure_of_lifted_parcel

Unit: Pa

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/PASX

permafrost_layer_thickness

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

Permafrost is soil or rock that has remained at a temperature at or below zero degrees Celsius throughout the seasonal cycle for two or more years. "Thickness" means the vertical extent of a layer.

phase_of_global_average_sea_level_change

Unit: degree

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/UAAA

Global average sea level change is due to change in volume of the water in the ocean, caused by mass and/or density change, or to change in the volume of the ocean basins, caused by tectonics etc. It is sometimes called "eustatic", which is a term that also has other definitions. It differs from the change in the global average sea surface height relative to the centre of the Earth by the global average vertical movement of the ocean floor. Zero sea level change is an arbitrary level. Phase is the initial angle of a wave modelled by a sinusoidal function. A coordinate variable of harmonic_period should be used to specify the period of the sinusoidal wave.

photolysis_rate_of_nitrogen_dioxide

Unit: s-1

Unit ref: PRSC

photolysis_rate_of_ozone_to_1D_oxygen_atom

Unit: s-1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/PRSC

"Photolysis" is a chemical reaction in which a chemical compound is broken down by photons. The "reaction rate" is the rate at which the reactants of a chemical reaction form the products. The chemical formula for ozone is O3. The IUPAC name for ozone is trioxygen. "1D oxygen atom" means the singlet D state, an excited state, of the oxygen atom.

planetary_albedo

Unit: 1

plant_respiration_carbon_flux

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

"Respiration carbon" refers to the rate at which biomass is respired expressed as the mass of carbon which it contains. Plant respiration is the sum of respiration by parts of plants both above and below the soil. Plants which photosynthesise are autotrophs i.e. "producers" of the biomass which they respire from inorganic precursors using sunlight for energy. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

platform_azimuth_angle

Unit: degree

Unit ref: UAAA

Standard names for platform describe the motion and orientation of the vehicle from which observations are made e.g. aeroplane, ship or satellite. Platform azimuth angle is the horizontal angle between the line of sight from the observation point to the platform and a reference direction at the observation point, which is often due north. The angle is measured clockwise positive, starting from the reference direction. A comment attribute should be added to a data variable with the standard name platform_azimuth_angle to specify the reference direction. A standard name also exists for sensor_azimuth_angle. For some viewing geometries the sensor and the platform cannot be assumed to be close enough to neglect the difference in calculated azimuth angle.

platform_course

Unit: degree

Standard names for platform describe the motion and orientation of the vehicle from which observations are made e.g. aeroplane, ship or satellite. The platform course is the direction in which the platform is travelling (not necessarily the same as the direction in which it is pointing, called platform_orientation).

platform_id

Unit:

Alias:

station_wmo_id

A variable with the standard name of platform_id contains strings which help to identify the platform from which an observation was made. For example, this may be a WMO station identification number.

platform_name

Unit:

Standard names for platform describe the motion and orientation of the vehicle from which observations are made e.g. aeroplane, ship or satellite.

platform_yaw_rate

Unit: degree s-1

Standard names for platform describe the motion and orientation of the vehicle from which observations are made e.g. aeroplane, ship or satellite.

platform_zenith_angle

Unit: degree

Unit ref: UAAA

Standard names for "platform" describe the motion and orientation of the vehicle from which observations are made e.g. aeroplane, ship or satellite. Platform zenith angle is the the angle between the line of sight to the platform and the local zenith at the observation target. This angle is measured starting from directly overhead and its range is from zero (directly overhead the observation target) to 180 degrees (directly below the observation target). Local zenith is a line perpendicular to the Earth's surface at a given location. "Observation target" means a location on the Earth defined by the sensor performing the observations. A standard name also exists for sensor_zenith_angle. For some viewing geometries the sensor and the platform cannot be assumed to be close enough to neglect the difference in calculated zenith angle.

potential_energy_content_of_atmosphere_layer

Unit: J m-2

Unit ref: JMSQ

"Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. Potential energy is the sum of the gravitational potential energy relative to the geoid and the centripetal potential energy. (The geopotential is the specific potential energy.)

potential_vorticity_of_atmosphere_layer

Unit: Pa-1 s-1

Unit ref: PPPS

"Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. Atmosphere potential vorticity is the vertically averaged absolute vorticity of a layer of the atmosphere divided by the pressure difference from the bottom to the top of the layer.

potential_vorticity_of_ocean_layer

Unit: m-1 s-1

Unit ref: PMPS

precipitation_amount

Unit: kg m-2

GRIB: 61

"Amount" means mass per unit area.

precipitation_flux

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

AMIP: pr

GRIB: 59

In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

precipitation_flux_onto_canopy

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

AMIP: prveg

Alias:

precipitation_flux_onto_canopy_where_land

"Canopy" means the plant or vegetation canopy. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. Unless indicated in the cell_methods attribute, a quantity is assumed to apply to the whole area of each horizontal grid box. Previously, the qualifier where_type was used to specify that the quantity applies only to the part of the grid box of the named type. Names containing the where_type qualifier are deprecated and newly created data should use the cell_methods attribute to indicate the horizontal area to which the quantity applies.

product_of_air_temperature_and_omega

Unit: K Pa s-1

"product_of_X_and_Y" means X*Y. Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. "omegaX" is used for brevity to mean "lagrangian_tendency_of_air_pressure in standard names constructed as a combination of omega with some other quantity.

product_of_air_temperature_and_specific_humidity

Unit: K

Unit ref: UPKA

The phrase "product_of_X_and_Y" means X*Y. "specific" means per unit mass. Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. Specific humidity is the mass fraction of water vapor in (moist) air.

product_of_eastward_sea_water_velocity_and_salinity

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: UVAA

"product_of_X_and_Y" means X*Y. A velocity is a vector quantity. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). Sea water salinity is the salt content of sea water, often on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978. However, the unqualified term 'salinity' is generic and does not necessarily imply any particular method of calculation. The units of salinity are dimensionless and normally given as 1e-3 or 0.001 i.e. parts per thousand. There are standard names for the more precisely defined salinity quantities: sea_water_knudsen_salinity, S_K (used for salinity observations between 1901 and 1966), sea_water_cox_salinity, S_C (used for salinity observations between 1967 and 1977), sea_water_practical_salinity, S_P (used for salinity observations from 1978 to the present day), sea_water_absolute_salinity, S_A, sea_water_preformed_salinity, S_*, and sea_water_reference_salinity. Practical Salinity is reported on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978 (PSS-78), and is usually based on the electrical conductivity of sea water in observations since the 1960s. Conversion of data between the observed scales follows: S_P = (S_K - 0.03) * (1.80655 / 1.805) and S_P = S_C, however the accuracy of the latter is dependent on whether chlorinity or conductivity was used to determine the S_C value, with this inconsistency driving the development of PSS-78. The more precise standard names should be used where appropriate for both modelled and observed salinities. In particular, the use of sea_water_salinity to describe salinity observations made from 1978 onwards is now deprecated in favor of the term sea_water_practical_salinity which is the salinity quantity stored by national data centers for post-1978 observations. The only exception to this is where the observed salinities are definitely known not to be recorded on the Practical Salinity Scale. The unit "parts per thousand" was used for sea_water_knudsen_salinity and sea_water_cox_salinity.

product_of_eastward_sea_water_velocity_and_temperature

Unit: K m s-1

Unit ref: KMTS

The phrase "product_of_X_and_Y" means X*Y. A velocity is a vector quantity. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward).

product_of_eastward_wind_and_air_temperature

Unit: K m s-1

Unit ref: KMTS

The phrase "product_of_X_and_Y" means X*Y. Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)

product_of_eastward_wind_and_geopotential_height

Unit: m2 s-1

Unit ref: SQMS

AMIP: mpuzga

"product_of_X_and_Y" means X*Y. Geopotential is the sum of the specific gravitational potential energy relative to the geoid and the specific centripetal potential energy. Geopotential height is the geopotential divided by the standard acceleration due to gravity. It is numerically similar to the altitude (or geometric height) and not to the quantity with standard name height, which is relative to the surface. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)

product_of_eastward_wind_and_northward_wind

Unit: m2 s-2

Unit ref: SQM2

AMIP: mpuva

"product_of_X_and_Y" means X*Y. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)

product_of_eastward_wind_and_omega

Unit: Pa m s-2

Unit ref: PAM2

"product_of_X_and_Y" means X*Y. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) "omegaX" is used for brevity to mean "lagrangian_tendency_of_air_pressure in standard names constructed as a combination of omega with some other quantity.

product_of_eastward_wind_and_specific_humidity

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: UVAA

"product_of_X_and_Y" means X*Y. "specific" means per unit mass. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). Specific humidity is the mass fraction of water vapor in (moist) air. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)

product_of_eastward_wind_and_upward_air_velocity

Unit: m2 s-2

Unit ref: SQM2

"product_of_X_and_Y" means X*Y. A velocity is a vector quantity. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) Upward air velocity is the vertical component of the 3D air velocity vector.

product_of_geopotential_height_and_omega

Unit: Pa m s-1

"product_of_X_and_Y" means X*Y. Geopotential is the sum of the specific gravitational potential energy relative to the geoid and the specific centripetal potential energy. Geopotential height is the geopotential divided by the standard acceleration due to gravity. It is numerically similar to the altitude (or geometric height) and not to the quantity with standard name height, which is relative to the surface. "omegaX" is used for brevity to mean "lagrangian_tendency_of_air_pressure in standard names constructed as a combination of omega with some other quantity.

product_of_northward_sea_water_velocity_and_salinity

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: UVAA

"product_of_X_and_Y" means X*Y. A velocity is a vector quantity. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Sea water salinity is the salt content of sea water, often on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978. However, the unqualified term 'salinity' is generic and does not necessarily imply any particular method of calculation. The units of salinity are dimensionless and normally given as 1e-3 or 0.001 i.e. parts per thousand. There are standard names for the more precisely defined salinity quantities: sea_water_knudsen_salinity, S_K (used for salinity observations between 1901 and 1966), sea_water_cox_salinity, S_C (used for salinity observations between 1967 and 1977), sea_water_practical_salinity, S_P (used for salinity observations from 1978 to the present day), sea_water_absolute_salinity, S_A, sea_water_preformed_salinity, S_*, and sea_water_reference_salinity. Practical Salinity is reported on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978 (PSS-78), and is usually based on the electrical conductivity of sea water in observations since the 1960s. Conversion of data between the observed scales follows: S_P = (S_K - 0.03) * (1.80655 / 1.805) and S_P = S_C, however the accuracy of the latter is dependent on whether chlorinity or conductivity was used to determine the S_C value, with this inconsistency driving the development of PSS-78. The more precise standard names should be used where appropriate for both modelled and observed salinities. In particular, the use of sea_water_salinity to describe salinity observations made from 1978 onwards is now deprecated in favor of the term sea_water_practical_salinity which is the salinity quantity stored by national data centers for post-1978 observations. The only exception to this is where the observed salinities are definitely known not to be recorded on the Practical Salinity Scale. The unit "parts per thousand" was used for sea_water_knudsen_salinity and sea_water_cox_salinity.

product_of_northward_sea_water_velocity_and_temperature

Unit: K m s-1

Unit ref: KMTS

The phrase "product_of_X_and_Y" means X*Y. A velocity is a vector quantity. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward).

product_of_northward_wind_and_air_temperature

Unit: K m s-1

Unit ref: KMTS

AMIP: mpvta

The phrase "product_of_X_and_Y" means X*Y. Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)

product_of_northward_wind_and_geopotential_height

Unit: m2 s-1

Unit ref: SQMS

AMIP: mpvzga

"product_of_X_and_Y" means X*Y. Geopotential is the sum of the specific gravitational potential energy relative to the geoid and the specific centripetal potential energy. Geopotential height is the geopotential divided by the standard acceleration due to gravity. It is numerically similar to the altitude (or geometric height) and not to the quantity with standard name height, which is relative to the surface. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)

product_of_northward_wind_and_omega

Unit: Pa m s-2

"product_of_X_and_Y" means X*Y. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) "omegaX" is used for brevity to mean "lagrangian_tendency_of_air_pressure in standard names constructed as a combination of omega with some other quantity.

product_of_northward_wind_and_specific_humidity

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: UVAA

AMIP: mpvhusa

Alias:

product_of_northward_wind_and_specific_humdity

"product_of_X_and_Y" means X*Y. "specific" means per unit mass. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Specific humidity is the mass fraction of water vapor in (moist) air. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)

product_of_northward_wind_and_upward_air_velocity

Unit: m2 s-2

Unit ref: SQM2

"product_of_X_and_Y" means X*Y. A velocity is a vector quantity. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) Upward air velocity is the vertical component of the 3D air velocity vector.

product_of_omega_and_air_temperature

Unit: K Pa s-1

AMIP: mpwapta

product_of_omega_and_specific_humidity

Unit: Pa s-1

AMIP: mpwhusa

"product_of_X_and_Y" means X*Y. "specific" means per unit mass. Specific humidity is the mass fraction of water vapor in (moist) air. "omegaX" is used for brevity to mean "lagrangian_tendency_of_air_pressure in standard names constructed as a combination of omega with some other quantity.

product_of_specific_humidity_and_omega

Unit: Pa s-1

product_of_upward_air_velocity_and_air_temperature

Unit: K m s-1

Unit ref: KMTS

The phrase "product_of_X_and_Y" means X*Y. Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. A velocity is a vector quantity. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). Upward air velocity is the vertical component of the 3D air velocity vector.

product_of_upward_air_velocity_and_specific_humidity

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: UVAA

"product_of_X_and_Y" means X*Y. "specific" means per unit mass. A velocity is a vector quantity. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). Specific humidity is the mass fraction of water vapor in (moist) air. Upward air velocity is the vertical component of the 3D air velocity vector.

projection_x_coordinate

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

"x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, when this is not true longitude, positive with increasing x. Projection coordinates are distances in the x- and y-directions on a plane onto which the surface of the Earth has been projected according to a map projection. The relationship between the projection coordinates and latitude and longitude is described by the grid_mapping.

projection_y_coordinate

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

"y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, when this is not true latitude, positive with increasing y. Projection coordinates are distances in the x- and y-directions on a plane onto which the surface of the Earth has been projected according to a map projection. The relationship between the projection coordinates and latitude and longitude is described by the grid_mapping.

pseudo_equivalent_potential_temperature

Unit: K

Unit ref: UPKA

GRIB: 14

Potential temperature is the temperature a parcel of air or sea water would have if moved adiabatically to sea level pressure.

pseudo_equivalent_temperature

Unit: K

Unit ref: UPKA

radial_sea_water_velocity_away_from_instrument

Unit: m s-1

A velocity is a vector quantity. Radial velocity away from instrument means the component of the velocity along the line of sight of the instrument where positive implies movement away from the instrument (i.e. outward). The "instrument" (examples are radar and lidar) is the device used to make an observation.

radial_velocity_of_scatterers_away_from_instrument

Unit: m s-1

A velocity is a vector quantity. "Radial velocity away from instrument" means the component of the velocity of the scatterers along the line of sight of the instrument where positive implies movement away from the instrument (i.e. outward). The "instrument" (examples are radar and lidar) is the device used to make the observation, and the "scatterers" are what causes the transmitted signal to be returned to the instrument (examples are aerosols, hydrometeors and refractive index irregularities), of whatever kind the instrument detects.

radiation_frequency

Unit: s-1

Unit ref: PRSC

Frequency is the number of oscillations of a wave per unit time. The radiation frequency can refer to any electromagnetic wave, such as light, heat radiation and radio waves.

radiation_wavelength

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: UVAA

rate_of_ hydroxyl_radical_destruction_due_to_reaction_with_nmvoc

Unit: s-1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/PRSC

The "reaction rate" is the rate at which the reactants of a chemical reaction form the products. The rate of "hydroxyl radical destruction due to reaction with nmvoc" is the nmvoc reactivity with regard to reactions with OH. It is the weighted sum of the reactivity of all individual nmvoc species with OH. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The chemical formula for the hydroxyl radical is OH. In chemistry, a "radical" is a highly reactive, and therefore shortlived, species. "nmvoc" means non methane volatile organic compounds; "nmvoc" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this classification that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.

ratio_of_x_derivative_of_ocean_rigid_lid_pressure_to_sea_surface_density

Unit: m s-2

Unit ref: MPS2

Sea surface density is the density of sea water near the surface (including the part under sea-ice, if any). "component_derivative_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to distance in the component direction, which may be northward, southward, eastward, westward, x or y. The last two indicate derivatives along the axes of the grid, whether or not they are true longitude and latitude. "ratio_of_X_to_Y" means X/Y. "Ocean rigid lid pressure" means the pressure at the surface of an ocean model assuming that it is bounded above by a rigid lid.

ratio_of_y_derivative_of_ocean_rigid_lid_pressure_to_sea_surface_density

Unit: m s-2

Unit ref: MPS2

realization

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Realization is used to label a dimension that can be thought of asa statistical sample, e.g., labelling members of a model ensemble.

reference_sea_water_density_for_boussinesq_approximation

Unit: kg m-3

Unit ref: UKMC

Sea water density is the in-situ density (not the potential density). For a rigid lid Boussinesq geopotential ocean model the density of the sea water is maintained at a constant reference density. In a model using the rigid lid Boussinesq approximation , the vertical grid coordinates (and hence the grid cell volumes) are time invariant.

region

Unit:

Unit ref: XXXX

A variable with the standard name of region contains strings which indicate geographical regions. These strings must be chosen from the standard region list.

relative_humidity

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

AMIP: hur

GRIB: 52 E157

relative_humidity_for_aerosol_particle_size_selection

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Relative humidity at which the size of a sampled aerosol particle was selected. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself.

relative_platform_azimuth_angle

Unit: degree

Unit ref: UAAA

Standard names for platform describe the motion and orientation of the vehicle from which observations are made e.g. aeroplane, ship or satellite. relative_platform_azimuth_angle is the difference between the viewing geometries from two different platforms over the same observation target. It is the difference between the values of two quantities with standard name platform_azimuth_angle. There is no standardized sign convention for relative_platform_azimuth_angle. "Observation target" means a location on the Earth defined by the sensor performing the observations. A standard name also exists for relative_sensor_azimuth_angle. For some viewing geometries the sensor and the platform cannot be assumed to be close enough to neglect the difference in calculated azimuth angle.

relative_sensor_azimuth_angle

Unit: degree

Unit ref: UAAA

relative_sensor_azimuth_angle is the difference between the viewing geometries from two different sensors over the same observation target. It is the difference between the values of two quantities with standard name sensor_azimuth_angle. There is no standardized sign convention for relative_sensor_azimuth_angle. "Observation target" means a location on the Earth defined by the sensor performing the observations. A standard name also exists for relative_platform_azimuth_angle, where "platform" refers to the vehicle from which observations are made e.g. aeroplane, ship, or satellite. For some viewing geometries the sensor and the platform cannot be assumed to be close enough to neglect the difference in calculated azimuth angle.

richardson_number_in_sea_water

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Richardson number is a measure of dynamic stability and can be used to diagnose the existence of turbulent flow. It is defined as the ratio of the buoyant suppression of turbulence (i.e. how statically stable or unstable the conditions are) to the kinetic energy available to generate turbulence in a shear flow.

root_carbon_content

Unit: kg m-2

"Content" indicates a quantity per unit area.

root_depth

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

Depth is the vertical distance below the surface. The root depth is maximum depth of soil reached by plant roots, from which they can extract moisture.

runoff_amount

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

"Amount" means mass per unit area. Runoff is the liquid water which drains from land. If not specified, "runoff" refers to the sum of surface runoff and subsurface drainage.

runoff_amount_excluding_baseflow

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

Runoff is the liquid water which drains from land. "Runoff_excluding_baseflow" is the sum of surface runoff and subsurface runoff excluding baseflow. Baseflow is subsurface runoff which takes place below the level of the water table. "Amount" means mass per unit area.

runoff_flux

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

AMIP: mrro

Runoff is the liquid water which drains from land. If not specified, "runoff" refers to the sum of surface runoff and subsurface drainage. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

salt_flux_into_sea_water_from_rivers

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

scattering_angle

Unit: rad

Unit ref: URAD

The scattering angle is that between the direction of the beam of incident radiation and the direction into which it is scattered.

scene_type_of_dvorak_tropical_cyclone_cloud_region

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

A variable with the standard name of scene_type_of_dvorak_tropical_cyclone_cloud_region contains integers which can be translated to strings using flag_values and flag_meanings attributes. It indicates the Advanced Dvorak Technique tropical cyclone cloud region scene type chosen from the following list: uniform_central_dense_overcast; embedded_center; irregular_central_dense_overcast; curved_band; shear. Alternatively, the data variable may contain strings chosen from the same standardised list to indicate the scene type. Reference: Olander, T. L., & Velden, C. S., The Advanced Dvorak Technique: Continued Development of an Objective Scheme to Estimate Tropical Cyclone Intensity Using Geostationary Infrared Satellite Imagery (2007). American Meterorological Society Weather and Forecasting, 22, 287-298.

scene_type_of_dvorak_tropical_cyclone_eye_region

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

A variable with the standard name of scene_type_of_dvorak_tropical_cyclone_eye_region contains integers which can be translated to strings using flag_values and flag_meanings attributes. It indicates the Advanced Dvorak Technique tropical cyclone eye region scene type chosen from the following list: clear_ragged_or_obscured_eye; pinhole_eye; large_eye; no_eye. Alternatively, the data variable may contain strings chosen from the same standardised list to indicate the scene type. Reference: Olander, T. L., & Velden, C. S., The Advanced Dvorak Technique: Continued Development of an Objective Scheme to Estimate Tropical Cyclone Intensity Using Geostationary Infrared Satellite Imagery (2007). American Meterorological Society Weather and Forecasting, 22, 287-298.

sea_area

Unit: m2

"X_area" means the horizontal area occupied by X within the grid cell.

sea_area_fraction

Unit: 1

"X_area_fraction" means the fraction of horizontal area occupied by X. "X_area" means the horizontal area occupied by X within the grid cell.

sea_floor_depth_below_geoid

Unit: m

AMIP: zobt

Alias:

sea_floor_depth

sea_floor_depth_below_sea_level

Unit: m

sea_level means mean sea level, which is close to the geoid in sea areas.

sea_floor_depth_below_sea_surface

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

The sea_floor_depth_below_sea_surface is the vertical distance between the sea surface and the seabed as measured at a given point in space including the variance caused by tides and possibly waves.

sea_ice_albedo

Unit: 1

The albedo of sea ice.

sea_ice_amount

Unit: kg m-2

"Amount" means mass per unit area.

sea_ice_and_surface_snow_amount

Unit: kg m-2

"Amount" means mass per unit area. Surface amount refers to the amount on the ground, excluding that on the plant or vegetation canopy. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere.

sea_ice_area

Unit: m2

"X_area" means the horizontal area occupied by X within the grid cell.

sea_ice_area_fraction

Unit: 1

AMIP: sic

GRIB: 91

"X_area_fraction" means the fraction of horizontal area occupied by X. "X_area" means the horizontal area occupied by X within the grid cell. Sea ice area fraction is area of the sea surface occupied by sea ice. It is also called "sea ice concentration".

sea_ice_classification

Unit: 1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/UUUU

A variable with the standard name of sea_ice_classification contains strings which indicate the character of the ice surface e.g. open_ice, or first_year_ice. These strings have not yet been standardised. However, and whenever possible, they should follow the terminology defined in the WMO Standard Nomenclature for Sea Ice Classification. Alternatively, the data variable may contain integers which can be translated to strings using flag_values and flag_meanings attributes.

sea_ice_draft

Unit: m

Sea ice draft is the depth of the sea-ice lower surface below the water surface.

sea_ice_extent

Unit: m2

sea_ice_freeboard

Unit: m

Sea ice freeboard is the height of the sea-ice upper surface above the water surface.

sea_ice_mass

Unit: kg

sea_ice_salinity

Unit: 1e-3

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/39/UUUU

Sea ice salinity is the salt content of sea ice, often on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978. However, the unqualified term 'salinity' is generic and does not necessarily imply any particular method of calculation. The units of salinity are dimensionless and normally given as 1e-3 or 0.001 i.e. parts per thousand. Practical Salinity is reported on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978 (PSS-78), and is usually based on the electrical conductivity of sea water in observations since the 1960s.

sea_ice_speed

Unit: m s-1

GRIB: 94

Speed is the magnitude of velocity.

sea_ice_surface_temperature

Unit: K

The surface temperature is the (skin) temperature at the interface, not the bulk temperature of the medium above or below. "Sea ice surface temperature" is the temperature that exists at the interface of sea ice and an overlying medium which may be air or snow. In areas of snow covered sea ice, sea_ice_surface_temperature is not the same as the quantity with standard name surface_temperature.

sea_ice_temperature

Unit: K

sea_ice_thickness

Unit: m

AMIP: sit

GRIB: 92

sea_ice_transport_across_line

Unit: kg s-1

Transport across_line means that which crosses a particular line on the Earth's surface; formally this means the integral along the line of the normal component of the transport.

sea_ice_volume

Unit: m3

sea_ice_x_displacement

Unit: m

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/ULAA

"x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x. "Displacement" means the change in geospatial position of an object that has moved over time. If possible, the time interval over which the motion took place should be specified using a bounds variable for the time coordinate variable. A displacement can be represented as a vector. Such a vector should however not be interpreted as describing a rectilinear, constant speed motion but merely as an indication that the start point of the vector is found at the tip of the vector after the time interval associated with the displacement variable. A displacement does not prescribe a trajectory. Sea ice displacement can be defined as a two-dimensional vector, with no vertical component. An x displacement is calculated from the difference in the moving object's grid x coordinate between the start and end of the time interval associated with the displacement variable.

sea_ice_x_transport

Unit: kg s-1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/KGPS

"x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x.

sea_ice_x_velocity

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/UVAA

A velocity is a vector quantity. "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x.

sea_ice_y_displacement

Unit: m

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/ULAA

"y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. "Displacement" means the change in geospatial position of an object that has moved over time. If possible, the time interval over which the motion took place should be specified using a bounds variable for the time coordinate variable. A displacement can be represented as a vector. Such a vector should however not be interpreted as describing a rectilinear, constant speed motion but merely as an indication that the start point of the vector is found at the tip of the vector after the time interval associated with the displacement variable. A displacement does not prescribe a trajectory. Sea ice displacement can be defined as a two-dimensional vector, with no vertical component. A y displacement is calculated from the difference in the moving object's grid y coordinate between the start and end of the time interval associated with the displacement variable.

sea_ice_y_transport

Unit: kg s-1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/KGPS

"y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y.

sea_ice_y_velocity

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/UVAA

A velocity is a vector quantity. "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y.

sea_surface_density

Unit: kg m-3

Unit ref: UKMC

Sea surface density is the density of sea water near the surface (including the part under sea-ice, if any).

sea_surface_foundation_temperature

Unit: K

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The sea surface foundation temperature is the water temperature that is not influenced by a thermally stratified layer of diurnal temperature variability (either by daytime warming or nocturnal cooling). The foundation temperature is named to indicate that it is the temperature from which the growth of the diurnal thermocline develops each day, noting that on some occasions with a deep mixed layer there is no clear foundation temperature in the surface layer. In general, sea surface foundation temperature will be similar to a night time minimum or pre-dawn value at depths of between approximately 1 and 5 meters. In the absence of any diurnal signal, the foundation temperature is considered equivalent to the quantity with standard name sea_surface_subskin_temperature. The sea surface foundation temperature defines a level in the upper water column that varies in depth, space, and time depending on the local balance between thermal stratification and turbulent energy and is expected to change slowly over the course of a day. If possible, a data variable with the standard name sea_surface_foundation_temperature should be used with a scalar vertical coordinate variable to specify the depth of the foundation level. Sea surface foundation temperature is measured at the base of the diurnal thermocline or as close to the water surface as possible in the absence of thermal stratification. Only in situ contact thermometry is able to measure the sea surface foundation temperature. Analysis procedures must be used to estimate sea surface foundation temperature value from radiometric satellite measurements of the quantities with standard names sea_surface_skin_temperature and sea_surface_subskin_temperature. Sea surface foundation temperature provides a connection with the historical concept of a "bulk" sea surface temperature considered representative of the oceanic mixed layer temperature that is typically represented by any sea temperature measurement within the upper ocean over a depth range of 1 to approximately 20 meters. The general term, "bulk" sea surface temperature, has the standard name sea_surface_temperature with no associated vertical coordinate axis. Sea surface foundation temperature provides a more precise, well-defined quantity than "bulk" sea surface temperature and, consequently, is more representative of the mixed layer temperature. The temperature of sea water at a particular depth (other than the foundation level) should be reported using the standard name sea_water_temperature and, wherever possible, supplying a vertical coordinate axis or scalar coordinate variable.

sea_surface_height_above_geoid

Unit: m

Alias:

sea_surface_elevation_anomaly

Alias:

sea_surface_elevation

The geoid is a surface of constant geopotential with which mean sea level would coincide if the ocean were at rest. (The volume enclosed between the geoid and the sea floor equals the mean volume of water in the ocean.) In an ocean GCM the geoid is the surface of zero depth, or the rigid lid if the model uses that approximation. "Sea surface height" is a time-varying quantity. By definition of the geoid, the global average of the time-mean sea surface height (i.e. mean sea level) above the geoid must be zero. The standard name for the height of the sea surface above mean sea level is sea_surface_height_above_sea_level. The standard name for the height of the sea surface above the reference ellipsoid is sea_surface_height_above_reference_ellipsoid.

sea_surface_height_above_reference_ellipsoid

Unit: m

"Sea surface height" is a time-varying quantity. A reference ellipsoid is a mathematical figure that approximates the geoid. The geoid is a surface of constant geopotential with which mean sea level would coincide if the ocean were at rest. The ellipsoid is an approximation because the geoid is an irregular shape. A number of reference ellipsoids are defined for use in the field of geodesy. The standard name for the height of the sea surface above the geoid is sea_surface_height_above_geoid. The standard name for the height of the sea surface above mean sea level is sea_surface_height_above_sea_level.

sea_surface_height_above_sea_level

Unit: m

GRIB: 82

Alias:

sea_surface_height

sea_level means mean sea level, which is close to the geoid in sea areas. "Sea surface height" is a time-varying quantity. The standard name for the height of the sea surface above the geoid is sea_surface_height_above_geoid. The standard name for the height of the sea surface above the reference ellipsoid is sea_surface_height_above_reference_ellipsoid.

Unit: m

The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Altimeter pulses tend to be more strongly refelected by the troughs of sea surface waves than by the crests leading to a bias in the measured sea surface height. This quantity is commonly known as "sea state bias".

sea_surface_height_correction_due_to_air_pressure_and_wind_at_high_frequency

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Air pressure and wind at high frequency" means variations in air pressure with periods shorter than 20 days. These give rise to corresponding variations in sea surface topography. The quantity sea_surface_height_correction_due_to_air_pressure_and_wind_at_high_frequency should be applied by adding it to the quantity with standard name altimeter_range. Additional altimeter range corrections are given by the quantities with standard names altimeter_range_correction_due_to_wet_troposphere, altimeter_range_correction_due_to_dry_troposphere, altimeter_range_correction_due_to_ionosphere and sea_surface_height_correction_due_to_air_pressure_at_low_frequency.

sea_surface_height_correction_due_to_air_pressure_at_low_frequency

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Air pressure at low frequency" means variations in air pressure with periods longer than 20 days. These give rise to corresponding variations in sea surface topography. The quantity sea_surface_height_correction_due_to_air_pressure_at_low_frequency is commonly called the "inverted barometer effect" and the correction should be applied by adding it to the quantity with standard name altimeter_range. Additional altimeter range corrections are given by the quantities with standard names altimeter_range_correction_due_to_wet_troposphere, altimeter_range_correction_due_to_dry_troposphere, altimeter_range_correction_due_to_ionosphere and sea_surface_height_correction_due_to_air_pressure_and_wind_at_high_frequency.

sea_surface_salinity

Unit: 1e-3

Unit ref: UUUU

Sea surface salinity is the salt content of sea water close to the sea surface, often on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978. However, the unqualified term 'salinity' is generic and does not necessarily imply any particular method of calculation. The units of salinity are dimensionless and the units attribute should normally be given as 1e-3 or 0.001 i.e. parts per thousand. Sea surface salinity is often abbreviated as "SSS". For the salinity of sea water at a particular depth or layer, a data variable of "sea_water_salinity" or one of the more precisely defined salinities should be used with a vertical coordinate axis. There are standard names for the precisely defined salinity quantities: sea_water_knudsen_salinity, S_K (used for salinity observations between 1901 and 1966), sea_water_cox_salinity, S_C (used for salinity observations between 1967 and 1977), sea_water_practical_salinity, S_P (used for salinity observations from 1978 to the present day), sea_water_absolute_salinity, S_A, sea_water_preformed_salinity, S_*, and sea_water_reference_salinity. Practical Salinity is reported on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978 (PSS-78), and is usually based on the electrical conductivity of sea water in observations since the 1960s. Conversion of data between the observed scales follows: S_P = (S_K - 0.03) * (1.80655 / 1.805) and S_P = S_C, however the accuracy of the latter is dependent on whether chlorinity or conductivity was used to determine the S_C value, with this inconsistency driving the development of PSS-78. The more precise standard names should be used where appropriate for both modelled and observed salinities. In particular, the use of sea_water_salinity to describe salinity observations made from 1978 onwards is now deprecated in favor of the term sea_water_practical_salinity which is the salinity quantity stored by national data centers for post-1978 observations. The only exception to this is where the observed salinities are definitely known not to be recorded on the Practical Salinity Scale. The unit "parts per thousand" was used for sea_water_knudsen_salinity and sea_water_cox_salinity.

sea_surface_skin_temperature

Unit: K

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The sea surface skin temperature is the temperature measured by an infrared radiometer typically operating at wavelengths in the range 3.7 - 12 micrometers. It represents the temperature within the conductive diffusion-dominated sub-layer at a depth of approximately 10 - 20 micrometers below the air-sea interface. Measurements of this quantity are subject to a large potential diurnal cycle including cool skin layer effects (especially at night under clear skies and low wind speed conditions) and warm layer effects in the daytime.

sea_surface_subskin_temperature

Unit: K

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The sea surface subskin temperature is the temperature at the base of the conductive laminar sub-layer of the ocean surface, that is, at a depth of approximately 1 - 1.5 millimeters below the air-sea interface. For practical purposes, this quantity can be well approximated to the measurement of surface temperature by a microwave radiometer operating in the 6 - 11 gigahertz frequency range, but the relationship is neither direct nor invariant to changing physical conditions or to the specific geometry of the microwave measurements. Measurements of this quantity are subject to a large potential diurnal cycle due to thermal stratification of the upper ocean layer in low wind speed high solar irradiance conditions.

sea_surface_swell_wave_mean_period_from_variance_spectral_density_first_frequency_moment

Unit: s

Unit ref: UTBB

The swell wave directional spectrum can be written as a five dimensional function S(t,x,y,f,theta) where t is time, x and y are horizontal coordinates (such as longitude and latitude), f is frequency and theta is direction. S can be integrated over direction to give S1= integral(S dtheta). Frequency moments, M(n) of S1 can then be calculated as follows: M(n) = integral(S1 f^n df), where f^n is f to the power of n. The first wave period, T(m1), is calculated as the ratio M(0)/M(1).

sea_surface_swell_wave_mean_period_from_variance_spectral_density_inverse_frequency_moment

Unit: s

Unit ref: UTBB

sea_surface_wave_stokes_drift_x_velocity

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: UVAA

A velocity is a vector quantity. "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x. The Stokes drift velocity is the average velocity when following a specific fluid parcel as it travels with the fluid flow. For instance, a particle floating at the free surface of water waves, experiences a net Stokes drift velocity in the direction of wave propagation.

sea_surface_wave_stokes_drift_y_velocity

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: UVAA

A velocity is a vector quantity. "y" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing y. The Stokes drift velocity is the average velocity when following a specific fluid parcel as it travels with the fluid flow. For instance, a particle floating at the free surface of water waves, experiences a net Stokes drift velocity in the direction of wave propagation.

sea_surface_wave_to_direction

Unit: degree

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/UAAA

"to_direction" is used in the construction X_to_direction and indicates the direction towards which the velocity vector of X is headed. The direction is a bearing in the usual geographical sense, measured positive clockwise from due north.

sea_surface_wave_variance_spectral_density

Unit: m2 s

Unit ref: M2SX

Unit: s

Unit ref: UTBB

GRIB: 103

Alias:

wind_wave_period

A period is an interval of time, or the time-period of an oscillation. Wind waves are waves on the ocean surface. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)

sea_surface_wind_wave_significant_height

Unit: m

GRIB: 102

Alias:

significant_height_of_wind_waves

Height is the vertical distance above the surface. Wind waves are waves on the ocean surface. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)

sea_surface_wind_wave_to_direction

Unit: degree

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/UAAA

GRIB: 101

Alias:

direction_of_wind_wave_velocity

Wind waves are waves on the ocean surface. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name "upward_air_velocity".) "to_direction" is used in the construction X_to_direction and indicates the direction towards which the velocity vector of X is headed. The direction is a bearing in the usual geographical sense, measured positive clockwise from due north.

sea_surface_wind_wave_zero_upcrossing_period

Unit: s

A period is an interval of time, or the time-period of an oscillation. The zero upcrossing period is defined as the time interval between consecutive occasions on which the surface height passes upward above the mean level. Wind waves are waves on the ocean surface. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)

sea_water_absolute_salinity

Unit: g kg-1

Unit ref: UGKG

Absolute Salinity, S_A, is defined as part of the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10) which was adopted in 2010 by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC). It is the mass fraction of dissolved material in sea water. Absolute Salinity incorporates the spatial variations in the composition of sea water. This type of Absolute Salinity is also called "Density Salinity". TEOS-10 estimates Absolute Salinity as the salinity variable that, when used with the TEOS-10 expression for density, yields the correct density of a sea water sample even when the sample is not of Reference Composition. In practice, Absolute Salinity is often calculated from Practical Salinity using a spatial lookup table of pre-defined values of the Absolute Salinity Anomaly. It is recommended that the version of (TEOS-10) software and the associated Absolute Salinity Anomaly climatology be specified within metadata by attaching a comment attribute to the data variable. Reference: www.teos-10.org; Millero et al., 2008 doi: 10.1016/j.dsr.2007.10.001. There are also standard names for the precisely defined salinity quantities sea_water_knudsen_salinity, S_K (used for salinity observations between 1901 and 1966), sea_water_cox_salinity, S_C (used for salinity observations between 1967 and 1977), sea_water_practical_salinity, S_P (used for salinity observations from 1978 onwards), sea_water_preformed_salinity, S_*, and sea_water_reference_salinity. Salinity quantities that do not match any of the precise definitions should be given the more general standard name of sea_water_salinity.

sea_water_age_since_surface_contact

Unit: year

Unit ref: UYRS

"Sea water age since surface contact" means the length of time elapsed since the sea water in a grid cell was last in the surface level of an ocean model.

sea_water_alkalinity_expressed_as_mole_equivalent

Unit: mol m-3

Unit ref: MLM3

'sea_water_alkalinity_expressed_as_mole_equivalent' is the total alkalinity equivalent concentration (including carbonate, nitrogen, silicate, and borate components).

sea_water_conservative_temperature

Unit: K

Unit ref: UPKA

Conservative Temperature is defined as part of the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10) which was adopted in 2010 by the International Oceanographic Commission (IOC). Conservative Temperature is specific potential enthalpy (which has the standard name sea_water_specific_potential_enthalpy) divided by a fixed value of the specific heat capacity of sea water, namely cp_0 = 3991.86795711963 J kg-1 K-1. Conservative Temperature is a more accurate measure of the "heat content" of sea water, by a factor of one hundred, than is potential temperature. Because of this, it can be regarded as being proportional to the heat content of sea water per unit mass. Reference: www.teos-10.org; McDougall, 2003 doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<0945:PEACOV>2.0.CO;2.

sea_water_cox_salinity

Unit: 1e-3

Unit ref: UUUU

Cox Salinity, S_C, is defined unitless as a mass fraction per mil (0/00) or "parts per thousand". S_C was the standard salinity measure from 1967 until Practical Salinity, S_P, was established with PSS-78 (1978). Chlorinity, Cl, is calculated from the conductivity of a sea water sample and since the work of the Joint Panel for Oceanographic Tables and Standards (JPOTS; 1966) is converted into Cox Salinity using S_C = 1.80655Cl. This type of salinity was called simply "salinity" from 1967 to 1978. Cox Salinity was replaced by Practical Salinity in 1978. Cox Salinity is converted to Practical Salinity following S_P = S_C, however the accuracy of this is dependent on whether chlorinity or conductivity was used to determine the S_C value, with this inconsistency driving the development of the Practical Salinity Scale 1978 (PSS-78). Reference: Cox et al., 1967 doi: 10.1016/0011-7471(67)90006-X; Lyman, 1969 doi: 10.4319/lo.1969.14.6.0928; Wooster et al., 1969 doi: 10.4319/lo.1969.14.3.0437. There are standard names for the precisely defined salinity quantities sea_water_knudsen_salinity, S_K (used for salinity observations between 1901 and 1966), sea_water_practical_salinity, S_P, sea_water_absolute_salinity, S_A, sea_water_preformed_salinity, S_* and sea_water_reference_salinity. Salinity quantities that do not match any of the precise definitions should be given the more general standard name of sea_water_salinity.

sea_water_density

Unit: kg m-3

Unit ref: UKMC

Sea water density is the in-situ density (not the potential density). If 1000 kg m-3 is subtracted, the standard name sea_water_sigma_t should be chosen instead.

sea_water_electrical_conductivity

Unit: S m-1

Unit ref: UECA

sea_water_knudsen_salinity

Unit: 1e-3

Unit ref: UUUU

Knudsen Salinity, S_K, is defined unitless as a mass fraction per mil (0/00) or "parts per thousand", and was calculated from the titration of inorganic salts from a sample of sea water after a commission to study the problem of determining salinity and density was initiated by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) in 1899. S_K was the standard salinity measure until S_C (Cox Salinity) was established in 1967. Since the work of Knudsen (1901), chlorinity is converted into Knudsen Salinity using S_K = 0.030 + 1.805 Cl. This type of salinity was called simply "salinity" from 1901 to 1966. From the 1960s on, electrical conductivity began to be used to estimate the Knudsen Salinity, rather than chemical titration. Knudsen Salinity was replaced by Cox Salinity in 1967 which was in turn replaced by Practical Salinity, S_P, in 1978. Conversion of Knudsen Salinity to Practical Salinity follows S_P = (S_K - 0.03) * (1.80655 / 1.805). Reference: Knudsen, 1901; Thomas et al., 1934 doi: 10.1093/icesjms/9.1.28; Lyman, 1969 doi: 10.4319/lo.1969.14.6.0928; Wooster et al., 1969 doi: 10.4319/lo.1969.14.3.0437; Lewis, 1980 doi: 10.1109/JOE.1980.1145448; Millero et al., 2008 doi: 10.1016/j.dsr.2007.10.001. There are standard names for the precisely defined salinity quantities sea_water_cox_salinity, S_C (used for salinity observations between 1967 and 1977), sea_water_practical_salinity, S_P, sea_water_absolute_salinity, S_A, sea_water_preformed_salinity, S_* and sea_water_reference_salinity. Salinity quantities that do not match any of the precise definitions should be given the more general standard name of sea_water_salinity.

sea_water_mass

Unit: kg

Unit ref: KGXX

The quantity with standard name "sea_water_mass" is the total mass of liquid seawater in the global oceans, including enclosed seas.

sea_water_mass_per_unit_area

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

Sea_water_mass_per_unit_area is the mass per unit area of the sea water contained within each grid cell.

sea_water_neutral_density

Unit: kg m-3

Unit ref: UKMC

"Neutral density" is a variable designed so that a surface of constant neutral density everywhere has a local slope that is close to the local slope of the neutral tangent plane. At the sea surface in the equatorial Pacific neutral density is very close to the potential density anomaly. At other locations, this is not the case. For example, along a neutral density surface there is a difference of up to 0.14 kg/m^3 in the potential density anomaly at the outcrops in the Southern and Northern hemispheres. Refer to Jackett & McDougall (1997; Journal of Physical Oceanography, Vol 27, doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(1997)027<0237:ANDVFT>2.0.CO;2) for more information.

sea_water_ph_reported_on_total_scale

Unit: 1

'sea_water_pH_reported_on_total_scale' is the measure of acidity of seawater, defined as the negative logarithm of the activity of dissolved hydrogen ions plus bisulfate ions in a sea water medium; it can be measured or calculated; when measured the scale is defined according to a series of buffers prepared in artificial seawater containing bisulfate. The quantity may be written as pH(total) = -log([H+](free) + [HSO4-]).

sea_water_potential_density

Unit: kg m-3

sea_water_potential_temperature

Unit: K

Potential temperature is the temperature a parcel of air or sea water would have if moved adiabatically to sea level pressure.

sea_water_practical_salinity

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Practical Salinity, S_P, is a determination of the salinity of sea water, based on its electrical conductance. The measured conductance, corrected for temperature and pressure, is compared to the conductance of a standard potassium chloride solution, producing a value on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978 (PSS-78). This name should not be used to describe salinity observations made before 1978, or ones not based on conductance measurements. Conversion of Practical Salinity to other precisely defined salinity measures should use the appropriate formulas specified by TEOS-10. Other standard names for precisely defined salinity quantities are sea_water_absolute_salinity (S_A); sea_water_preformed_salinity (S_*), sea_water_reference_salinity (S_R); sea_water_cox_salinity (S_C), used for salinity observations between 1967 and 1977; and sea_water_knudsen_salinity (S_K), used for salinity observations between 1901 and 1966. Salinity quantities that do not match any of the precise definitions shoul d be given the more general standard name of sea_water_salinity. Reference: www.teos-10.org; Lewis, 1980 doi:10.1109/JOE.1980.1145448.

sea_water_preformed_salinity

Unit: g kg-1

Unit ref: UGKG

Preformed Salinity, S*, is defined as part of the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10) which was adopted in 2010 by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC). Preformed Salinity is a salinity variable that is designed to be as conservative as possible, by removing the estimated biogeochemical influences on the sea water composition. Preformed Salinity is Absolute Salinity, S_A (which has the standard name sea_water_absolute_salinity), minus all contributions to sea water composition from biogeochemical processes. Preformed Salinity is the mass fraction of dissolved material in sea water. Reference: www.teos-10.org; Pawlowicz et al., 2011 doi: 10.5194/os-7-363-2011; Wright et al., 2011 doi: 10.5194/os-7-1-2011. There are also standard names for the precisely defined salinity quantities sea_water_knudsen_salinity, S_K (used for salinity observations between 1901 and 1966), sea_water_cox_salinity, S_C (used for salinity observations between 1967 and 1977), sea_water_practical_salinity, S_P (used for salinity observations from 1978 onwards), and sea_water_reference_salinity. Salinity quantities that do not match any of the precise definitions should be given the more general standard name of sea_water_salinity.

sea_water_pressure

Unit: dbar

Unit ref: UPDB

"Sea water pressure" is the pressure that exists in the medium of sea water. It includes the pressure due to overlying sea water, sea ice, air and any other medium that may be present. For sea water pressure excluding the pressure due to overlying media other than sea water, the standard name sea_water_pressure_due_to_sea_water should be used.

sea_water_pressure_at_sea_floor

Unit: dbar

Unit ref: UPDB

"Sea water pressure" is the pressure that exists in the medium of sea water. It includes the pressure due to overlying sea water, sea ice, air and any other medium that may be present.

sea_water_pressure_at_sea_water_surface

Unit: dbar

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Sea water pressure" is the pressure that exists in the medium of sea water. It includes the pressure due to overlying sea water, sea ice, air and any other medium that may be present.

sea_water_pressure_due_to_sea_water

Unit: dbar

Unit ref: UPDB

The pressure that exists in the medium of sea water due to overlying sea water. Excludes the pressure due to sea ice, air and any other medium that may be present. For sea water pressure including the pressure due to overlying media other than sea water, the standard name sea_water_pressure should be used.

sea_water_reference_salinity

Unit: g kg-1

Unit ref: UGKG

If a sea water sample has the Reference Composition (defined in Millero et al., 2008), then its Reference Salinity is the best available estimate of its Absolute Salinity. For general purposes, Reference Salinity is (35.16504 g kg-1)/35 times Practical Salinity. Reference: www.teos-10.org; Millero et al., 2008 doi: 10.1016/j.dsr.2007.10.001. There are also standard names for the precisely defined salinity quantities sea_water_knudsen_salinity, S_K (used for salinity observations between 1901 and 1966), sea_water_cox_salinity, S_C (used for salinity observations between 1967 and 1977), sea_water_practical_salinity (used for salinity observations from 1978 onwards), sea_water_absolute_salinity, S_A, and sea_water_preformed_salinity, S_*. Salinity quantities that do not match any of the precise definitions should be given the more general standard name of sea_water_salinity.

sea_water_salinity

Unit: 1e-3

Unit ref: UUUU

AMIP: so

GRIB: 88

Sea water salinity is the salt content of sea water, often on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978. However, the unqualified term 'salinity' is generic and does not necessarily imply any particular method of calculation. The units of salinity are dimensionless and the units attribute should normally be given as 1e-3 or 0.001 i.e. parts per thousand. There are standard names for the more precisely defined salinity quantities: sea_water_knudsen_salinity, S_K (used for salinity observations between 1901 and 1966), sea_water_cox_salinity, S_C (used for salinity observations between 1967 and 1977), sea_water_practical_salinity, S_P (used for salinity observations from 1978 to the present day), sea_water_absolute_salinity, S_A, sea_water_preformed_salinity, S_*, and sea_water_reference_salinity. Practical Salinity is reported on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978 (PSS-78), and is usually based on the electrical conductivity of sea water in observations since the 1960s. Conversion of data between the observed scales follows: S_P = (S_K - 0.03) * (1.80655 / 1.805) and S_P = S_C, however the accuracy of the latter is dependent on whether chlorinity or conductivity was used to determine the S_C value, with this inconsistency driving the development of PSS-78. The more precise standard names should be used where appropriate for both modelled and observed salinities. In particular, the use of sea_water_salinity to describe salinity observations made from 1978 onwards is now deprecated in favor of the term sea_water_practical_salinity which is the salinity quantity stored by national data centers for post-1978 observations. The only exception to this is where the observed salinities are definitely known not to be recorded on the Practical Salinity Scale. The unit "parts per thousand" was used for sea_water_knudsen_salinity and sea_water_cox_salinity.

sea_water_sigma_t

Unit: kg m-3

Sigma-t of sea water is the density of water at atmospheric pressure (i.e. the surface) having the same temperature and salinity, minus 1000 kg m-3. Note that sea water sigma is not the same quantity as the dimensionless ocean sigma coordinate (see Appendix D of the CF convention), for which there is another standard name.

sea_water_sigma_theta

Unit: kg m-3

Unit ref: UKMC

Sigma-theta of sea water is the potential density (i.e. the density when moved adiabatically to a reference pressure) of water having the same temperature and salinity, minus 1000 kg m-3. Note that sea water sigma is not the same quantity as the dimensionless ocean sigma coordinate (see Appendix D of the CF convention), for which there is another standard name.

sea_water_specific_potential_enthalpy

Unit: J kg-1

Unit ref: JPKG

The potential enthalpy of a sea water parcel is the specific enthalpy after an adiabatic and isohaline change in pressure from its in situ pressure to the sea pressure p = 0 dbar. "specific" means per unit mass. Reference: www.teos-10.org; McDougall, 2003 doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<0945:PEACOV>2.0.CO;2.

sea_water_speed

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: UVAA

GRIB: 48

Speed is the magnitude of velocity.

sea_water_temperature

Unit: K

Unit ref: UPKA

AMIP: to

GRIB: 80

Sea water temperature is the in situ temperature of the sea water. To specify the depth at which the temperature applies use a vertical coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable. There are standard names for sea_surface_temperature, sea_surface_skin_temperature, sea_surface_subskin_temperature and sea_surface_foundation_temperature which can be used to describe data located at the specified surfaces. For observed data, depending on the period during which the observation was made, the measured in situ temperature was recorded against standard "scales". These historical scales include the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1948 (IPTS-48; 1948-1967), the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 (IPTS-68, Barber, 1969; 1968-1989) and the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90, Saunders 1990; 1990 onwards). Conversion of data between these scales follows t68 = t48 - (4.4 x 10e-6) * t48(100 - t - 48); t90 = 0.99976 * t68. Observations made prior to 1948 (IPTS-48) have not been documented and therefore a conversion cannot be certain. Differences between t90 and t68 can be up to 0.01 at temperatures of 40 C and above; differences of 0.002-0.007 occur across the standard range of ocean temperatures (-10 - 30 C). The International Equation of State of Seawater 1980 (EOS-80, UNESCO, 1981) and the Practical Salinity Scale (PSS-78) were both based on IPTS-68, while the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10) is based on ITS-90. References: Barber, 1969, doi: 10.1088/0026-1394/5/2/001; UNESCO, 1981; Saunders, 1990, WOCE Newsletter, 10, September 1990.

sea_water_transport_across_line

Unit: kg s-1

Unit ref: KGPS

Transport across_line means that which crosses a particular line on the Earth's surface; formally this means the integral along the line of the normal component of the transport.

sea_water_turbidity

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Turbidity is a dimensionless quantity which is expressed in NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Units). Turbidity expressed in NTU is the proportion of white light scattered back to a transceiver by the particulate load in a body of water, represented on an arbitrary scale referenced against measurements made in the laboratory on aqueous suspensions of formazine beads. Sea water turbidity may also be measured by the quantity with standard name secchi_depth_of_sea_water.

sea_water_volume

Unit: m3

Unit ref: MCUB

Alias:

ocean_volume

The quantity with standard name "sea_water_volume" is the total volume of liquid seawater in the global oceans, including enclosed seas.

sea_water_x_velocity

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: UVAA

Alias:

x_sea_water_velocity

A velocity is a vector quantity. "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x.

sea_water_y_velocity

sensor_zenith_angle is the angle between the line of sight to the sensor and the local zenith at the observation target. This angle is measured starting from directly overhead and its range is from zero (directly overhead the observation target) to 180 degrees (directly below the observation target). Local zenith is a line perpendicular to the Earth's surface at a given location. "Observation target" means a location on the Earth defined by the sensor performing the observations. A standard name also exists for platform_zenith_angle, where "platform" refers to the vehicle from which observations are made e.g. aeroplane, ship, or satellite. For some viewing geometries the sensor and the platform cannot be assumed to be close enough to neglect the difference in calculated zenith angle.

shallow_convection_time_fraction

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

single_scattering_albedo_in_air_due_to_ambient_aerosol_particles

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

"Single scattering albedo" is the fraction of radiation in an incident light beam scattered by the particles of an aerosol reference volume for a given wavelength. It is the ratio of the scattering and the extinction coefficients of the aerosol particles in the reference volume. A coordinate variable with a standard name of radiation_wavelength or radiation_frequency should be included to specify either the wavelength or frequency. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the quantity described by the standard name applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.

sinking_mole_flux_of_aragonite_expressed_as_carbon_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-2 s-1

Unit ref: M2MS

The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. 'Sinking' is the gravitational settling of particulate matter suspended in a liquid. A sinking flux is positive downwards and is calculated relative to the movement of the surrounding fluid. Aragonite is a mineral that is a polymorph of calcium carbonate. The chemical formula of aragonite is CaCO3. Standard names also exist for calcite, another polymorph of calcium carbonate.

sinking_mole_flux_of_calcite_expressed_as_carbon_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-2 s-1

Unit ref: M2MS

The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. 'Sinking' is the gravitational settling of particulate matter suspended in a liquid. A sinking flux is positive downwards and is calculated relative to the movement of the surrounding fluid. Calcite is a mineral that is a polymorph of calcium carbonate. The chemical formula of calcite is CaCO3. Standard names also exist for aragonite, another polymorph of calcium carbonate.

sinking_mole_flux_of_particulate_iron_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-2 s-1

Unit ref: M2MS

In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. 'Sinking' is the gravitational settling of particulate matter suspended in a liquid. A sinking flux is positive downwards and is calculated relative to the movement of the surrounding fluid.

sinking_mole_flux_of_particulate_organic_matter_expressed_as_carbon_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-2 s-1

Unit ref: M2MS

sinking_mole_flux_of_particulate_organic_nitrogen_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-2 s-1

sinking_mole_flux_of_particulate_organic_phosphorus_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-2 s-1

Unit ref: M2MS

sinking_mole_flux_of_particulate_silicon_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-2 s-1

Unit ref: M2MS

slow_soil_pool_carbon_content

Unit: kg m-2

"Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "soil content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface down to the bottom of the soil model. For the content between specified levels in the soil, standard names including content_of_soil_layer are used. "Soil carbon" is the organic matter present in soil quantified by the mass of carbon it contains. Soil carbon is returned to the atmosphere as the organic matter decays. The decay process takes varying amounts of time depending on the composition of the organic matter, the temperature and the availability of moisture. A carbon "soil pool" means the carbon contained in organic matter which has a characteristic period over which it decays and releases carbon into the atmosphere. "Slow soil pool" refers to the decay of organic matter in soil with a characteristic period of more than a hundred years under reference climate conditions of a temperature of 20 degrees Celsius and no water limitations.

snow_density

Unit: kg m-3

Unit ref: UKMC

snowfall_amount

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

"Amount" means mass per unit area.

snowfall_flux

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

AMIP: prsn

GRIB: 64

In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

snow_grain_size

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

soil_albedo

Unit: 1

Soil albedo is the albedo of the soil surface assuming no snow.

soil_carbon_content

Unit: kg m-2

soil_frozen_water_content

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

AMIP: mrfso

"frozen_water" means ice. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "soil content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface down to the bottom of the soil model. For the content between specified levels in the soil, standard names including content_of_soil_layer are used.

soil_hydraulic_conductivity_at_saturation

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: UVAA

Hydraulic conductivity is the constant k in Darcy's Law q=-k grad h for fluid flow q (volume transport per unit area i.e. velocity) through a porous medium, where h is the hydraulic head (pressure expressed as an equivalent depth of water).

soil_moisture_content_at_field_capacity

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

AMIP: mrsofc

"moisture" means water in all phases contained in soil. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "soil content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface down to the bottom of the soil model. For the content between specified levels in the soil, standard names including content_of_soil_layer are used. The field capacity of soil is the maximum content of water it can retain against gravitational drainage.

soil_porosity

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

The soil porosity is the proportion of its total volume not occupied by soil solids.

soil_respiration_carbon_flux

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

"Respiration carbon" refers to the rate at which biomass is respired expressed as the mass of carbon which it contains. Soil respiration is the sum of respiration in the soil by animals and decomposers of litter (heterotrophs or "consumers"), which have not produced the biomass they respire, and respiration by the roots of plants (autotrophs or "producers"), which have themselves produced the biomass they respire. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

soil_suction_at_saturation

Unit: Pa

Unit ref: PASX

Soil suction is the tensile stress on water in soil due to molecular forces acting at the water-soil particle boundary. The forces may cause water to be drawn into the spaces within the soil matrix or cause it to be held in the soil without draining. Soil suction occurs in soil above the water table.

soil_temperature

soot_content_of_surface_snow

"specific" means per unit mass. Dry energy is the sum of dry static energy and kinetic energy. Dry static energy is the sum of enthalpy and potential energy (itself the sum of gravitational and centripetal potential energy). Enthalpy can be written either as (1) CpT, where Cp is heat capacity at constant pressure, T is absolute temperature, or (2) U+pV, where U is internal energy, p is pressure and V is volume.

specific_gravitational_potential_energy

Unit: J kg-1

Unit ref: JPKG

Alias:

specific_potential_energy

"specific" means per unit mass. Potential energy is the sum of the gravitational potential energy relative to the geoid and the centripetal potential energy. (The geopotential is the specific potential energy.)

specific_humidity

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

AMIP: hus

GRIB: 51 E133

"specific" means per unit mass. Specific humidity is the mass fraction of water vapor in (moist) air.

specific_kinetic_energy_of_air

Unit: m2 s-2

Unit ref: SQM2

"specific" means per unit mass.

specific_kinetic_energy_of_sea_water

Unit: m2 s-2

Unit ref: SQM2

"specific" means per unit mass.

speed_of_sound_in_air

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: UVAA

Speed is the magnitude of velocity.

speed_of_sound_in_sea_water

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: UVAA

Speed is the magnitude of velocity.

spell_length_of_days_with_air_temperature_above_threshold

Unit: day

Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. A spell is the number of consecutive days on which the condition X_below|above_threshold is satisified. A variable whose standard name has the form spell_length_of_days_with_X_below|above_threshold must have a coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with the a standard name of X to supply the threshold(s). It must have a climatological time variable, and a cell_method entry for within days which describes the processing of quantity X before the threshold is applied. A spell_length_of_days is an intensive quantity in time, and the cell_methods entry for over days can be any of the methods listed in Appendix E appropriate for intensive quantities e.g. "maximum", "minimum" or "mean".

spell_length_of_days_with_air_temperature_below_threshold

Unit: day

spell_length_of_days_with_lwe_thickness_of_precipitation_amount_above_threshold

Unit: day

"Amount" means mass per unit area. The construction lwe_thickness_of_X_amount or _content means the vertical extent of a layer of liquid water having the same mass per unit area. "lwe" means liquid water equivalent. A spell is the number of consecutive days on which the condition X_below|above_threshold is satisified. A variable whose standard name has the form spell_length_of_days_with_X_below|above_threshold must have a coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with the a standard name of X to supply the threshold(s). It must have a climatological time variable, and a cell_method entry for within days which describes the processing of quantity X before the threshold is applied. A spell_length_of_days is an intensive quantity in time, and the cell_methods entry for over days can be any of the methods listed in Appendix E appropriate for intensive quantities e.g. "maximum", "minimum" or "mean".

spell_length_of_days_with_lwe_thickness_of_precipitation_amount_below_threshold

Unit: day

"Amount" means mass per unit area. The construction lwe_thickness_of_X_amount or _content means the vertical extent of a layer of liquid water having the same mass per unit area. "lwe" means liquid water equivalent. A spell is the number of consecutive days on which the condition X_below|above_threshold is satisified. A variable whose standard name has the form spell_length_of_days_with_X_below|above_threshold must have a coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with the a standard name of X to supply the threshold(s). It must have a climatological time variable, and a cell_method entry for within days which describes the processing of quantity X before the threshold is applied. A spell_length_of_days is an intensive quantity in time, and the cell_methods entry for over days can be any of the methods listed in Appendix E appropriate for intensive quantities e.g. "maximum", "minimum" or "mean".

square_of_air_temperature

Unit: K2

Unit ref: KLSQ

AMIP: mptta

The phrase "square_of_X" means X*X. Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature.

square_of_brunt_vaisala_frequency_in_air

Unit: s-2

GRIB: N138

"square_of_X" means X*X. Frequency is the number of oscillations of a wave per unit time.

square_of_eastward_wind

Unit: m2 s-2

Unit ref: SQM2

AMIP: mpuua

"square_of_X" means X*X. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)

square_of_geopotential_height

Unit: m2

Unit ref: UMSQ

"square_of_X" means X*X. Geopotential is the sum of the specific gravitational potential energy relative to the geoid and the specific centripetal potential energy. Geopotential height is the geopotential divided by the standard acceleration due to gravity. It is numerically similar to the altitude (or geometric height) and not to the quantity with standard name height, which is relative to the surface.

square_of_lagrangian_tendency_of_air_pressure

Unit: Pa2 s-2

"square_of_X" means X*X. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The Lagrangian tendency of a quantity is its rate of change following the motion of the fluid, also called the "material derivative" or "convective derivative". The Lagrangian tendency of air pressure, often called "omega", plays the role of the upward component of air velocity when air pressure is being used as the vertical coordinate. If the vertical air velocity is upwards, it is negative when expressed as a tendency of air pressure; downwards is positive.

square_of_northward_wind

Unit: m2 s-2

Unit ref: SQM2

AMIP: mpvva

"square_of_X" means X*X. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)

square_of_ocean_mixed_layer_thickness_defined_by_sigma_t

Unit: m2

The ocean mixed layer is the upper part of the ocean, regarded as being well-mixed. The base of the mixed layer defined by temperature, sigma, sigma_theta or sigma_t is the level at which the quantity indicated differs from its surface value by a certain amount. "Thickness" means the vertical extent of a layer. "square_of_X" means X*X.

square_of_sea_surface_height_above_geoid

Unit: m2

square_of_sea_surface_temperature

Unit: K2

Unit ref: KLSQ

Sea surface temperature is usually abbreviated as "SST". It is the temperature of sea water near the surface (including the part under sea-ice, if any), and not the skin temperature, whose standard name is surface_temperature. For the temperature of sea water at a particular depth or layer, a data variable of sea_water_temperature with a vertical coordinate axis should be used. "square_of_X" means X*X.

square_of_upward_air_velocity

Unit: m2 s-2

Unit ref: SQM2

"square_of_X" means X*X. A velocity is a vector quantity. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). Upward air velocity is the vertical component of the 3D air velocity vector.

square_of_upward_ocean_mass_transport

Unit: kg2 s-2

Unit ref: KGS2

"Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). Ocean transport means transport by all processes, both sea water and sea ice. "square_of_X" means X*X.

status_flag

Unit: 1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/UUUU

A variable with the standard name of status_flag contains an indication of quality or other status of another data variable. The linkage between the data variable and the variable with the standard_name of status_flag is achieved using the ancillary_variables attribute.

stratiform_cloud_area_fraction

Unit: 1

Alias:

large_scale_cloud_area_fraction

"X_area_fraction" means the fraction of horizontal area occupied by X. Cloud area fraction is also called "cloud amount" and "cloud cover". The cloud area fraction is for the whole atmosphere column, as seen from the surface or the top of the atmosphere. The cloud area fraction in a layer of the atmosphere has the standard name cloud_area_fraction_in_atmosphere_layer. In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes).

stratiform_cloud_area_fraction_in_atmosphere_layer

Unit: 1

stratiform_cloud_longwave_emissivity

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Emissivity is the ratio of the power emitted by an object to the power that would be emitted by a perfect black body having the same temperature as the object. The emissivity is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength or radiation_frequency is included to specify either the wavelength or frequency. In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). "longwave" means longwave radiation.

stratiform_graupel_flux

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Alias:

large_scale_graupel_flux

In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. Stratiform precipitation, whether liquid or frozen, is precipitation that formed in stratiform cloud.

stratiform_precipitation_amount

Unit: kg m-2

GRIB: 62

Alias:

large_scale_precipitation_amount

Stratiform precipitation, whether liquid or frozen, is precipitation that formed in stratiform cloud. "Amount" means mass per unit area.

stratiform_precipitation_flux

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Alias:

large_scale_precipitation_flux

stratiform_rainfall_amount

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

Alias:

large_scale_rainfall_amount

Stratiform precipitation, whether liquid or frozen, is precipitation that formed in stratiform cloud. "Amount" means mass per unit area.

stratiform_rainfall_flux

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

Alias:

large_scale_rainfall_flux

stratiform_rainfall_rate

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: UVAA

Alias:

large_scale_rainfall_rate

Stratiform precipitation, whether liquid or frozen, is precipitation that formed in stratiform cloud.

stratiform_snowfall_amount

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

GRIB: 79

Alias:

large_scale_snowfall_amount

Stratiform precipitation, whether liquid or frozen, is precipitation that formed in stratiform cloud. "Amount" means mass per unit area.

stratiform_snowfall_flux

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

Alias:

large_scale_snowfall_flux

stratosphere_mole_content_of_nitrogen_dioxide

Unit: mol m-2

Unit ref: MLM2

"Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "stratosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the tropopause to the stratopause. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for nitrogen_dioxide is NO2.

subsurface_litter_carbon_content

Unit: kg m-2

"Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Litter carbon" is dead plant material in or above the soil quantified as the mass of carbon which it contains. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere.

subsurface_runoff_amount

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

"Amount" means mass per unit area. Runoff is the liquid water which drains from land. If not specified, "runoff" refers to the sum of surface runoff and subsurface drainage.

subsurface_runoff_flux

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere.The brightness temperature of a body is the temperature of a black body which radiates the same power per unit solid angle per unit area.

surface_carbon_dioxide_partial_pressure_difference_between_air_and_sea_water

Unit: Pa

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Water" means water in all phases, including frozen i.e. ice and snow. The partial pressure of a gaseous constituent of air is the pressure which it alone would exert with unchanged temperature and number of moles per unit volume.

surface_carbon_dioxide_partial_pressure_difference_between_sea_water_and_air

Unit: Pa

The partial pressure of a dissolved gas in sea water is the partial pressure in air with which it would be in equilibrium. The partial pressure of a gaseous constituent of air is the pressure which it alone would exert with unchanged temperature and number of moles per unit volume. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2.

surface_diffuse_downwelling_photosynthetic_radiative_flux_in_air

Unit: W m-2

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). The vertical heat flux in air is the sum of all heat fluxes i.e. radiative, latent and sensible. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

surface_downward_heat_flux_in_sea_water

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Water" means water in all phases, including frozen i.e. ice and snow. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

surface_downward_heat_flux_in_snow

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

surface_downward_latent_heat_flux

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). The surface latent heat flux is the exchange of heat between the surface and the air on account of evaporation (including sublimation). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

surface_downward_mass_flux_of_ammonia

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

surface_downward_mass_flux_of_carbon_dioxide_expressed_as_carbon

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

surface_downward_mole_flux_of_carbon_dioxide

Unit: mol m-2 s-1

Unit ref: M2MS

Alias:

surface_carbon_dioxide_mole_flux

"Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2. The standard name surface_upward_mole_flux_of_carbon_dioxide should be used to label data in which the flux is positive when directed upward. The standard name "surface_carbon_dioxide_mole_flux" is deprecated because it does not specify in which direction the flux is positive. Any data having the standard name "surface_carbon_dioxide_mole_flux" should be examined carefully to determine which sign convention was used.

surface_downward_mole_flux_of_molecular_oxygen

Unit: mol m-2 s-1

Unit ref: M2MS

surface_downward_northward_stress

Unit: Pa

Unit ref: PASX

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "longwave" means longwave radiation. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

surface_downwelling_longwave_flux_in_air_assuming_clear_sky

Unit: W m-2

AMIP: rldscs

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "longwave" means longwave radiation. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

surface_downwelling_photon_flux_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-2 s-1

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Water" means water in all phases, including frozen i.e. ice and snow. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". A photon flux is specified in terms of numbers of photons expressed in moles. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

surface_downwelling_photon_flux_per_unit_wavelength_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-2 s-1 m-1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/M2MM

Alias:

surface_downwelling_spectral_photon_flux_in_sea_water

surface_downwelling_photon_radiance_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-2 s-1 sr-1

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Water" means water in all phases, including frozen i.e. ice and snow. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". Photon radiance is the photon flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction from which it is coming must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead. A photon flux is specified in terms of numbers of photons expressed in moles.

surface_downwelling_photon_radiance_per_unit_wavelength_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-2 s-1 m-1 sr-1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/M2SR

Alias:

surface_downwelling_spectral_photon_radiance_in_sea_water

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Water" means water in all phases, including frozen i.e. ice and snow. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". Photon radiance is the photon flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction from which it is coming must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead. A photon flux is specified in terms of numbers of photons expressed in moles. A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength.

surface_downwelling_photon_spherical_irradiance_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-2 s-1

surface_downwelling_photon_spherical_irradiance_per_unit_wavelength_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-2 s-1 m-1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/M2MM

Alias:

surface_downwelling_spectral_photon_spherical_irradiance_in_sea_water

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Water" means water in all phases, including frozen i.e. ice and snow. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". Photon spherical irradiance is the photon flux incident on unit area of a hemispherical (or "2-pi") collector. A photon flux is specified in terms of numbers of photons expressed in moles. A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength.

surface_downwelling_photosynthetic_photon_flux_in_air

Unit: mol m-2 s-1

Unit ref: M2MS

surface_downwelling_photosynthetic_photon_flux_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-2 s-1

Unit ref: M2MS

surface_downwelling_photosynthetic_photon_radiance_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-2 s-1 sr-1

Unit ref: M3SR

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". Photon radiance is the photon flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction from which it is coming must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead. "Photosynthetic" radiation is the part of the spectrum which is used in photosynthesis e.g. 400-700 nm. The range of wavelengths could be specified precisely by the bounds of a coordinate of radiation_wavelength. A photon flux is specified in terms of numbers of photons expressed in moles.

surface_downwelling_photosynthetic_photon_spherical_irradiance_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-2 s-1

Unit ref: M2MS

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". "Photosynthetic" radiation is the part of the spectrum which is used in photosynthesis e.g. 400-700 nm. The range of wavelengths could be specified precisely by the bounds of a coordinate of radiation_wavelength. Photon spherical irradiance is the photon flux incident on unit area of a hemispherical (or "2-pi") collector. The direction ("up/downwelling") is specified. Radiation incident on a 4-pi collector has standard names of "omnidirectional spherical irradiance". A photon flux is specified in terms of numbers of photons expressed in moles.

surface_downwelling_photosynthetic_radiance_in_sea_water

Unit: W m-2 sr-1

Unit ref: WMSS

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction from which it is coming must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead. "Photosynthetic" radiation is the part of the spectrum which is used in photosynthesis e.g. 400-700 nm. The range of wavelengths could be specified precisely by the bounds of a coordinate of radiation_wavelength. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

surface_downwelling_photosynthetic_radiative_flux_in_air

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". "Photosynthetic" radiation is the part of the spectrum which is used in photosynthesis e.g. 400-700 nm. The range of wavelengths could be specified precisely by the bounds of a coordinate of radiation_wavelength. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

surface_downwelling_photosynthetic_radiative_flux_in_sea_water

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". "Photosynthetic" radiation is the part of the spectrum which is used in photosynthesis e.g. 400-700 nm. The range of wavelengths could be specified precisely by the bounds of a coordinate of radiation_wavelength. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

surface_downwelling_photosynthetic_spherical_irradiance_in_sea_water

surface_downwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air

Unit: W m-2

AMIP: rsds

GRIB: 117 E169

Alias:

surface_downwelling_shortwave_flux

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". Surface downwelling shortwave is the sum of direct and diffuse solar radiation incident on the surface, and is sometimes called "global radiation". When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

surface_downwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air_assuming_clear_sky

Unit: W m-2

AMIP: rsdscs

Alias:

surface_downwelling_shortwave_flux_assuming_clear_sky

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". Surface downwelling shortwave is the sum of direct and diffuse solar radiation incident on the surface, and is sometimes called "global radiation". When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

surface_downwelling_spherical_irradiance_in_sea_water

Unit: W m-2

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Water" means water in all phases, including frozen i.e. ice and snow. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". Spherical irradiance is the radiation incident on unit area of a hemispherical (or "2-pi") collector. It is sometimes called "scalar irradiance". The direction (up/downwelling) is specified. Radiation incident on a 4-pi collector has standard names of "omnidirectional spherical irradiance".

surface_downwelling_spherical_irradiance_per_unit_wavelength_in_sea_water

Unit: W m-2 m-1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/WM2M

Alias:

surface_downwelling_spectral_spherical_irradiance_in_sea_water

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Water" means water in all phases, including frozen i.e. ice and snow. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". Spherical irradiance is the radiation incident on unit area of a hemispherical (or "2-pi") collector. It is sometimes called "scalar irradiance". The direction (up/downwelling) is specified. Radiation incident on a 4-pi collector has standard names of "omnidirectional spherical irradiance". A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength.

surface_drag_coefficient_for_heat_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Alias:

atmosphere_surface_drag_coefficient_of_heat

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere.

surface_drag_coefficient_for_momentum_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Alias:

atmosphere_surface_drag_coefficient_of_momentum

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere.

surface_drag_coefficient_in_air

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Alias:

atmosphere_surface_drag_coefficient

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere.

surface_eastward_sea_water_velocity

Unit: m s-1

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Water" means water in all phases, including frozen i.e. ice and snow. A velocity is a vector quantity. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward).

surface_frozen_carbon_dioxide_amount

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

"Amount" means mass per unit area. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2. Frozen carbon dioxide is found on the surface of Mars.

surface_geopotential

Unit: m2 s-2

Unit ref: SQM2

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Geopotential is the sum of the specific gravitational potential energy relative to the geoid and the specific centripetal potential energy.

surface_geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity

Unit: m s-1

Alias:

surface_eastward_geostrophic_sea_water_velocity

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. A velocity is a vector quantity. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). "Geostrophic" indicates that geostrophic balance is assumed. "Water" means water in all phases. surface_geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity is the sum of a variable part, surface_geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity_assuming_sea_level_for_geoid, and a constant part due to the stationary component of ocean circulation.

surface_geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity_assuming_sea_level_for_geoid

Unit: m s-1

Alias:

surface_eastward_geostrophic_sea_water_velocity_assuming_sea_level_for_geoid

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. A velocity is a vector quantity. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). "Geostrophic" indicates that geostrophic balance is assumed. "Water" means water in all phases. "sea_level" means mean sea level. The geoid is a surface of constant geopotential with which mean sea level would coincide if the ocean were at rest. surface_geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity_assuming_sea_level_for_geoid is the variable part of surface_geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity. The assumption that sea level is equal to the geoid means that the stationary component of ocean circulation is equal to zero.

surface_geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity

Unit: m s-1

Alias:

surface_northward_geostrophic_sea_water_velocity

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. A velocity is a vector quantity. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). "Geostrophic" indicates that geostrophic balance is assumed. "Water" means water in all phases. surface_geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity is the sum of a variable part, surface_geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity_assuming_sea_level_for_geoid, and a constant part due to the stationary component of ocean circulation.

surface_geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity_assuming_sea_level_for_geoid

Unit: m s-1

Alias:

surface_northward_geostrophic_sea_water_velocity_assuming_sea_level_for_geoid

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. A velocity is a vector quantity. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). "Geostrophic" indicates that geostrophic balance is assumed. "Water" means water in all phases. "sea_level" means mean sea level. The geoid is a surface of constant geopotential with which mean sea level would coincide if the ocean were at rest. surface_geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity_assuming_sea_level_for_geoid is the variable part of surface_geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity. The assumption that sea level is equal to the geoid means that the stationary component of ocean circulation is equal to zero.

surface_geostrophic_sea_water_x_velocity

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/UVAA

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. A velocity is a vector quantity. "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x. "Geostrophic" indicates that geostrophic balance is assumed. surface_geostrophic_sea_water_x_velocity is the sum of a variable part, surface_geostrophic_sea_water_x_velocity_assuming_sea_level_for_geoid, and a constant part due to the stationary component of ocean circulation.

surface_geostrophic_sea_water_x_velocity_assuming_sea_level_for_geoid

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/UVAA

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. A velocity is a vector quantity. "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x. "Geostrophic" indicates that geostrophic balance is assumed. "sea_level" means mean sea level. The geoid is a surface of constant geopotential with which mean sea level would coincide if the ocean were at rest. surface_geostrophic_sea_water_x_velocity_assuming_sea_level_for_geoid is the variable part of surface_geostrophic_sea_water_x_velocity. The assumption that sea level is equal to the geoid means that the stationary component of ocean circulation is equal to zero.

surface_geostrophic_sea_water_y_velocity

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/UVAA

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. A velocity is a vector quantity. "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. "Geostrophic" indicates that geostrophic balance is assumed. surface_geostrophic_sea_water_y_velocity is the sum of a variable part, surface_geostrophic_sea_water_y_velocity_assuming_sea_level_for_geoid, and a constant part due to the stationary component of ocean circulation.

surface_geostrophic_sea_water_y_velocity_assuming_sea_level_for_geoid

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/UVAA

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. A velocity is a vector quantity. "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. "Geostrophic" indicates that geostrophic balance is assumed. "sea_level" means mean sea level. The geoid is a surface of constant geopotential with which mean sea level would coincide if the ocean were at rest. surface_geostrophic_sea_water_y_velocity_assuming_sea_level_for_geoid is the variable part of surface_geostrophic_sea_water_y_velocity. The assumption that sea level is equal to the geoid means that the stationary component of ocean circulation is equal to zero.

surface_litter_carbon_content

Unit: kg m-2

surface_longwave_emissivity

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Emissivity is the ratio of the power emitted by an object to the power that would be emitted by a perfect black body having the same temperature as the object. The emissivity is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength or radiation_frequency is included to specify either the wavelength or frequency. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "longwave" means longwave radiation.

surface_microwave_emissivity

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Emissivity is the ratio of the power emitted by an object to the power that would be emitted by a perfect black body having the same temperature as the object. The emissivity is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength or radiation_frequency is included to specify either the wavelength or frequency. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere.

surface_molecular_oxygen_partial_pressure_difference_between_sea_water_and_air

Unit: Pa

surface_net_downward_longwave_flux

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

AMIP: rls

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "longwave" means longwave radiation. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Net downward radiation is the difference between radiation from above (downwelling) and radiation from below (upwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

surface_net_downward_longwave_flux_assuming_clear_sky

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

GRIB: E211

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "longwave" means longwave radiation. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Net downward radiation is the difference between radiation from above (downwelling) and radiation from below (upwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

surface_net_downward_mass_flux_of_ammonia_due_to_bidirectional_surface_exchange

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

"Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Net downward mass flux is the difference between downward_mass_flux and upward_mass_flux. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Bidirectional surface exchange" is the exchange of a chemical species between the atmosphere and biosphere as simulated by bidirectional surface flux models. It refers to exchange through stomata and soil surfaces and is the net result of emission and dry deposition. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The chemical formula for ammonia is NH3.

surface_net_downward_mass_flux_of_carbon_dioxide_expressed_as_carbon_due_to_all_land_processes

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

"Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "All land processes" means plant and soil respiration, photosynthesis, animal grazing, crop harvesting, natural fires and anthropogenic land use change. "Anthropogenic land use change" means human changes to land, excluding forest regrowth. It includes fires ignited by humans for the purpose of land use change and the processes of eventual disposal and decomposition of wood products such as paper, cardboard, furniture and timber for construction. The quantity with standard name surface_net_downward_mass_flux_of_carbon_dioxide_expressed_as_carbon_due_to_all_land_processes is equal to the difference between the quantities with standard names surface_net_downward_mass_flux_of_carbon_dioxide_expressed_as_carbon_due_to_all_land_processes_excluding_anthropogenic_land_use_change and surface_net_upward_mass_flux_of_carbon_dioxide_expressed_as_carbon_due_to_emission_from_anthropogenic_land_use_change. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2.

surface_net_downward_mass_flux_of_carbon_dioxide_expressed_as_carbon_due_to_all_land_processes_excluding_anthropogenic_land_use_change

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

surface_net_downward_radiative_flux

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

Alias:

surface_net_downward_radiative_flux_where_land

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Net downward radiation is the difference between radiation from above (downwelling) and radiation from below (upwelling). Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. Unless indicated in the cell_methods attribute, a quantity is assumed to apply to the whole area of each horizontal grid box. Previously, the qualifier where_type was used to specify that the quantity applies only to the part of the grid box of the named type. Names containing the where_type qualifier are deprecated and newly created data should use the cell_methods attribute to indicate the horizontal area to which the quantity applies.

surface_net_downward_shortwave_flux

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

AMIP: rss

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Net downward radiation is the difference between radiation from above (downwelling) and radiation from below (upwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

surface_net_downward_shortwave_flux_assuming_clear_sky

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

GRIB: E210

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Net downward radiation is the difference between radiation from above (downwelling) and radiation from below (upwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

surface_net_upward_longwave_flux

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

GRIB: 112 E176

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "longwave" means longwave radiation. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). Net upward radiation is the difference between radiation from below (upwelling) and radiation from above (downwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

surface_net_upward_mass_flux_of_carbon_dioxide_expressed_as_carbon_due_to_emission_from_anthropogenic_land_use_change

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

"Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Anthropogenic land use change" means human changes to land, excluding forest regrowth. It includes fires ignited by humans for the purpose of land use change and the processes of eventual disposal and decomposition of wood products such as paper, cardboard, furniture and timber for construction. The quantity with standard name surface_net_downward_mass_flux_of_carbon_dioxide_expressed_as_carbon_due_to_all_land_processes is equal to the difference between the quantities with standard names surface_net_downward_mass_flux_of_carbon_dioxide_expressed_as_carbon_due_to_all_land_processes_excluding_anthropogenic_land_use_change and surface_net_upward_mass_flux_of_carbon_dioxide_expressed_as_carbon_due_to_emission_from_anthropogenic_land_use_change. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2.

surface_net_upward_radiative_flux

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). Net upward radiation is the difference between radiation from below (upwelling) and radiation from above (downwelling). Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

surface_net_upward_shortwave_flux

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

GRIB: 111 E177

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). Net upward radiation is the difference between radiation from below (upwelling) and radiation from above (downwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

surface_northward_sea_water_velocity

Unit: m s-1

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Water" means water in all phases, including frozen i.e. ice and snow. A velocity is a vector quantity. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward).

surface_partial_pressure_of_carbon_dioxide_in_air

Unit: Pa

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The partial pressure of a gaseous constituent of air is the pressure which it alone would exert with unchanged temperature and number of moles per unit volume.

surface_partial_pressure_of_carbon_dioxide_in_sea_water

Unit: Pa

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Water" means water in all phases, including frozen i.e. ice and snow. The partial pressure of a dissolved gas in sea water is the partial pressure in air with which it would be in equilibrium. The partial pressure of a gaseous constituent of air is the pressure which it alone would exert with unchanged temperature and number of moles per unit volume.

surface_ratio_of_upwelling_radiance_emerging_from_sea_water_to_downwelling_radiative_flux_in_air

Unit: sr^-1

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "ratio_of_X_to_Y" means X/Y. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction towards which it is going must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of angle_of_emergence. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In relation to satellite ocean color products the quantity named surface_ratio_of_upwelling_radiance_emerging_from_sea_water_to_downwelling_radiative_flux_in_air is sometimes called "remote sensing reflectance" and has a bidirectional dependence. The direction of the downwelling flux can be specified using a coordinate with the standard name angle_of_incidence.

surface_roughness_length

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

GRIB: 83 E173

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere.

surface_roughness_length_for_heat_in_air

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere.

surface_roughness_length_for_momentum_in_air

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere.

surface_runoff_amount

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

GRIB: 90

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Amount" means mass per unit area. Runoff is the liquid water which drains from land. If not specified, "runoff" refers to the sum of surface runoff and subsurface drainage.

surface_runoff_flux

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

AMIP: mrros

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Runoff is the liquid water which drains from land. If not specified, "runoff" refers to the sum of surface runoff and subsurface drainage. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

surface_snow_amount

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

AMIP: snw

GRIB: 65

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Amount" means mass per unit area. Surface amount refers to the amount on the ground, excluding that on the plant or vegetation canopy.

surface_snow_and_ice_melt_flux

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Surface snow and ice melt flux" means the mass flux of all melting at the surface.

surface_snow_and_ice_melt_heat_flux

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The snow and ice melt heat flux is the supply of latent heat which is melting snow and ice at freezing point. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

surface_snow_and_ice_refreezing_flux

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Surface snow and ice refreezing flux" means the mass flux of surface meltwater which refreezes within the snow or firn.

surface_snow_and_ice_sublimation_flux

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Sublimation is the conversion of solid into vapor. The snow and ice sublimation flux is the loss of snow and ice mass resulting from their conversion to water vapor. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

surface_snow_area_fraction

Unit: 1

AMIP: snc

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "X_area_fraction" means the fraction of horizontal area occupied by X. "X_area" means the horizontal area occupied by X within the grid cell.

surface_snow_binary_mask

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

X"_binary_mask" has 1 where condition X is met, 0 elsewhere. The value is 1 where the snow cover area fraction is greater than a threshold, and 0 elsewhere. The threshold must be specified by associating a coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with the data variable and giving the coordinate variable a standard name of surface_snow_area_fraction. The values of the coordinate variable are the threshold values for the corresponding subarrays of the data variable.

surface_snow_melt_amount

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

GRIB: 99

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Amount" means mass per unit area.

surface_snow_melt_and_sublimation_heat_flux

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Sublimation is the conversion of solid into vapor. The snow melt and sublimation heat flux is the supply of latent heat which converting snow to liquid water (melting) and water vapor (sublimation). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

surface_snow_melt_flux

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

AMIP: snm

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

surface_snow_melt_heat_flux

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The snow melt heat flux is the supply of latent heat which is melting snow at freezing point. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

surface_snow_sublimation_amount

Unit ref: UPKA

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "anomaly" means difference from climatology. The surface temperature is the (skin) temperature at the interface, not the bulk temperature of the medium above or below.

surface_upward_carbon_mass_flux_due_to_plant_respiration_for_biomass_growth

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

"Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). Plant respiration is the sum of respiration by parts of plants both above and below the soil. Plants which photosynthesise are autotrophs i.e."producers" of the biomass which they respire from inorganic precursors using sunlight for energy. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.

surface_upward_carbon_mass_flux_due_to_plant_respiration_for_biomass_maintenance

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

surface_upward_heat_flux_in_air

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). The vertical heat flux in air is the sum of all heat fluxes i.e. radiative, latent and sensible. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

surface_upward_latent_heat_flux

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

AMIP: hfls

GRIB: 121 E147

surface_upward_mass_flux_of_ammonia

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The chemical formula for ammonia is NH3.

surface_upward_mass_flux_of_carbon_dioxide_expressed_as_carbon_due_to_emission_from_crop_harvesting

surface_upward_sensible_heat_flux

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

AMIP: hfss

GRIB: 122 E146

Alias:

surface_upward_sensible_heat_flux_where_sea

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). The surface sensible heat flux, also called "turbulent" heat flux, is the exchange of heat between the surface and the air by motion of air. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. Unless indicated in the cell_methods attribute, a quantity is assumed to apply to the whole area of each horizontal grid box. Previously, the qualifier where_type was used to specify that the quantity applies only to the part of the grid box of the named type. Names containing the where_type qualifier are deprecated and newly created data should use the cell_methods attribute to indicate the horizontal area to which the quantity applies.

surface_upward_water_flux

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Water" means water in all phases, including frozen i.e. ice and snow. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). The surface water flux is the result of precipitation and evaporation. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

surface_upward_water_vapor_flux_in_air

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

surface_upwelling_longwave_flux_in_air

Unit: W m-2

AMIP: rlus

Alias:

surface_upwelling_longwave_flux

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "longwave" means longwave radiation. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

surface_upwelling_longwave_flux_in_air_assuming_clear_sky

Unit: W m-2

Alias:

surface_upwelling_longwave_flux_assuming_clear_sky

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "longwave" means longwave radiation. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

surface_upwelling_photosynthetic_photon_flux_in_air

Unit: mol m-2 s-1

Unit ref: M2MS

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". "Photosynthetic" radiation is the part of the spectrum which is used in photosynthesis e.g. 400-700 nm. The range of wavelengths could be specified precisely by the bounds of a coordinate of radiation_wavelength. A photon flux is specified in terms of numbers of photons expressed in moles. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

surface_upwelling_radiance_in_air

Unit: W m-2 sr-1

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction towards which it is going must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead.

surface_upwelling_radiance_in_air_emerging_from_sea_water

Unit: W m-2 sr-1

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Water" means water in all phases, including frozen i.e. ice and snow. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction towards which it is going must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead.

surface_upwelling_radiance_in_air_reflected_by_sea_water

Unit: W m-2 sr-1

surface_upwelling_radiance_in_sea_water

Unit: W m-2 sr-1

surface_upwelling_radiance_per_unit_wavelength_in_air

Unit: W m-2 m-1 sr-1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/WM2S

Alias:

surface_upwelling_spectral_radiance_in_air

surface_upwelling_radiance_per_unit_wavelength_in_air_emerging_from_sea_water

Unit: W m-2 m-1 sr-1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/WM2S

Alias:

surface_upwelling_spectral_radiance_in_air_emerging_from_sea_water

surface_upwelling_radiance_per_unit_wavelength_in_air_reflected_by_sea_water

Unit: W m-2 m-1 sr-1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/WM2S

Alias:

surface_upwelling_spectral_radiance_in_air_reflected_by_sea_water

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Amount" means mass per unit area. "Water" means water in all phases, including frozen i.e. ice and snow. Surface amount refers to the amount on the ground, excluding that on the plant or vegetation canopy.

temperature_difference_between_ambient_air_and_air_lifted_adiabatically

Unit: K

Unit ref: UPKA

This quantity is defined as the temperature difference between a parcel of air lifted adiabatically from a starting air pressure to a finishing air pressure in the troposphere and the ambient air temperature at the finishing air pressure in the troposphere. It is often called the lifted index (LI) and provides a measure of the instability of the atmosphere. The air parcel is "lifted" by moving the air parcel from the starting air pressure to the Lifting Condensation Level (dry adiabatically) and then from the Lifting Condensation Level to the finishing air pressure (wet adiabatically). Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air. Coordinate variables of original_air_pressure_of_lifted_parcel and final_air_pressure_of_lifted_parcel should be specified to indicate the specific air pressures at which the parcel lifting starts (starting air pressure) and the temperature difference is calculated at (finishing air pressure), respectively.

temperature_difference_between_ambient_air_and_air_lifted_adiabatically_from_the_surface

Unit: K

Unit ref: UPKA

This quantity is defined as the temperature difference between a parcel of air lifted adiabatically from the surface to a finishing air pressure in the troposphere and the ambient air temperature at the finishing air pressure in the troposphere. It is often called the lifted index (LI) and provides a measure of the instability of the atmosphere. The air parcel is "lifted" by moving the air parcel from the surface to the Lifting Condensation Level (dry adiabatically) and then from the Lifting Condensation Level to the finishing air pressure (wet adiabatically). Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. The term "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. A coordinate variable of final_air_pressure_of_lifted_parcel should be specified to indicate the specific air pressure that the temperature difference is calculated at.

temperature_flux_due_to_evaporation_expressed_as_heat_flux_out_of_sea_water

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

Evaporation is the conversion of liquid or solid into vapor. (The conversion of solid alone into vapor is called "sublimation".) The quantity with standard name temperature_flux_due_to_evaporation_expressed_as_heat_flux_out_of_sea_water is the heat energy carried by the transfer of water away from the liquid ocean through the process of evaporation. It is distinct from the transfer of latent heat and is calculated relative to the heat that would be transported by water evaporating at zero degrees Celsius. It is calculated as the product QevapCpTevap, where Qevap is the mass flux of evaporating water (kg m-2 s-1), Cp is the specific heat capacity of water and Tevap is the temperature in degrees Celsius of the evaporating water. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.

temperature_flux_due_to_rainfall_expressed_as_heat_flux_into_sea_water

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

The quantity with standard name temperature_flux_due_to_rainfall_expressed_as_heat_flux_into_sea_water is the heat energy carried by rainfall entering the sea at the sea surface. It is calculated relative to the heat that would be carried by rainfall entering the sea at zero degrees Celsius. It is calculated as the product QrainCpTrain, where Qrain is the mass flux of rainfall entering the sea (kg m-2 s-1), Cp is the specific heat capacity of water and Train is the temperature in degrees Celsius of the rain water entering the sea surface. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.

temperature_flux_due_to_runoff_expressed_as_heat_flux_into_sea_water

Unit: W m-2

Runoff is the liquid water which drains from land. If not specified, "runoff" refers to the sum of surface runoff and subsurface drainage. The quantity with standard name temperature_flux_due_to_runoff_expressed_as_heat_flux_into_sea_water is the heat carried by the transfer of water into the liquid ocean by the process of runoff. This quantity additonally includes melt water from sea ice and icebergs. It is calculated relative to the heat that would be transported by runoff water entering the sea at zero degrees Celsius. It is calculated as the product QrunoffCpTrunoff, where Q runoff is the mass flux of liquid runoff entering the sea water (kg m-2 s-1), Cp is the specific heat capacity of water, and Trunoff is the temperature in degrees Celsius of the runoff water. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.

temperature_in_surface_snow

Unit: K

Unit ref: UPKA

GRIB: E238

Unit: K s-1

Unit ref: KPRS

The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "longwave" means longwave radiation. Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature.

tendency_of_air_temperature_due_to_model_physics

Unit: K s-1

Unit ref: KPRS

tendency_of_air_temperature_due_to_moist_convection

Unit: K s-1

Unit ref: KPRS

AMIP: tntmc

The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature.

tendency_of_air_temperature_due_to_radiative_heating

Unit: K s-1

Unit ref: KPRS

The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature.

tendency_of_air_temperature_due_to_shortwave_heating

Unit: K s-1

Unit ref: KPRS

AMIP: tntsw

The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature.

tendency_of_air_temperature_due_to_shortwave_heating_assuming_clear_sky

Unit: K s-1

Unit ref: KPRS

The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature.

tendency_of_air_temperature_due_to_stratiform_cloud_and_precipitation_and_boundary_layer_mixing

Unit: K s-1

Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.

tendency_of_air_temperature_due_to_stratiform_precipitation

Unit: K s-1

AMIP: tntlsp

Alias:

tendency_of_air_temperature_due_to_large_scale_precipitation

tendency_of_air_temperature_due_to_turbulence

Unit: K s-1

Unit ref: KPRS

The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature.

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_alpha_hexachlorocyclohexane_due_to_emission

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

"tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names.

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_alpha_hexachlorocyclohexane_due_to_re_emission

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

"tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Re-emission" refers to emission that is not from a primary source; it refers to emission of a species that has previously been deposited and accumulated in soils or water. "Re-emission" is a process entirely distinct from "emission" which is used in some standard names.

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_alpha_hexachlorocyclohexane_due_to_wet_deposition

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

"tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation.

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_ammonium_dry_aerosol_particles_due_to_dry_deposition

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

Alias:

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_ammonium_dry_aerosol_due_to_dry_deposition

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_ammonium_dry_aerosol_particles_due_to_wet_deposition

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

"tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for benzene is C6H6. Benzene is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon and has a ring structure consisting of six carbon atoms joined by alternating single and double chemical bonds. Each carbon atom is additionally bonded to one hydrogen atom. There are standard names that refer to aromatic_compounds as a group, as well as those for individual species. The "savanna and grassland fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in non-forested areas. It excludes field burning of agricultural residues. "Savanna and grassland fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas Inventories".

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_benzene_due_to_emission_from_waste_treatment_and_disposal

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

"tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for benzene is C6H6. Benzene is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon and has a ring structure consisting of six carbon atoms joined by alternating single and double chemical bonds. Each carbon atom is additionally bonded to one hydrogen atom. There are standard names that refer to aromatic_compounds as a group, as well as those for individual species. The "waste treatment and disposal" sector comprises solid waste disposal on land, wastewater handling, waste incineration and other waste disposal. "Waste treatment and disposal" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 6A, 6B, 6C and 6D as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_beta_pinene_due_to_emission

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_biogenic_nmvoc_expressed_as_carbon_due_to_emission

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

"tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for butane is C4H10. Butane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "industrial processes and combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to manufacturing industries and construction, industrial processes related to mineral products, the chemical industry, metal production, the production of pulp, paper, food and drink, and non-energy industry use of lubricants and waxes. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in industry-related inventory data. "Industrial processes and combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A2, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D and 2G as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_butane_due_to_emission_from_land_transport

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_butane_due_to_emission_from_maritime_transport

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_butane_due_to_emission_from_residential_and_commercial_combustion

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

"tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for butane is C4H10. Butane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "residential and commercial combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to the commercial/institutional sector, the residential sector and the agriculture/forestry/fishing sector. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in the inventory data. "Residential and commercial combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A4a, 1A4b and 1A4c as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_butane_due_to_emission_from_savanna_and_grassland_fires

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_butane_due_to_emission_from_waste_treatment_and_disposal

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_dimethyl_sulfide_due_to_emission

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names.

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_dimethyl_sulfide_due_to_emission_from_forest_fires

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for dimethyl sulfide is (CH3)2S. Dimethyl sulfide is sometimes referred to as DMS. The "forest fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in forests. "Forest fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_dimethyl_sulfide_due_to_emission_from_savanna_and_grassland_fires

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/KSP2

Alias:

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_black_carbon_dry_aerosol_due_to_dry_deposition

"Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Chemically, “elemental carbon” is the carbonaceous fraction of particulate matter that is thermally stable in an inert atmosphere to high temperatures near 4000K and can only be gasified by oxidation starting at temperatures above 340 C. It is assumed to be inert and non-volatile under atmospheric conditions and insoluble in any solvent (Ogren and Charlson, 1983).

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/KSP2

Alias:

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_black_carbon_dry_aerosol_due_to_wet_deposition

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_esters_due_to_emission_from_land_transport

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

"tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. Esters in organic chemistry are chemical compounds derived by reacting an oxoacid with a hydroxyl compound such as an alcohol or phenol. Esters are usually derived from an inorganic acid or organic acid in which at least one -OH (hydroxyl) group is replaced by an -O-alkyl (alkoxy) group, and most commonly from carboxylic acids and alcohols. That is, esters are formed by condensing an acid with an alcohol. In standard names "esters" is the term used to describe the group of ester species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "land transport" sector includes fuel combustion activities related to road transportation, railways and other transportation. "Land transport" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A3b, 1A3c and 1A3e as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_esters_due_to_emission_from_solvent_production_and_use

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

"tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. Esters in organic chemistry are chemical compounds derived by reacting an oxoacid with a hydroxyl compound such as an alcohol or phenol. Esters are usually derived from an inorganic acid or organic acid in which at least one -OH (hydroxyl) group is replaced by an -O-alkyl (alkoxy) group, and most commonly from carboxylic acids and alcohols. That is, esters are formed by condensing an acid with an alcohol. In standard names "esters" is the term used to describe the group of ester species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "solvent production and use" sector comprises industrial processes related to the consumption of halocarbons, SF6, solvent and other product use. "Solvent production and use" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 2F and 3 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_esters_due_to_emission_from_waste_treatment_and_disposal

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

"tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. Esters in organic chemistry are chemical compounds derived by reacting an oxoacid with a hydroxyl compound such as an alcohol or phenol. Esters are usually derived from an inorganic acid or organic acid in which at least one -OH (hydroxyl) group is replaced by an -O-alkyl (alkoxy) group, and most commonly from carboxylic acids and alcohols. That is, esters are formed by condensing an acid with an alcohol. In standard names "esters" is the term used to describe the group of ester species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "waste treatment and disposal" sector comprises solid waste disposal on land, wastewater handling, waste incineration and other waste disposal. "Waste treatment and disposal" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 6A, 6B, 6C and 6D as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_formaldehyde_due_to_emission_from_land_transport

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_formaldehyde_due_to_emission_from_residential_and_commercial_combustion

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_gaseous_divalent_mercury_due_to_emission

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_gaseous_divalent_mercury_due_to_wet_deposition

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

"tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Divalent mercury" means all compounds in which the mercury has two binding sites to other ion(s) in a salt or to other atom(s) in a molecule. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation.

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_gaseous_elemental_mercury_due_to_dry_deposition

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_gaseous_elemental_mercury_due_to_emission

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_gaseous_elemental_mercury_due_to_wet_deposition

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

"tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation.

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_hydrogen_cyanide_due_to_dry_deposition

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_hydrogen_cyanide_due_to_emission

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_hydrogen_peroxide_due_to_dry_deposition

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_hydrogen_peroxide_due_to_wet_deposition

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/KSP2

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_isoprene_due_to_emission

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_isoprene_due_to_emission_from_forest_fires

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/KSP2

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_methane_due_to_emission_from_land_transport

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_methane_due_to_emission_from_maritime_transport

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_methane_due_to_emission_from_residential_and_commercial_combustion

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

"tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for methane is CH4. Methane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "residential and commercial combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to the commercial/institutional sector, the residential sector and the agriculture/forestry/fishing sector. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in the inventory data. "Residential and commercial combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A4a, 1A4b and 1A4c as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_methane_due_to_emission_from_savanna_and_grassland_fires

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_methane_due_to_emission_from_waste_treatment_and_disposal

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_methanesulfonic_acid_dry_aerosol_particles_due_to_net_chemical_production

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

"Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Monoterpenes are a class of terpenes that consist of two isoprene units and have the molecular formula C10H16. Terpenes are hydrocarbons. The term "monoterpenes" is used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this common structure that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_nitrate_dry_aerosol_particles_due_to_dry_deposition

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

Alias:

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_nitrate_dry_aerosol_due_to_dry_deposition

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_nitrate_dry_aerosol_particles_due_to_net_chemical_production

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_nox_expressed_as_nitrogen_monoxide_due_to_emission_from_energy_production_and_distribution

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

"tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "Nox" means a combination of two radical species containing nitrogen and oxygen: NO+NO2. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The "energy production and distribution" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to energy industries and fugitive emissions from fuels. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in energy-related inventory data. "Energy production and distribution" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A1 and 1B as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_nox_expressed_as_nitrogen_monoxide_due_to_emission_from_forest_fires

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_nox_expressed_as_nitrogen_monoxide_due_to_emission_from_industrial_processes_and_combustion

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

"tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "Nox" means a combination of two radical species containing nitrogen and oxygen: NO+NO2. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The "industrial processes and combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to manufacturing industries and construction, industrial processes related to mineral products, the chemical industry, metal production, the production of pulp, paper, food and drink, and non-energy industry use of lubricants and waxes. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in industry-related inventory data. "Industrial processes and combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A2, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D and 2G as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

"Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. The term "particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol" means all particulate organic matter dry aerosol except black carbon. It is the sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol_particles_due_to_gravitational_settling

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

Alias:

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol_due_to_gravitational_settling

"Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol takes up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the aerosol. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The term "particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol" means all particulate organic matter dry aerosol except elemental carbon. It is the sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling is dry deposition. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol_particles_due_to_net_chemical_production_and_emission

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

Alias:

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol_due_to_net_chemical_production_and_emission

Alias:

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol_due_to_net_production_and_emission

"Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol takes up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the aerosol. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "Net chemical production" means the net result of all chemical reactions within the atmosphere that produce or destroy a particular species. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The term "particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol" means all particulate organic matter dry aerosol except elemental carbon. It is the sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol.

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol_particles_due_to_turbulent_deposition

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

Alias:

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol_due_to_turbulent_deposition

"Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol takes up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the aerosol. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The term "particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol" means all particulate organic matter dry aerosol except elemental carbon. It is the sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol.The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling is dry deposition. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol_particles_due_to_wet_deposition

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

Alias:

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol_due_to_wet_deposition

"Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol takes up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the aerosol. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol" means all particulate organic matter dry aerosol except elemental carbon. It is the sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol_particles_expressed_as_carbon_due_to_dry_deposition

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

"Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The term "particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol" means all particulate organic matter dry aerosol except elemental carbon. It is the sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol_due_to_dry_deposition

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol_particles_due_to_emission

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

Alias:

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol_due_to_emission

"tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol takes up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the aerosol."Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Primary particulate organic matter " means all organic matter emitted directly to the atmosphere as particles except elemental carbon. The sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol is particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names.

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol_particles_due_to_wet_deposition

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

"tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for propane is C3H8. Propane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "industrial processes and combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to manufacturing industries and construction, industrial processes related to mineral products, the chemical industry, metal production, the production of pulp, paper, food and drink, and non-energy industry use of lubricants and waxes. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in industry-related inventory data. "Industrial processes and combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A2, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D and 2G as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_propane_due_to_emission_from_land_transport

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_propane_due_to_emission_from_maritime_transport

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_propane_due_to_emission_from_residential_and_commercial_combustion

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

"tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for propene is C3H6. Propene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkenes. There are standard names for the alkene group as well as for some of the individual species. The "industrial processes and combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to manufacturing industries and construction, industrial processes related to mineral products, the chemical industry, metal production, the production of pulp, paper, food and drink, and non-energy industry use of lubricants and waxes. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in industry-related inventory data. "Industrial processes and combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A2, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D and 2G as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_propene_due_to_emission_from_land_transport

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_propene_due_to_emission_from_maritime_transport

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_propene_due_to_emission_from_residential_and_commercial_combustion

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

"tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for propene is C3H6. Propene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkenes. There are standard names for the alkene group as well as for some of the individual species. The "residential and commercial combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to the commercial/institutional sector, the residential sector and the agriculture/forestry/fishing sector. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in the inventory data. "Residential and commercial combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A4a, 1A4b and 1A4c as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_propene_due_to_emission_from_savanna_and_grassland_fires

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_propene_due_to_emission_from_waste_treatment_and_disposal

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

"Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Secondary particulate organic matter" means particulate organic matter formed within the atmosphere from gaseous precursors. The sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol is particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol_particles_due_to_net_chemical_production

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

Alias:

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol_due_to_net_chemical_production

Alias:

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol_due_to_net_production

"Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Secondary particulate organic matter" means particulate organic matter formed within the atmosphere from gaseous precursors. The sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol is particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Net chemical production" means the net result of all chemical reactions within the atmosphere that produce or destroy a particular species. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol_particles_due_to_wet_deposition

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

Alias:

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol_due_to_wet_deposition

"Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Secondary particulate organic matter" means particulate organic matter formed within the atmosphere from gaseous precursors. The sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol is particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_sesquiterpenes_due_to_emission

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

"Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Terpenes are hydrocarbons, that is, they contain only hydrogen and carbon combined in the general proportions (C5H8)n where n is an integer greater than on equal to one. Sesquiterpenes are a class of terpenes that consist of three isoprene units and have the molecular formula C15H24. Terpenes are hydrocarbons. The term "sesquiterpenes" is used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this common structure that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_sulfate_dry_aerosol_expressed_as_sulfur_due_to_wet_deposition

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/KSP2

Alias:

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_sulfate_expressed_as_sulfur_dry_aerosol_due_to_wet_deposition

"Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The chemical formula for the sulfate anion is SO4(2-).

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_sulfate_dry_aerosol_particles_due_to_aqueous_phase_net_chemical_production

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

"Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Net chemical production" means the net result of all chemical reactions within the atmosphere that produce or destroy a particular species. "Aqueous phase net chemical production" means the net result of all aqueous chemical processes in fog and clouds that produce or destroy a species, as opposed to chemical processes in the gaseous phase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The chemical formula for the sulfate anion is SO4(2-).

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_sulfate_dry_aerosol_particles_due_to_dry_deposition

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

Alias:

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_sulfate_dry_aerosol_due_to_dry_deposition

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_sulfate_dry_aerosol_particles_due_to_emission

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

Alias:

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_sulfate_dry_aerosol_due_to_emission

"Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The chemical formula for the sulfate anion is SO4(2-).

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_sulfate_dry_aerosol_particles_due_to_gaseous_phase_net_chemical_production

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_toluene_due_to_emission_from_agricultural_production

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/KSP2

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/KSP2

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_trimethylbenzene_due_to_emission_from_energy_production_and_distribution

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

"tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for trimethylbenzene is C9H12. The IUPAC names for trimethylbenzene is 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene. Trimethylbenzene is an aromatic hydrocarbon. There are standard names that refer to aromatic_compounds as a group, as well as those for individual species. The "energy production and distribution" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to energy industries and fugitive emissions from fuels. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in energy-related inventory data. "Energy production and distribution" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A1 and 1B as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_water_due_to_advection

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

Alias:

tendency_of_atmosphere_water_content_due_to_advection

The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. "Water" means water in all phases.

Unit: mole m-3 s-1

Unit ref: http:/vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/MM3S

tendency_of_atmosphere_mole_concentration_of_ozone_due_to_chemical_destruction

Unit: mole m-3 s-1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/MM3S

tendency_of_atmosphere_mole_concentration_of_ozone_due_to_chemical_production

Unit: mole m-3 s-1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/MM3S

tendency_of_atmosphere_moles_of_acetic_acid

Unit: mol s-1

Unit: mol s-1

Unit ref: MLPS

tendency_of_atmosphere_moles_of_atomic_chlorine

Unit: mol s-1

Unit ref: MLPS

Unit: mol s-1

Unit ref: MLPS

tendency_of_atmosphere_moles_of_bromine_monoxide

Unit: mol s-1

Unit ref: MLPS

tendency_of_atmosphere_moles_of_bromine_nitrate

Unit: mol s-1

Unit ref: MLPS

tendency_of_atmosphere_moles_of_brox_expressed_as_bromine

Unit: mol s-1

"tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. "Brox" describes a family of chemical species consisting of inorganic bromine compounds with the exception of hydrogen bromide (HBr) and bromine nitrate (BrONO2). "Brox" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity with a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. "Inorganic bromine", sometimes referred to as Bry, describes a family of chemical species which result from the degradation of source gases containing bromine (halons, methyl bromide, VSLS) and natural inorganic bromine sources such as volcanoes, seasalt and other aerosols. Standard names that use the term "inorganic_bromine" are used for quantities that contain all inorganic bromine species including HCl and ClONO2. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.

tendency_of_atmosphere_moles_of_butane

Unit: mol s-1

Unit ref: MLPS

"tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for butane is C4H10. Butane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species.

tendency_of_atmosphere_moles_of_carbon_dioxide

Unit: mol s-1

Unit ref: MLPS

tendency_of_atmosphere_moles_of_carbon_monoxide

Unit: mol s-1

Unit ref: MLPS

Alias:

tendency_of_moles_of_carbon_monoxide_in_atmosphere

Unit: mol s-1

"tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula of CFC113a CCl3CF3. The IUPAC name for CFC113a is 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethane.

tendency_of_atmosphere_moles_of_cfc114

Unit: mol s-1

Alias:

tendency_of_moles_of_cfc114_in_atmosphere

"tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere,i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula ofCFC114 is CClF2CClF2. The IUPAC name for CFC114 is 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-ethane.

tendency_of_atmosphere_moles_of_cfc115

Unit: mol s-1

Alias:

tendency_of_moles_of_cfc115_in_atmosphere

"tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. Thechemical formula of CFC115 is CClF2CF3. The IUPAC name for CFC115 is 1-chloro-1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoro-ethane.

tendency_of_atmosphere_moles_of_cfc12

Unit: mol s-1

Alias:

Unit: mol s-1

Unit ref: MLPS

"tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for dimethyl sulfide is (CH3)2S. Dimethyl sulfide is sometimes referred to as DMS.

tendency_of_atmosphere_moles_of_dinitrogen_pentoxide

Unit: mol s-1

Unit ref: MLPS

tendency_of_atmosphere_moles_of_ethane

Unit: mol s-1

Unit ref: MLPS

"tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for ethane is C2H6. Ethane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species.

"tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for HCFC141b is CH3CCl2F. The IUPAC name for HCFC141b is 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane.

tendency_of_atmosphere_moles_of_hcfc142b

Unit: mol s-1

Unit ref: MLPS

"tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for HCFC142b is CH3CClF2. The IUPAC name for HCFC142b is 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane.

tendency_of_atmosphere_moles_of_hcfc22

Unit: mol s-1

Alias:

tendency_of_moles_of_hcfc22_in_atmosphere

"tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for HCFC22 is CHClF2. The IUPAC name for HCFC22 is chloro-difluoro-methane.

tendency_of_atmosphere_moles_of_hexachlorobiphenyl

Unit ref: MLPS

Unit: mol s-1

Unit ref: MLPS

tendency_of_atmosphere_moles_of_sulfate_dry_aerosol_particles

Unit: mol s-1

Unit ref: MLPS

Alias:

tendency_of_atmosphere_moles_of_sulfate_dry_aerosol

tendency_of_atmosphere_moles_of_sulfur_dioxide

Unit: mol s-1

Unit ref: MLPS

tendency_of_atmosphere_moles_of_toluene

Unit: mol s-1

"tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for toluene is C6H5CH3. Toluene has the same structure as benzene, except that one of the hydrogen atoms is replaced by a methyl group. The systematic name for toluene is methylbenzene.

tendency_of_atmosphere_moles_of_water_vapor

Unit: mol s-1

Unit ref: MLPS

tendency_of_atmosphere_moles_of_xylene

Unit: mol s-1

tendency_of_eastward_wind_due_to_advection

Unit: m s-2

Unit ref: MPS2

The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)

tendency_of_eastward_wind_due_to_convection

Unit: m s-2

Unit ref: MPS2

AMIP: tnmmuc

The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)

tendency_of_eastward_wind_due_to_diffusion

Unit: m s-2

Unit ref: MPS2

The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)

tendency_of_eastward_wind_due_to_eliassen_palm_flux_divergence

Unit: m s-2

Unit ref: MPS2

tendency_of_eastward_wind_due_to_gravity_wave_drag

Unit: m s-2

Unit ref: MPS2

AMIP: tnmmugwd

The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) The quantity named tendency_of_eastward_wind_due_to_gravity_wave_drag is the sum of the tendencies due to orographic and nonorographic gravity waves which have standard names of tendency_of_eastward_wind_due_to_orographic_gravity_wave_drag and tendency_of_eastward_wind_due_to_nonorographic_gravity_wave_drag, respectively.

tendency_of_eastward_wind_due_to_nonorographic_gravity_wave_drag

Unit: m s-2

Unit ref: MPS2

tendency_of_eastward_wind_due_to_numerical_artefacts

Unit: m s-2

Unit ref: MPS2

tendency_of_eastward_wind_due_to_orographic_gravity_wave_drag

Unit: m s-2

Unit ref: MPS2

tendency_of_enthalpy_content_of_atmosphere_layer_due_to_advection

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. Enthalpy can be written either as (1) CpT, where Cp is heat capacity at constant pressure, T is absolute temperature, or (2) U+pV, where U is internal energy, p is pressure and V is volume.

tendency_of_global_average_sea_level_change

Unit: m year-1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/MPYR

Global average sea level change is due to change in volume of the water in the ocean, caused by mass and/or density change, or to change in the volume of the ocean basins, caused by tectonics etc. It is sometimes called "eustatic", which is a term that also has other definitions. It differs from the change in the global average sea surface height relative to the centre of the Earth by the global average vertical movement of the ocean floor. Zero sea level change is an arbitrary level. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.

tendency_of_kinetic_energy_content_of_atmosphere_layer_due_to_advection

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well.

tendency_of_land_ice_thickness

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: UVAA

"tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves. "Thickness" means the vertical extent of a layer..

tendency_of_mass_concentration_of_elemental_carbon_dry_aerosol_particles_in_air_due_to_emission_from_aviation

Unit: kg m-3 s-1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/KSP3

Alias:

tendency_of_mass_concentration_of_black_carbon_dry_aerosol_in_air_due_to_emission_from_aviation

"tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The mass is the total mass of the particles. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol takes up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the aerosol. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The "aviation" sector includes fuel combustion activities related to civil aviation. "Aviation" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 1A3a as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories". Chemically, “elemental carbon” is the carbonaceous fraction of particulate matter that is thermally stable in an inert atmosphere to high temperatures near 4000K and can only be gasified by oxidation starting at temperatures above 340 C. It is assumed to be inert and non-volatile under atmospheric conditions and insoluble in any solvent (Ogren and Charlson, 1983).

tendency_of_mass_concentration_of_nitrogen_dioxide_in_air_due_to_emission_from_aviation

Unit: kg m-3 s-1

Unit ref: KSP3

tendency_of_mass_concentration_of_nitrogen_monoxide_in_air_due_to_emission_from_aviation

Unit: kg m-3 s-1

Unit ref: KSP3

tendency_of_mass_concentration_of_nox_expressed_as_nitrogen_monoxide_in_air_due_to_emission_from_aviation

Unit: kg m-3 s-1

Unit ref: KSP3

"tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "Nox" means a combination of two radical species containing nitrogen and oxygen: NO+NO2. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The "aviation" sector includes fuel combustion activities related to civil aviation. "Aviation" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 1A3a as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".

Unit: s-1

Unit ref: PRSC

"Tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). "Condensed_water" means liquid and ice.

tendency_of_mass_fraction_of_cloud_condensed_water_in_air_due_to_advection

Unit: s-1

Unit ref: PRSC

The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "condensed_water" means liquid and ice. Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X).

tendency_of_mass_fraction_of_cloud_ice_in_air

Unit: s-1

Unit ref: PRSC

"tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X).

tendency_of_mass_fraction_of_cloud_ice_in_air_due_to_advection

Unit: s-1

Unit ref: PRSC

The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X).

tendency_of_mass_fraction_of_cloud_ice_in_air_due_to_diffusion

Unit: s-1

Unit ref: PRSC

The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X).

tendency_of_mass_fraction_of_stratiform_cloud_ice_in_air_due_to_accretion_to_snow

Unit: s-1

Unit ref: PRSC

tendency_of_mass_fraction_of_stratiform_cloud_ice_in_air_due_to_advection

Unit: s-1

Unit ref: PRSC

tendency_of_mass_fraction_of_stratiform_cloud_ice_in_air_due_to_aggregation

Unit: s-1

Unit ref: PRSC

tendency_of_mass_fraction_of_stratiform_cloud_ice_in_air_due_to_bergeron_findeisen_process_from_cloud_liquid

Unit: s-1

'Mass fraction' is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convectionschemes). The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The Bergeron-Findeisen process is the conversion of cloud liquid water to cloud ice arising from the fact that water vapor has a lower equilibrium vapor pressure with respect to ice than it has with respect to liquid water at the same subfreezing temperature. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.

tendency_of_mass_fraction_of_stratiform_cloud_ice_in_air_due_to_boundary_layer_mixing

Unit: s-1

tendency_of_mass_fraction_of_stratiform_cloud_ice_in_air_due_to_cloud_microphysics

Unit: s-1

tendency_of_mass_fraction_of_stratiform_cloud_ice_in_air_due_to_convective_detrainment

Unit: s-1

Unit ref: PRSC

tendency_of_mass_fraction_of_stratiform_cloud_ice_in_air_due_to_deposition_and_sublimation

Unit: s-1

Unit ref: PRSC

tendency_of_mass_fraction_of_stratiform_cloud_ice_in_air_due_to_evaporation_of_melting_ice

Unit: s-1

Unit ref: PRSC

tendency_of_mass_fraction_of_stratiform_cloud_ice_in_air_due_to_heterogeneous_nucleation_from_cloud_liquid_water

Unit: s-1

Alias:

tendency_of_mass_fraction_of_stratiform_cloud_ice_in_air_due_to_heterogeneous_nucleation_from_cloud_liquid

tendency_of_mass_fraction_of_stratiform_cloud_ice_in_air_due_to_heterogeneous_nucleation_from_water_vapor

tendency_of_mass_fraction_of_stratiform_cloud_liquid_water_in_air_due_to_accretion_to_rain

Unit: s-1

Unit ref: PRSC

tendency_of_mass_fraction_of_stratiform_cloud_liquid_water_in_air_due_to_accretion_to_snow

Unit: s-1

tendency_of_mass_fraction_of_stratiform_cloud_liquid_water_in_air_due_to_homogeneous_nucleation

Unit: s-1

tendency_of_mass_fraction_of_stratiform_cloud_liquid_water_in_air_due_to_melting_from_cloud_ice

Unit: s-1

Unit ref: PRSC

tendency_of_mass_fraction_of_stratiform_cloud_liquid_water_in_air_due_to_riming

Unit: s-1

Unit ref: PRSC

tendency_of_middle_atmosphere_moles_of_carbon_monoxide

Unit: mol s-1

Unit ref: MLPS

Alias:

tendency_of_moles_of_carbon_monoxide_in_middle_atmosphere

"tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "middle_atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X contained in the troposphere and stratosphere, i.e, summed over that part of the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula of carbon monoxide is CO.

Unit: mol m-3 s-1

'Mole concentration' means number of moles per unit volume, also called"molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, whereX is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Aragonite is a mineral that is a polymorph of calcium carbonate. The chemical formula of aragonite is CaCO3. Standard names also exist for calcite, another polymorph of calcium carbonate.

tendency_of_mole_concentration_of_aragonite_expressed_as_carbon_in_sea_water_due_to_dissolution

Unit: mol m-3 s-1

tendency_of_mole_concentration_of_calcite_expressed_as_carbon_in_sea_water_due_to_biological_production

Unit: mol m-3 s-1

'Mole concentration' means number of moles per unit volume, also called"molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, whereX is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Calcite is a mineral that is a polymorph of calcium carbonate. Thechemical formula of calcite is CaCO3. Standard names also exist for aragonite, another polymorph of calcium carbonate.

tendency_of_mole_concentration_of_calcite_expressed_as_carbon_in_sea_water_due_to_dissolution

Unit: mol m-3 s-1

'Mole concentration' means number of moles per unit volume, also called"molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, whereX is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Calcite is a mineral that is a polymorph of calcium carbonate. Thechemical formula of calcite is CaCO3. Standard names also exist for aragonite, another polymorph of calcium carbonate.

tendency_of_mole_concentration_of_dissolved_inorganic_carbon_in_sea_water_due_to_biological_processes

Unit: mol m-3 s-1

'Mole concentration' means number of moles per unit volume, also called"molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, whereX is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Dissolved inorganic carbon" describes a family of chemical species in solution, including carbon dioxide, carbonic acid and the carbonate and bicarbonate anions. "Dissolved inorganic carbon" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.

tendency_of_mole_concentration_of_dissolved_inorganic_iron_in_sea_water_due_to_biological_processes

Unit: mol m-3 s-1

Unit: mol m-3 s-1

AMIP: tnmmvtot

"tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)

tendency_of_northward_wind_due_to_advection

Unit: m s-2

Unit ref: MPS2

The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)

tendency_of_northward_wind_due_to_convection

Unit: m s-2

Unit ref: MPS2

AMIP: tnmmvc

The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)

tendency_of_northward_wind_due_to_diffusion

Unit: m s-2

Unit ref: MPS2

The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)

tendency_of_northward_wind_due_to_gravity_wave_drag

Unit: m s-2

AMIP: tnmmvgwd

The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)

tendency_of_ocean_barotropic_streamfunction

Unit: m3 s-2

Unit ref: MCS2

"tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.

tendency_of_ocean_eddy_kinetic_energy_content_due_to_bolus_transport

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

tendency_of_ocean_mole_content_of_aragonite_expressed_as_carbon_due_to_biological_production

Unit: mol m-2 s-1

Unit ref: M2MS

"Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Aragonite is a mineral that is a polymorph of calcium carbonate. The chemical formula of aragonite is CaCO3. Standard names also exist for calcite, another polymorph of calcium carbonate.

tendency_of_ocean_mole_content_of_calcite_expressed_as_carbon_due_to_biological_production

Unit: mol m-2 s-1

Unit ref: M2MS

"Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Calcite is a mineral that is a polymorph of calcium carbonate. The chemical formula of calcite is CaCO3. Standard names also exist for aragonite, another polymorph of calcium carbonate.

tendency_of_ocean_mole_content_of_carbon_due_to_runoff_and_sediment_dissolution

Unit: mol m-2 s-1

"Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. Runoff is the liquid water which drains from land. If not specified, "runoff" refers to the sum of surface runoff and subsurface drainage. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of termswhich together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.

tendency_of_ocean_mole_content_of_carbon_due_to_sedimentation

Unit: mol m-2 s-1

tendency_of_ocean_mole_content_of_dissolved_inorganic_carbon

Unit: mol m-2 s-1

"Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Dissolved inorganic carbon" describes a family of chemical species in solution, including carbon dioxide, carbonic acid and the carbonate and bicarbonate anions. "Dissolved inorganic carbon" isthe term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.

tendency_of_ocean_mole_content_of_dissolved_inorganic_carbon_due_to_biological_processes

Unit: mol m-2 s-1

"Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is asingle term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Dissolved inorganic carbon" describes a family of chemical species in solution, including carbon dioxide, carbonic acid and the carbonate and bicarbonate anions. "Dissolved inorganic carbon" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.

tendency_of_ocean_mole_content_of_dissolved_inorganic_iron

Unit: mol m-2 s-1

Unit ref: M2MS

"Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Dissolved inorganic iron" means iron ions, in oxidation states of both Fe2+ and Fe3+, in solution.

Unit: mol m-2 s-1

"Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Dissolved inorganic phosphorus/phosphate" means phosphate ions in solution. The chemical formula of the phosphate anion is PO4 with a charge of minus three.

tendency_of_ocean_mole_content_of_dissolved_inorganic_phosphorus_due_to_biological_processes

Unit: mol m-2 s-1

tendency_of_ocean_mole_content_of_dissolved_inorganic_silicon

Unit: mol m-2 s-1

"Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Dissolved inorganic silicon/silicate" means silicate ions in solution.

tendency_of_sea_ice_thickness_due_to_dynamics

Unit: m s-1

"tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Sea ice dynamics" refers to the motion of sea ice.

tendency_of_sea_ice_thickness_due_to_thermodynamics

Unit: m s-1

GRIB: 97

tendency_of_sea_surface_height_above_sea_level

Unit: m year-1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/MPYR

Sea_level means mean sea level, which is close to the geoid in sea areas. "Sea surface height" is a time-varying quantity. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.

Unit: s-1

Unit ref: PRSC

"tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "specific" means per unit mass. Specific humidity is the mass fraction of water vapor in (moist) air.

Unit: mol s-1

"Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. Thermal energy is the total vibrational energy, kinetic and potential, of all the molecules and atoms in a substance. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere.

thermodynamic_phase_of_cloud_water_particles_at_cloud_top

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

"cloud_top" refers to the top of the highest cloud. "Water" means water in all phases. A variable with the standard name of thermodynamic_phase_of_cloud_water_particles_at_cloud_top contains integers which can be translated to strings using flag_values and flag_meanings attributes. Alternatively, the data variable may contain strings which indicate the thermodynamic phase. These strings are standardised. Values must be chosen from the following list: liquid; ice; mixed; clear_sky; super_cooled_liquid_water; unknown.

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

thickness_of_snowfall_amount

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

thickness_of_stratiform_rainfall_amount

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

Alias:

thickness_of_large_scale_rainfall_amount

"Amount" means mass per unit area. The construction thickness_of_[X_]rainfall_amount means the accumulated "depth" of rainfall i.e. the thickness of a layer of liquid water having the same mass per unit area as the rainfall amount. Stratiform precipitation, whether liquid or frozen, is precipitation that formed in stratiform cloud.

thickness_of_stratiform_snowfall_amount

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

Alias:

thickness_of_large_scale_snowfall_amount

thunderstorm_probability

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

GRIB: 60

"probability_of_X" means the chance that X is true or of at least one occurrence of X. Space and time coordinates must be used to indicate the area and time-interval to which a probability applies.

time

Unit: s

Unit ref: UTBB

AMIP: time

time_sample_difference_due_to_collocation

Unit: s

Unit ref: UTBB

time_sample_difference_due_to_collocation is the difference in time between two events that are collocated. Two events are deemed to be collocated based on some set of spatial, temporal, and viewing geometry criteria.

toa_adjusted_longwave_forcing

Unit: W m-2

"longwave" means longwave radiation. "toa" means top of atmosphere. Adjusted forcing is the radiative flux change caused by an imposed change in radiative forcing agent (greenhouse gases, aerosol, solar radiation, etc.) after allowance for stratospheric temperature adjustment.

toa_adjusted_radiative_forcing

Unit: W m-2

"toa" means top of atmosphere. Adjusted forcing is the radiative flux change caused by an imposed change in radiative forcing agent (greenhouse gases, aerosol, solar radiation, etc.) after allowance for stratospheric temperature adjustment.

Unit: W m-2

"toa" means top of atmosphere. Cloud radiative effect is also commonly known as "cloud radiative forcing". It is the sum of the quantities with standard names toa_shortwave_cloud_radiative_effect and toa_longwave_cloud_radiative_effect.

toa_incoming_shortwave_flux

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

AMIP: rsdt

"shortwave" means shortwave radiation. "toa" means top of atmosphere. The TOA incoming shortwave flux is the radiative flux from the sun i.e. the "downwelling" TOA shortwave flux. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

toa_instantaneous_longwave_forcing

Unit: W m-2

"longwave" means longwave radiation. "toa" means top of atmosphere. Instantaneous forcing is the radiative flux change caused instantaneously by an imposed change in radiative forcing agent (greenhouse gases, aerosol, solar radiation, etc.).

toa_instantaneous_radiative_forcing

Unit: W m-2

"toa" means top of atmosphere. Instantaneous forcing is the radiative flux change caused instantaneously by an imposed change in radiative forcing agent (greenhouse gases, aerosol, solar radiation, etc.).

toa_instantaneous_shortwave_forcing

Unit: W m-2

"shortwave" means shortwave radiation. "toa" means top of atmosphere. Instantaneous forcing is the radiative flux change caused instantaneously by an imposed change in radiative forcing agent (greenhouse gases, aerosol, solar radiation, etc.).

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

AMIP: rst

"shortwave" means shortwave radiation. "toa" means top of atmosphere. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Net downward radiation is the difference between radiation from above (downwelling) and radiation from below (upwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

toa_net_downward_shortwave_flux_assuming_clear_sky

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. "toa" means top of atmosphere. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Net downward radiation is the difference between radiation from above (downwelling) and radiation from below (upwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

toa_net_upward_longwave_flux

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

"longwave" means longwave radiation. "toa" means top of atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). Net upward radiation is the difference between radiation from below (upwelling) and radiation from above (downwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

toa_net_upward_longwave_flux_assuming_clear_sky

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "longwave" means longwave radiation. "toa" means top of atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). Net upward radiation is the difference between radiation from below (upwelling) and radiation from above (downwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

toa_net_upward_shortwave_flux

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

GRIB: 113 E178

"shortwave" means shortwave radiation. "toa" means top of atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). Net upward radiation is the difference between radiation from below (upwelling) and radiation from above (downwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

toa_outgoing_longwave_flux

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

AMIP: rlut

GRIB: 114 E179

"longwave" means longwave radiation. "toa" means top of atmosphere. The TOA outgoing longwave flux is the upwelling thermal radiative flux, often called the "outgoing longwave radiation" or "OLR". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

toa_outgoing_longwave_flux_assuming_clear_sky

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

AMIP: rlutcs

A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "longwave" means longwave radiation. "toa" means top of atmosphere. The TOA outgoing longwave flux is the upwelling thermal radiative flux, often called the "outgoing longwave radiation" or "OLR". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

toa_outgoing_radiance_per_unit_wavelength

Unit: W m-2 sr-1 m-1

Unit ref: WM2S

"toa" means top of atmosphere. The TOA outgoing radiance is the upwelling radiance, i.e., toward outer space. Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

AMIP: rsut

"shortwave" means shortwave radiation. "toa" means top of atmosphere. The TOA outgoing shortwave flux is the reflected and scattered solar radiative flux i.e. the "upwelling" TOA shortwave flux, sometimes called the "outgoing shortwave radiation" or "OSR". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

toa_outgoing_shortwave_flux_assuming_clear_sky

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

AMIP: rsutcs

A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. "toa" means top of atmosphere. The TOA outgoing shortwave flux is the reflected and scattered solar radiative flux i.e. the "upwelling" TOA shortwave flux, sometimes called the "outgoing shortwave radiation" or "OSR". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

toa_shortwave_cloud_radiative_effect

Unit: W m-2

"toa" means top of atmosphere. "Shortwave" means shortwave radiation. Cloud radiative effect is also commonly known as "cloud radiative forcing". It is the difference in radiative flux resulting from the presence of clouds, i.e. the difference between toa_net_downward_shortwave_flux and toa_net_downward_shortwave_flux_assuming_clear_sky.

tracer_lifetime

Unit: s

Unit ref: UTBB

The quantity with standard name tracer_lifetime is the total length of time a passive tracer exists within a medium. Passive tracers are used in models to study processes such as transport and deposition.

transpiration_amount

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

"Amount" means mass per unit area.

transpiration_flux

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

tropical_cyclone_eye_brightness_temperature

Unit: K

Unit ref: UPKA

"tropical_cyclone_eye_brightness_temperature" means the warmest brightness temperature value in the eye region of a tropical cyclone (0 - 24 km from the storm center) derived using the Advanced Dvorak Technique, based on satellite observations. Reference: Olander, T. L., & Velden, C. S., The Advanced Dvorak Technique: Continued Development of an Objective Scheme to Estimate Tropical Cyclone Intensity Using Geostationary Infrared Satellite Imagery (2007). American Meterorological Society Weather and Forecasting, 22, 287-298. The brightness temperature of a body is the temperature of a black body which radiates the same power per unit solid angle per unit area.

tropical_cyclone_maximum_sustained_wind_speed

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: UVAA

"tropical_cyclone_maximum_sustained_wind_speed" means the maximum sustained wind speed of a tropical cyclone, sustained over a period of one minute at the surface of the earth, derived using the Advanced Dvorak Technique based on satellite observations. Reference: Olander, T. L., & Velden, C. S., The Advanced Dvorak Technique: Continued Development of an Objective Scheme to Estimate Tropical Cyclone Intensity Using Geostationary Infrared Satellite Imagery (2007). American Meterorological Society Weather and Forecasting, 22, 287-298.

Altitude is the (geometric) height above the geoid, which is the reference geopotential surface. The geoid is similar to mean sea level.

Unit: W m-2

"shortwave" means shortwave radiation. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

troposphere_mole_content_of_bromine_monoxide

Unit: mol m-2

A velocity is a vector quantity. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). Upward air velocity is the vertical component of the 3D air velocity vector. The standard name downward_air_velocity may be used for a vector component with the opposite sign convention.

upward_dry_static_energy_flux_due_to_diffusion

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

upward_eastward_momentum_flux_in_air_due_to_nonorographic_eastward_gravity_waves

Unit: Pa

Unit ref: PASX

Alias:

upward_flux_of_eastward_momentum_due_to_nonorographic_eastward_gravity_waves

The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). "Upward eastward" indicates the ZX component of a tensor. An upward eastward momentum flux is an upward flux of eastward momentum, which accelerates the upper medium eastward and the lower medium westward. Momentum flux is dimensionally equivalent to stress and pressure. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The total upward eastward momentum flux due to gravity waves is the sum of the fluxes due to orographic gravity waves and nonorographic waves. The upward eastward momentum flux due to orographic gravity waves has the standard name upward_eastward_momentum_flux_in_air_due_to_orographic_gravity_waves. The total upward eastward momentum flux due to nonorographic gravity waves is the sum of the fluxes due to eastward and westward propagating waves. The latter has the standard name upward_eastward_momentum_flux_in_air_due_to_nonorographic_westward_gravity_waves.

upward_eastward_momentum_flux_in_air_due_to_nonorographic_westward_gravity_waves

Unit: Pa

Unit ref: PASX

Alias:

upward_flux_of_eastward_momentum_due_to_nonorographic_westward_gravity_waves

The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). "Upward eastward" indicates the ZX component of a tensor. An upward eastward momentum flux is an upward flux of eastward momentum, which accelerates the upper medium eastward and the lower medium westward. Momentum flux is dimensionally equivalent to stress and pressure. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The total upward eastward momentum flux due to gravity waves is the sum of the fluxes due to orographic gravity waves and nonorographic waves. The upward eastward momentum flux due to orographic gravity waves has the standard name upward_eastward_momentum_flux_in_air_due_to_orographic_gravity_waves. The total upward eastward momentum flux due to nonorographic gravity waves is the sum of the fluxes due to eastward and westward propagating waves. The former has the standard name upward_eastward_momentum_flux_in_air_due_to_nonorographic_eastward _gravity_waves.

upward_eastward_momentum_flux_in_air_due_to_orographic_gravity_waves

Unit: Pa

Unit ref: PASX

Alias:

upward_flux_of_eastward_momentum_due_to_orographic_gravity_waves

The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). "Upward eastward" indicates the ZX component of a tensor. An upward eastward momentum flux is an upward flux of eastward momentum, which accelerates the upper medium eastward and the lower medium westward. Momentum flux is dimensionally equivalent to stress and pressure. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The total upward eastward momentum flux due to gravity waves is the sum of the fluxes due to orographic gravity waves and nonorographic waves. The total upward eastward momentum flux due to nonorographic gravity waves is the sum of the fluxes due to eastward and westward propagating waves. These quantities have the standard names upward_eastward_momentum_flux_in_air_due_to_nonorographic_eastward_gravity_waves and upward_eastward_momentum_flux_in_air_due_to_nonorographic_westward_gravity_waves, respectively.

upward_eastward_stress_at_sea_ice_base

Unit: Pa

"Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). "Upward eastward" indicates the ZX component of a tensor. An upward eastward stress is an upward flux of eastward momentum, which accelerates the upper medium eastward and the lower medium westward.

upward_eliassen_palm_flux_in_air

Unit: m3 s-2

Unit ref: MCS2

Alias:

upward_eliassen_palm_flux

"Eliassen Palm flux" is a widely used vector in the meridional plane, and the divergence of this flux appears as a forcing in the Transformed Eulerian mean formulation of the zonal mean zonal wind equation. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward).

upward_geothermal_heat_flux_at_sea_floor

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

upward_heat_flux_at_ground_level_in_snow

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

ground_level means the land surface (beneath the snow and surface water, if any). "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

upward_northward_stress_at_sea_ice_base

Unit: Pa

"Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). "Upward northward" indicates the ZY component of a tensor. An upward northward stress is an upward flux of northward momentum, which accelerates the upper medium northward and the lower medium southward.

upward_ocean_mass_transport

Unit: kg s-1

Unit ref: KGPS

"Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward).

upward_sea_ice_basal_heat_flux

Unit: W m-2

"Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). The sea ice basal heat flux is the vertical heat flux (apart from radiation i.e. "diffusive") in sea water at the base of the sea ice. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

upward_sea_water_velocity

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: UVAA

A velocity is a vector quantity. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward).

upward_sensible_heat_flux_in_air

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

"Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). The sensible heat flux, also called "turbulent" heat flux, is the exchange of heat caused by the motion of air. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

upward_upward_derivative_of_geopotential

Unit: s-2

Unit ref: UPSS

A quantity with standard name Xward_Yward_derivative_of_geopotential is a second spatial derivative of geopotential in the direction specified by X and Y, i.e., d2P/dXdY. Geopotential is the sum of the specific gravitational potential energy relative to the geoid and the specific centripetal potential energy. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). "component_derivative_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to distance in the component direction, which may be "northward", "southward", "eastward", "westward", "x" or "y". The last two indicate derivatives along the axes of the grid, in the case where they are not true longitude and latitude.

upward_water_vapor_flux_in_air

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

upward_water_vapor_flux_in_air_due_to_diffusion

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

upward_x_stress_at_sea_ice_base

Unit: Pa

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/PASX

"x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward).

upward_y_stress_at_sea_ice_base

Unit: Pa

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/PASX

"y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward).

upwelling_longwave_flux_in_air

Unit: W m-2

"longwave" means longwave radiation. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

upwelling_longwave_flux_in_air_assuming_clear_sky

Unit: W m-2

Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "longwave" means longwave radiation.

upwelling_longwave_radiance_in_air

Unit: W m-2 sr-1

"longwave" means longwave radiation. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction towards which it is going must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead.

upwelling_radiance_per_unit_wavelength_in_air

Unit: W m-2 m-1 sr-1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/WM2S

Alias:

upwelling_spectral_radiance_in_air

Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction towards which it is going must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead. A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength.

upwelling_radiative_flux_per_unit_wavelength_in_air

Unit: W m-2 m-1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/WM2M

Alias:

upwelling_spectral_radiative_flux_in_air

Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength.

upwelling_radiative_flux_per_unit_wavelength_in_sea_water

Unit: W m-2 m-1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/WM2M

Alias:

upwelling_spectral_radiative_flux_in_sea_water

Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength.

upwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air

Unit: W m-2

upwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air_assuming_clear_sky

Unit: W m-2

upwelling_shortwave_radiance_in_air

Unit: W m-2 sr-1

"shortwave" means shortwave radiation. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction towards which it is going must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead.

vegetation_area_fraction

Unit: 1

GRIB: 87

"X_area_fraction" means the fraction of horizontal area occupied by X. "X_area" means the horizontal area occupied by X within the grid cell. "Vegetation" means any plants e.g. trees, shrubs, grass.

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

The virtual_salt_flux_into_sea_water_due_to_process is the salt flux that would have the same effect on the sea surface salinity as water_flux_out_of_sea_water_due_to_process. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.

virtual_salt_flux_into_sea_water_due_to_sea_ice_thermodynamics

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

The virtual_salt_flux_into_sea_water_due_to_process is the salt flux that would have the same effect on the sea surface salinity as water_flux_out_of_sea_water_due_to_process. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Sea ice thermodynamics" refers to the addition or subtraction of mass due to surface and basal fluxes, i.e., due to melting, sublimation and fusion.

virtual_salt_flux_into_sea_water_from_rivers

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

virtual_temperature

Unit: K

Unit ref: UPKA

GRIB: 12

The virtual temperature of air is the temperature at which the dry air constituent of a parcel of moist air would have the same density as the moist air at the same pressure.

visibility_in_air

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

Unit: m -1

Unit ref: http://vocab.ndg.nerc.ac.uk/term/P061/current/UPRM

Alias:

volume_extinction_coefficient_in_air_due_to_ambient_aerosol

"Amount" means mass per unit area. "Water" means water in all phases. "Canopy" means the plant or vegetation canopy. Evaporation is the conversion of liquid or solid into vapor. (The conversion of solid alone into vapor is called "sublimation".)

water_evaporation_flux

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

AMIP: evspsbl

Water means water in all phases. Evaporation is the conversion of liquid or solid into vapor. (The conversion of solid alone into vapor is called "sublimation".) In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. Unless indicated in the cell_methods attribute, a quantity is assumed to apply to the whole area of each horizontal grid box. Previously, the qualifier where_type was used to specify that the quantity applies only to the part of the grid box of the named type. Names containing the where_type qualifier are deprecated and newly created data should use the cell_methods attribute to indicate the horizontal area to which the quantity applies.

water_evaporation_flux_from_canopy

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Alias:

water_evaporation_flux_from_canopy_where_land

"Water" means water in all phases. "Canopy" means the plant or vegetation canopy. Evaporation is the conversion of liquid or solid into vapor. (The conversion of solid alone into vapor is called "sublimation".) In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. Unless indicated in the cell_methods attribute, a quantity is assumed to apply to the whole area of each horizontal grid box. Previously, the qualifier where_type was used to specify that the quantity applies only to the part of the grid box of the named type. Names containing the where_type qualifier are deprecated and newly created data should use the cell_methods attribute to indicate the horizontal area to which the quantity applies.

water_evaporation_flux_from_soil

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Alias:

water_flux_into_ocean_from_rivers

"Water" means water in all phases. The water flux or volume transport into sea water from rivers is the inflow to the ocean, often applied to the surface in ocean models. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

water_flux_into_sea_water_from_rivers_and_surface_downward_water_flux

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

"Water" means water in all phases, including frozen i.e. ice and snow. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). The surface water flux is the result of precipitation and evaporation. The water flux into sea water is the freshwater entering as a result of precipitation, evaporation, river inflow, sea ice effects and water flux correction (if applied). The water flux or volume transport into sea water from rivers is the inflow to the ocean, often applied to the surface in ocean models. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere.

water_flux_into_sea_water_without_flux_correction

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

Water means water in all phases. The water_flux_into_sea_water_without_flux_correction is the freshwater entering as a result of precipitation, evaporation, river inflow and sea ice effects. The total water flux including any flux relaxation(s) or correction(s) is described by the standard name water_flux_into_sea_water. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

GRIB: 55

Alias:

water_vapor_pressure

The partial pressure of a gaseous constituent of air is the pressure which it alone would exert with unchanged temperature and number of moles per unit volume.

water_vapor_saturation_deficit_in_air

Unit: Pa

GRIB: 56

Alias:

water_vapor_saturation_deficit

Water vapor saturation deficit is the difference between the saturationwater vapor partial pressure and the actual water vapor partial pressure in air.

water_volume_transport_into_sea_water_from_rivers

Unit: m3 s-1

Alias:

water_volume_transport_into_ocean_from_rivers

"Water" means water in all phases. The water flux or volume transport into sea water from rivers is the inflow to the ocean, often applied to the surface in ocean models.

wave_frequency

Unit: s-1

Unit ref: PRSC

Alias:

sea_surface_wave_frequency

Frequency is the number of oscillations of a wave per unit time.

westward_upward_derivative_of_geopotential

Unit: s-2

Unit ref: UPSS

A quantity with standard name Xward_Yward_derivative_of_geopotential is a second spatial derivative of geopotential, P, in the direction specified by X and Y, i.e., d2P/dXdY. Geopotential is the sum of the specific gravitational potential energy relative to the geoid and the specific centripetal potential energy. "Westward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed westward (negative eastward). "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). "component_derivative_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to distance in the component direction, which may be "northward", "southward", "eastward", "westward", "x" or "y". The last two indicate derivatives along the axes of the grid, in the case where they are not true longitude and latitude.

westward_westward_derivative_of_geopotential

Unit: s-2

Unit ref: UPSS

A quantity with standard name Xward_Yward_derivative_of_geopotential is a second spatial derivative of geopotential, P, in the direction specified by X and Y, i.e., d2P/dXdY. Geopotential is the sum of the specific gravitational potential energy relative to the geoid and the specific centripetal potential energy. "Westward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed westward (negative eastward). "component_derivative_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to distance in the component direction, which may be "northward", "southward", "eastward", "westward", "x" or "y". The last two indicate derivatives along the axes of the grid, in the case where they are not true longitude and latitude.

wet_bulb_temperature

Unit: K

Unit ref: UPKA

wind_from_direction

Unit: degree

Unit ref: UAAA

GRIB: 31

Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) In meteorological reports, the direction of the wind vector is usually (but not always) given as the direction from which it is blowing (wind_from_direction) (westerly, northerly, etc.). In other contexts, such as atmospheric modelling, it is often natural to give the direction in the usual manner of vectors as the heading or the direction to which it is blowing (wind_to_direction) (eastward, southward, etc.) "from_direction" is used in the construction X_from_direction and indicates the direction from which the velocity vector of X is coming.

wind_mixing_energy_flux_into_sea_water

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

GRIB: 126

Alias:

wind_mixing_energy_flux_into_ocean

wind_speed

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: UVAA

GRIB: 32

wind_speed_of_gust

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: UVAA

Speed is the magnitude of velocity. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) The wind speed is the magnitude of the wind velocity. A gust is a sudden brief period of high wind speed. In an observed timeseries of wind speed, the gust wind speed can be indicated by a cell_methods of maximum for the time-interval. In an atmospheric model which has a parametrised calculation of gustiness, the gust wind speed may be separately diagnosed from the wind speed.

wind_speed_shear

Unit: s-1

Unit ref: PRSC

GRIB: N136

wind_to_direction

Unit: degree

Unit ref: UAAA

Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) In meteorological reports, the direction of the wind vector is usually (but not always) given as the direction from which it is blowing (wind_from_direction) (westerly, northerly, etc.). In other contexts, such as atmospheric modelling, it is often natural to give the direction in the usual manner of vectors as the heading or the direction to which it is blowing (wind_to_direction) (eastward, southward, etc.) "to_direction" is used in the construction X_to_direction and indicates the direction towards which the velocity vector of X is headed. The direction is a bearing in the usual geographical sense, measured positive clockwise from due north.

wood_carbon_content

Unit: kg m-2

"Content" indicates a quantity per unit area.

wood_debris_carbon_content

Unit: kg m-2

"Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Wood debris" means dead organic matter composed of coarse wood. It is distinct from litter.

x_derivative_of_ocean_rigid_lid_pressure

Unit: Pa m-1

Unit ref: PAPM

"component_derivative_of_X" means the derivative of X with respect to distance in the component direction, which may be northward, southward, eastward, westward, x or y. The last two indicate derivatives along the axes of the grid, whether or not they are true longitude and latitude. x_derivative_of_ocean_rigid_lid_pressure means (d/dx) of the ocean surface pressure, as derived by a rigid lid approximation, keeping the other horizontal coordinate (y, presumably) constant.

x_heat_flux_in_sea_water_due_to_advection

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

"x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

x_wind

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: UVAA

Alias:

grid_eastward_wind

"x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)

y_derivative_of_ocean_rigid_lid_pressure

Unit: Pa m-1

Unit ref: PAPM

"component_derivative_of_X" means the derivative of X with respect to distance in the component direction, which may be northward, southward, eastward, westward, x or y. The last two indicate derivatives along the axes of the grid, whether or not they are true longitude and latitude. y_derivative_of_ocean_rigid_lid_pressure means (d/dy) of the ocean surface pressure, as derived by a rigid lid approximation, keeping the other horizontal coordinate (x, presumably) constant.

y_heat_flux_in_sea_water_due_to_advection

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

y_wind

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: UVAA

Alias:

grid_northward_wind

"y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)

zenith_angle

Unit: degree

Unit ref: UAAA

Zenith angle is the angle to the local vertical; a value of zero is directly overhead.

CF Version:32