| 101Mo |
"Mo" means the element "molybdenum" and "101Mo" is the isotope "molybdenum-101" with a half-life of 1.01e-02 days. |
| 101Tc |
"Tc" means the element "technetium" and "101Tc" is the isotope "technetium-101" with a half-life of 9.86e-03 days. |
| 102Mo |
"Mo" means the element "molybdenum" and "102Mo" is the isotope "molybdenum-102" with a half-life of 7.71e-03 days. |
| 102mTc |
"Tc" means the element "technetium" and "102mTc" is the metastable state of the isotope "technetium-102" with a half-life of 2.98e-03 days. |
| 102Tc |
"Tc" means the element "technetium" and "102Tc" is the isotope "technetium-102" with a half-life of 6.12e-05 days. |
| 103mRh |
"Rh" means the element "rhodium" and "103mRh" is the metastable state of the isotope "rhodium-103" with a half-life of 3.89e-02 days. |
| 103Ru |
"Ru" means the element "ruthenium" and "103Ru" is the isotope "ruthenium-103" with a half-life of 3.95e+01 days. |
| 104Tc |
"Tc" means the element "technetium" and "104Tc" is the isotope "technetium-104" with a half-life of 1.25e-02 days. |
| 105mRh |
"Rh" means the element "rhodium" and "105mRh" is the metastable state of the isotope "rhodium-105" with a half-life of 4.41e-04 days. |
| 105Rh |
"Rh" means the element "rhodium" and "105Rh" is the isotope "rhodium-105" with a half-life of 1.48e+00 days. |
| 105Ru |
"Ru" means the element "ruthenium" and "105Ru" is the isotope "ruthenium-105" with a half-life of 1.85e-01 days. |
| 106mRh |
"Rh" means the element "rhodium" and "106mRh" is the metastable state of the isotope "rhodium-106" with a half-life of 9.09e-02 days. |
| 106Rh |
"Rh" means the element "rhodium" and "106Rh" is the isotope "rhodium-106" with a half-life of 3.46e-04 days. |
| 106Ru |
"Ru" means the element "ruthenium" and "106Ru" is the isotope "ruthenium-106" with a half-life of 3.66e+02 days. |
| 107mPd |
"Pd" means the element "palladium" and "107mPd" is the metastable state of the isotope "palladium-107" with a half-life of 2.47e-04 days. |
| 107Pd |
"Pd" means the element "palladium" and "107Pd" is the isotope "palladium-107" with a half-life of 2.37e+09 days. |
| 107Rh |
"Rh" means the element "rhodium" and "107Rh" is the isotope "rhodium-107" with a half-life of 1.51e-02 days. |
| 109mAg |
"Ag" means the element "silver" and "109mAg" is the metastable state of the isotope "silver-109" with a half-life of 4.58e-04 days. |
| 109Pd |
"Pd" means the element "palladium" and "109Pd" is the isotope "palladium-109" with a half-life of 5.61e-01 days. |
| 110mAg |
"Ag" means the element "silver" and "110mAg" is the metastable state of the isotope "silver-110" with a half-life of 2.70e+02 days. |
| 111Ag |
"Ag" means the element "silver" and "111Ag" is the isotope "silver-111" with a half-life of 7.50e+00 days. |
| 111mAg |
"Ag" means the element "silver" and "111mAg" is the metastable state of the isotope "silver-111" with a half-life of 8.56e-04 days. |
| 111mCd |
"Cd" means the element "cadmium" and "111mCd" is the metastable state of the isotope "cadmium-111" with a half-life of 3.39e-02 days. |
| 111mPd |
"Pd" means the element "palladium" and "111mPd" is the metastable state of the isotope "palladium-111" with a half-life of 2.29e-01 days. |
| 111Pd |
"Pd" means the element "palladium" and "111Pd" is the isotope "palladium-111" with a half-life of 1.53e-02 days. |
| 112Ag |
"Ag" means the element "silver" and "112Ag" is the isotope "silver-112" with a half-life of 1.30e-01 days. |
| 112Pd |
"Pd" means the element "palladium" and "112Pd" is the isotope "palladium-112" with a half-life of 8.37e-01 days. |
| 113Ag |
"Ag" means the element "silver" and "113Ag" is the isotope "silver-113" with a half-life of 2.21e-01 days. |
| 113Cd |
"Cd" means the element "cadmium" and "113Cd" is the isotope "cadmium-113" with a half-life of 3.29e+18 days. |
| 113mAg |
"Ag" means the element "silver" and "113mAg" is the metastable state of the isotope "silver-113" with a half-life of 7.64e-04 days. |
| 113mCd |
"Cd" means the element "cadmium" and "113mCd" is the metastable state of the isotope "cadmium-113" with a half-life of 5.31e+03 days. |
| 113mIn |
"In" means the element "indium" and "113mIn" is the metastable state of the isotope "indium-113" with a half-life of 6.92e-02 days. |
| 115Ag |
"Ag" means the element "silver" and "115Ag" is the isotope "silver-115" with a half-life of 1.46e-02 days. |
| 115Cd |
"Cd" means the element "cadmium" and "115Cd" is the isotope "cadmium-115" with a half-life of 2.23e+00 days. |
| 115In |
"In" means the element "indium" and "115In" is the isotope "indium-115" with a half-life of 1.86e+18 days. |
| 115mAg |
"Ag" means the element "silver" and "115mAg" is the metastable state of the isotope "silver-115" with a half-life of 1.97e-04 days. |
| 115mCd |
"Cd" means the element "cadmium" and "115mCd" is the metastable state of the isotope "cadmium-115" with a half-life of 4.46e+01 days. |
| 115mIn |
"In" means the element "indium" and "115mIn" is the metastable state of the isotope "indium-115" with a half-life of 1.87e-01 days. |
| 116In |
"In" means the element "indium" and "116In" is the isotope "indium-116" with a half-life of 1.64e-04 days. |
| 116mIn |
"In" means the element "indium" and "116mIn" is the metastable state of the isotope "indium-116" with a half-life of 3.77e-02 days. |
| 117Cd |
"Cd" means the element "cadmium" and "117Cd" is the isotope "cadmium-117" with a half-life of 1.08e-01 days. |
| 117In |
"In" means the element "indium" and "117In" is the isotope "indium-117" with a half-life of 3.05e-02 days. |
| 117mCd |
"Cd" means the element "cadmium" and "117mCd" is the metastable state of the isotope "cadmium-117" with a half-life of 1.42e-01 days. |
| 117mIn |
"In" means the element "indium" and "117mIn" is the metastable state of the isotope "indium-117" with a half-life of 8.08e-02 days. |
| 117mSn |
"Sn" means the element "tin" and "117mSn" is the metastable state of the isotope "tin-117" with a half-life of 1.40e+01 days. |
| 118Cd |
"Cd" means the element "cadmium" and "118Cd" is the isotope "cadmium-118" with a half-life of 3.49e-02 days. |
| 118In |
"In" means the element "indium" and "118In" is the isotope "indium-118" with a half-life of 5.77e-05 days. |
| 118mIn |
"In" means the element "indium" and "118mIn" is the metastable state of the isotope "indium-118" with a half-life of 3.05e-03 days. |
| 119In |
"In" means the element "indium" and "119In" is the isotope "indium-119" with a half-life of 1.74e-03 days. |
| 119mIn |
"In" means the element "indium" and "119mIn" is the metastable state of the isotope "indium-119" with a half-life of 1.25e-02 days. |
| 119mSn |
"Sn" means the element "tin" and "119mSn" is the metastable state of the isotope "tin-119" with a half-life of 2.45e+02 days. |
| 11C |
"C" means the element "carbon" and "11C" is the isotope "carbon-11" with a half-life of 1.41e-02 days. |
| 121mSn |
"Sn" means the element "tin" and "121mSn" is the metastable state of the isotope "tin-121" with a half-life of 1.82e+04 days. |
| 121Sn |
"Sn" means the element "tin" and "121Sn" is the isotope "tin-121" with a half-life of 1.12e+00 days. |
| 123mSn |
"Sn" means the element "tin" and "123mSn" is the metastable state of the isotope "tin-123" with a half-life of 2.78e-02 days. |
| 123Sn |
"Sn" means the element "tin" and "123Sn" is the isotope "tin-123" with a half-life of 1.29e+02 days. |
| 124mSb |
"Sb" means the element "antimony" and "124mSb" is the metastable state of the isotope "antimony-124" with a half-life of 1.41e-02 days. |
| 124Sb |
"Sb" means the element "antimony" and "124Sb" is the isotope "antimony-124" with a half-life of 6.03e+01 days. |
| 125mTe |
"Te" means the element "tellurium" and "125mTe" is the metastable state of the isotope "tellurium-125" with a half-life of 5.81e+01 days. |
| 125Sb |
"Sb" means the element "antimony" and "125Sb" is the isotope "antimony-125" with a half-life of 9.97e+02 days. |
| 125Sn |
"Sn" means the element "tin" and "125Sn" is the isotope "tin-125" with a half-life of 9.65e+00 days. |
| 126mSb |
"Sb" means the element "antimony" and "126mSb" is the metastable state of the isotope "antimony-126" with a half-life of 1.32e-02 days. |
| 126Sb |
"Sb" means the element "antimony" and "126Sb" is the isotope "antimony-126" with a half-life of 1.24e+01 days. |
| 126Sn |
"Sn" means the element "tin" and "126Sn" is the isotope "tin-126" with a half-life of 3.65e+07 days. |
| 127mTe |
"Te" means the element "tellurium" and "127mTe" is the metastable state of the isotope "tellurium-127" with a half-life of 1.09e+02 days. |
| 127Sb |
"Sb" means the element "antimony" and "127Sb" is the isotope "antimony-127" with a half-life of 3.80e+00 days. |
| 127Sn |
"Sn" means the element "tin" and "127Sn" is the isotope "tin-127" with a half-life of 8.84e-02 days. |
| 127Te |
"Te" means the element "tellurium" and "127Te" is the isotope "tellurium-127" with a half-life of 3.91e-01 days. |
| 128mSb |
"Sb" means the element "antimony" and "128mSb" is the metastable state of the isotope "antimony-128" with a half-life of 7.23e-03 days. |
| 128Sb |
"Sb" means the element "antimony" and "128Sb" is the isotope "antimony-128" with a half-life of 3.75e-01 days. |
| 128Sn |
"Sn" means the element "tin" and "128Sn" is the isotope "tin-128" with a half-life of 4.09e-02 days. |
| 129I |
"I" means the element "iodine" and "129I" is the isotope "iodine-129" with a half-life of 5.81e+09 days. |
| 129mTe |
"Te" means the element "tellurium" and "129mTe" is the metastable state of the isotope "tellurium-129" with a half-life of 3.34e+01 days. |
| 129mXe |
"Xe" means the element "xenon" and "129mXe" is the metastable state of the isotope "xenon-129" with a half-life of 8.02e+00 days. |
| 129Sb |
"Sb" means the element "antimony" and "129Sb" is the isotope "antimony-129" with a half-life of 1.81e-01 days. |
| 129Te |
"Te" means the element "tellurium" and "129Te" is the isotope "tellurium-129" with a half-life of 4.86e-02 days. |
| 130I |
"I" means the element "iodine" and "130I" is the isotope "iodine-130" with a half-life of 5.18e-01 days. |
| 130mI |
"I" means the element "iodine" and "130mI" is the metastable state of the isotope "iodine-130" with a half-life of 6.17e-03 days. |
| 130mSb |
"Sb" means the element "antimony" and "130mSb" is the metastable state of the isotope "antimony-130" with a half-life of 4.58e-03 days. |
| 130Sb |
"Sb" means the element "antimony" and "130Sb" is the isotope "antimony-130" with a half-life of 2.57e-02 days. |
| 130Sn |
"Sn" means the element "tin" and "130Sn" is the isotope "tin-130" with a half-life of 2.57e-03 days. |
| 131I |
"I" means the element "iodine" and "131I" is the isotope "iodine-131" with a half-life of 8.07e+00 days. |
| 131mTe |
"Te" means the element "tellurium" and "131mTe" is the metastable state of the isotope "tellurium-131" with a half-life of 1.25e+00 days. |
| 131mXe |
"Xe" means the element "xenon" and "131mXe" is the metastable state of the isotope "xenon-131" with a half-life of 1.18e+01 days. |
| 131Sb |
"Sb" means the element "antimony" and "131Sb" is the isotope "antimony-131" with a half-life of 1.60e-02 days. |
| 131Te |
"Te" means the element "tellurium" and "131Te" is the isotope "tellurium-131" with a half-life of 1.74e-02 days. |
| 132I |
"I" means the element "iodine" and "132I" is the isotope "iodine-132" with a half-life of 9.60e-02 days. |
| 132Te |
"Te" means the element "tellurium" and "132Te" is the isotope "tellurium-132" with a half-life of 3.25e+00 days. |
| 133I |
"I" means the element "iodine" and "133I" is the isotope "iodine-133" with a half-life of 8.71e-01 days. |
| 133mI |
"I" means the element "iodine" and "133mI" is the metastable state of the isotope "iodine-133" with a half-life of 1.04e-04 days. |
| 133mTe |
"Te" means the element "tellurium" and "133mTe" is the metastable state of the isotope "tellurium-133" with a half-life of 3.84e-02 days. |
| 133mXe |
"Xe" means the element "xenon" and "133mXe" is the metastable state of the isotope "xenon-133" with a half-life of 2.26e+00 days. |
| 133Te |
"Te" means the element "tellurium" and "133Te" is the isotope "tellurium-133" with a half-life of 8.68e-03 days. |
| 133Xe |
"Xe" means the element "xenon" and "133Xe" is the isotope "xenon-133" with a half-life of 5.28e+00 days. |
| 134Cs |
"Cs" means the element "cesium" and "134Cs" is the isotope "cesium-134" with a half-life of 7.50e+02 days. |
| 134I |
"I" means the element "iodine" and "134I" is the isotope "iodine-134" with a half-life of 3.61e-02 days. |
| 134mCs |
"Cs" means the element "cesium" and "134mCs" is the metastable state of the isotope "cesium-134" with a half-life of 1.21e-01 days. |
| 134mI |
"I" means the element "iodine" and "134mI" is the metastable state of the isotope "iodine-134" with a half-life of 2.50e-03 days. |
| 134mXe |
"Xe" means the element "xenon" and "134mXe" is the metastable state of the isotope "xenon-134" with a half-life of 3.36e-06 days. |
| 134Te |
"Te" means the element "tellurium" and "134Te" is the isotope "tellurium-134" with a half-life of 2.92e-02 days. |
| 135Cs |
"Cs" means the element "cesium" and "135Cs" is the isotope "cesium-135" with a half-life of 8.39e+08 days. |
| 135I |
"I" means the element "iodine" and "135I" is the isotope "iodine-135" with a half-life of 2.79e-01 days. |
| 135mBa |
"Ba" means the element "barium" and "135mBa" is the metastable state of the isotope "barium-135" with a half-life of 1.20e+00 days. |
| 135mCs |
"Cs" means the element "cesium" and "135mCs" is the metastable state of the isotope "cesium-135" with a half-life of 3.68e-02 days. |
| 135mXe |
"Xe" means the element "xenon" and "135mXe" is the metastable state of the isotope "xenon-135" with a half-life of 1.08e-02 days. |
| 135Xe |
"Xe" means the element "xenon" and "135Xe" is the isotope "xenon-135" with a half-life of 3.82e-01 days. |
| 136Cs |
"Cs" means the element "cesium" and "136Cs" is the isotope "cesium-136" with a half-life of 1.30e+01 days. |
| 137Cs |
"Cs" means the element "cesium" and "137Cs" is the isotope "cesium-137" with a half-life of 1.10e+04 days. |
| 137mBa |
"Ba" means the element "barium" and "137mBa" is the metastable state of the isotope "barium-137" with a half-life of 1.77e-03 days. |
| 137Xe |
"Xe" means the element "xenon" and "137Xe" is the isotope "xenon-137" with a half-life of 2.71e-03 days. |
| 138Cs |
"Cs" means the element "cesium" and "138Cs" is the isotope "cesium-138" with a half-life of 2.23e-02 days. |
| 138Xe |
"Xe" means the element "xenon" and "138Xe" is the isotope "xenon-138" with a half-life of 9.84e-03 days. |
| 139Ba |
"Ba" means the element "barium" and "139Ba" is the isotope "barium-139" with a half-life of 5.77e-02 days. |
| 13C |
"C" means the element carbon and "13C" is the stable isotope "carbon-13", having six protons and seven neutrons. |
| 13N |
"N" means the element "nitrogen" and "13N" is the isotope "nitrogen-13" with a half-life of 6.92e-03 days. |
| 140Ba |
"Ba" means the element "barium" and "140Ba" is the isotope "barium-140" with a half-life of 1.28e+01 days. |
| 140La |
"La" means the element "lanthanum" and "140La" is the isotope "lanthanum-140" with a half-life of 1.76e+00 days. |
| 141Ce |
"Ce" means the element "cerium" and "141Ce" is the isotope "cerium-141" with a half-life of 3.30e+01 days. |
| 141La |
"La" means the element "lanthanum" and "141La" is the isotope "lanthanum-141" with a half-life of 1.61e-01 days. |
| 142Ce |
"Ce" means the element "cerium" and "142Ce" is the isotope "cerium-142" with a half-life of 1.82e+19 days. |
| 142La |
"La" means the element "lanthanum" and "142La" is the isotope "lanthanum-142" with a half-life of 6.42e-02 days. |
| 142mPr |
"Pr" means the element "praseodymium" and "142mPr" is the metastable state of the isotope "praseodymium-142" with a half-life of 1.01e-02 days. |
| 142Pr |
"Pr" means the element "praseodymium" and "142Pr" is the isotope "praseodymium-142" with a half-life of 7.94e-01 days. |
| 143Ce |
"Ce" means the element "cerium" and "143Ce" is the isotope "cerium-143" with a half-life of 1.37e+00 days. |
| 143La |
"La" means the element "lanthanum" and "143La" is the isotope "lanthanum-143" with a half-life of 9.72e-03 days. |
| 143Pr |
"Pr" means the element "praseodymium" and "143Pr" is the isotope "praseodymium-143" with a half-life of 1.36e+01 days. |
| 144Ce |
"Ce" means the element "cerium" and "144Ce" is the isotope "cerium-144" with a half-life of 2.84e+02 days. |
| 144mPr |
"Pr" means the element "praseodymium" and "144mPr" is the metastable state of the isotope "praseodymium-144" with a half-life of 4.98e-03 days. |
| 144Nd |
"Nd" means the element "neodymium" and "144Nd" is the isotope "neodymium-144" with a half-life of 7.64e+17 days. |
| 144Pr |
"Pr" means the element "praseodymium" and "144Pr" is the isotope "praseodymium-144" with a half-life of 1.20e-02 days. |
| 145Pr |
"Pr" means the element "praseodymium" and "145Pr" is the isotope "praseodymium-145" with a half-life of 2.49e-01 days. |
| 146Ce |
"Ce" means the element "cerium" and "146Ce" is the isotope "cerium-146" with a half-life of 9.86e-03 days. |
| 146Pr |
"Pr" means the element "praseodymium" and "146Pr" is the isotope "praseodymium-146" with a half-life of 1.68e-02 days. |
| 147Nd |
"Nd" means the element "neodymium" and "147Nd" is the isotope "neodymium-147" with a half-life of 1.10e+01 days. |
| 147Pm |
"Pm" means the element "promethium" and "147Pm" is the isotope "promethium-147" with a half-life of 9.57e+02 days. |
| 147Pr |
"Pr" means the element "praseodymium" and "147Pr" is the isotope "praseodymium-147" with a half-life of 8.33e-03 days. |
| 147Sm |
"Sm" means the element "samarium" and "147Sm" is the isotope "samarium-147" with a half-life of 3.91e+13 days. |
| 148mPm |
"Pm" means the element "promethium" and "148mPm" is the metastable state of the isotope "promethium-148" with a half-life of 4.14e+01 days. |
| 148Pm |
"Pm" means the element "promethium" and "148Pm" is the isotope "promethium-148" with a half-life of 5.38e+00 days. |
| 148Sm |
"Sm" means the element "samarium" and "148Sm" is the isotope "samarium-148" with a half-life of 2.92e+18 days. |
| 149Nd |
"Nd" means the element "neodymium" and "149Nd" is the isotope "neodymium-149" with a half-life of 7.23e-02 days. |
| 149Pm |
"Pm" means the element "promethium" and "149Pm" is the isotope "promethium-149" with a half-life of 2.21e+00 days. |
| 149Sm |
"Sm" means the element "samarium" and "149Sm" is the isotope "samarium-149" with a half-life of 3.65e+18 days. |
| 14C |
"C" means the element carbon and "14C" is the radioactive isotope "carbon-14", having six protons and eight neutrons and used in radiocarbon dating. |
| 150Pm |
"Pm" means the element "promethium" and "150Pm" is the isotope "promethium-150" with a half-life of 1.12e-01 days. |
| 151Nd |
"Nd" means the element "neodymium" and "151Nd" is the isotope "neodymium-151" with a half-life of 8.61e-03 days. |
| 151Pm |
"Pm" means the element "promethium" and "151Pm" is the isotope "promethium-151" with a half-life of 1.18e+00 days. |
| 151Sm |
"Sm" means the element "samarium" and "151Sm" is the isotope "samarium-151" with a half-life of 3.40e+04 days. |
| 152mPm |
"Pm" means the element "promethium" and "152mPm" is the metastable state of the isotope "promethium-152" with a half-life of 1.25e-02 days. |
| 152Nd |
"Nd" means the element "neodymium" and "152Nd" is the isotope "neodymium-152" with a half-life of 7.94e-03 days. |
| 152Pm |
"Pm" means the element "promethium" and "152Pm" is the isotope "promethium-152" with a half-life of 2.84e-03 days. |
| 153Sm |
"Sm" means the element "samarium" and "153Sm" is the isotope "samarium-153" with a half-life of 1.94e+00 days. |
| 154Eu |
"Eu" means the element "europium" and "154Eu" is the isotope "europium-154" with a half-life of 3.13e+03 days. |
| 155Eu |
"Eu" means the element "europium" and "155Eu" is the isotope "europium-155" with a half-life of 1.75e+03 days. |
| 155Sm |
"Sm" means the element "samarium" and "155Sm" is the isotope "samarium-155" with a half-life of 1.54e-02 days. |
| 156Eu |
"Eu" means the element "europium" and "156Eu" is the isotope "europium-156" with a half-life of 1.52e+01 days. |
| 156Sm |
"Sm" means the element "samarium" and "156Sm" is the isotope "samarium-156" with a half-life of 3.91e-01 days. |
| 157Eu |
"Eu" means the element "europium" and "157Eu" is the isotope "europium-157" with a half-life of 6.32e-01 days. |
| 158Eu |
"Eu" means the element "europium" and "158Eu" is the isotope "europium-158" with a half-life of 3.18e-02 days. |
| 159Eu |
"Eu" means the element "europium" and "159Eu" is the isotope "europium-159" with a half-life of 1.26e-02 days. |
| 159Gd |
"Gd" means the element "gadolinium" and "159Gd" is the isotope "gadolinium-159" with a half-life of 7.71e-01 days. |
| 15O |
"O" means the element "oxygen" and "15O" is the isotope "oxygen-15" with a half-life of 1.41e-03 days. |
| 160Tb |
"Tb" means the element "terbium" and "160Tb" is the isotope "terbium-160" with a half-life of 7.23e+01 days. |
| 161Tb |
"Tb" means the element "terbium" and "161Tb" is the isotope "terbium-161" with a half-life of 6.92e+00 days. |
| 162Gd |
"Gd" means the element "gadolinium" and "162Gd" is the isotope "gadolinium-162" with a half-life of 6.92e-03 days. |
| 162mTb |
"Tb" means the element "terbium" and "162mTb" is the metastable state of the isotope "terbium-162" with a half-life of 9.30e-02 days. |
| 162Tb |
"Tb" means the element "terbium" and "162Tb" is the isotope "terbium-162" with a half-life of 5.18e-03 days |
| 163Tb |
"Tb" means the element "terbium" and "163Tb" is the isotope "terbium-163" with a half-life of 1.36e-02 days. |
| 165Dy |
"Dy" means the element "dysprosium" and "165Dy" is the isotope "dysprosium-165" with a half-life of 9.80e-02 days. |
| 16O |
"O" means the element "oxygen" and "16O" is the stable isotope "oxygen-16". |
| 17O |
"O" means the element "oxygen" and "17O" is the stable isotope "oxygen-17". |
| 18F |
"F" means the element "fluorine" and "18F" is the isotope "fluorine-18" with a half-life of 6.98e-02 days. |
| 18O |
"O" means the element "oxygen" and "18O" is the stable isotope "oxygen-18". |
| 19_butanoyloxyfucoxanthin |
The chemical formula of 19’-butanoyloxyfucoxanthin is C46H64O8. |
| 19_hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin |
The chemical formula of 19'-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin is C48H68O8. |
| 1D_oxygen_atom |
"1D oxygen atom" means the singlet D state, an excited state, of the oxygen atom. |
| 1H |
"H" means the element "hydrogen" and "1H" is the stable isotope "hydrogen-1". |
| 206Hg |
"Hg" means the element "mercury" and "206Hg" is the isotope "mercury-206" with a half-life of 5.57e-03 days. |
| 206Tl |
"Tl" means the element "thallium" and "206Tl" is the isotope "thallium-206" with a half-life of 2.91e-03 days. |
| 207mPb |
"Pb" means the element "lead" and "207mPb" is the metastable state of the isotope "lead-207" with a half-life of 9.26e-06 days. |
| 207Tl |
"Tl" means the element "thallium" and "207Tl" is the isotope "thallium-207" with a half-life of 3.33e-03 days. |
| 208Tl |
"Tl" means the element "thallium" and "208Tl" is the isotope "thallium-208" with a half-life of 2.15e-03 days. |
| 209Bi |
"Bi" means the element "bismuth" and "209Bi" is the isotope "bismuth-209" with a half-life of 7.29e+20 days. |
| 209Pb |
"Pb" means the element "lead" and "209Pb" is the isotope "lead-209" with a half-life of 1.38e-01 days. |
| 209Tl |
"Tl" means the element "thallium" and "209Tl" is the isotope "thallium-209" with a half-life of 1.53e-03 days. |
| 210Bi |
"Bi" means the element "bismuth" and "210Bi" is the isotope "bismuth-210" with a half-life of 5.01e+00 days. |
| 210Pb |
"Pb" means the element "lead" and "210Pb" is the isotope "lead-210" with a half-life of 7.64e+03 days. |
| 210Po |
"Po" means the element "polonium" and "210Po" is the isotope "polonium-210" with a half-life of 1.38e+02 days. |
| 210Tl |
"Tl" means the element "thallium" and "210Tl" is the isotope "thallium-210" with a half-life of 9.02e-04 days. |
| 211Bi |
"Bi" means the element "bismuth" and "211Bi" is the isotope "bismuth-211" with a half-life of 1.49e-03 days. |
| 211Pb |
"Pb" means the element "lead" and "211Pb" is the isotope "lead-211" with a half-life of 2.51e-02 days. |
| 211Po |
"Po" means the element "polonium" and "211Po" is the isotope "polonium-211" with a half-life of 6.03e-06 days. |
| 212Bi |
"Bi" means the element "bismuth" and "212Bi" is the isotope "bismuth-212" with a half-life of 4.20e-02 days. |
| 212Pb |
"Pb" means the element "lead" and "212Pb" is the isotope "lead-212" with a half-life of 4.43e-01 days. |
| 212Po |
"Po" means the element "polonium" and "212Po" is the isotope "polonium-212" with a half-life of 3.52e-12 days. |
| 213Bi |
"Bi" means the element "bismuth" and "213Bi" is the isotope "bismuth-213" with a half-life of 3.26e-02 days. |
| 213Pb |
"Pb" means the element "lead" and "213Pb" is the isotope "lead-213" with a half-life of 6.92e-03 days. |
| 213Po |
"Po" means the element "polonium" and "213Po" is the isotope "polonium-213" with a half-life of 4.86e-11 days. |
| 214Bi |
"Bi" means the element "bismuth" and "214Bi" is the isotope "bismuth-214" with a half-life of 1.37e-02 days. |
| 214Pb |
"Pb" means the element "lead" and "214Pb" is the isotope "lead-214" with a half-life of 1.86e-02 days. |
| 214Po |
"Po" means the element "polonium" and "214Po" is the isotope "polonium-214" with a half-life of 1.90e-09 days. |
| 215At |
"At" means the element "astatine" and "215At" is the isotope "astatine-215" with a half-life of 1.16e-09 days. |
| 215Bi |
"Bi" means the element "bismuth" and "215Bi" is the isotope "bismuth-215" with a half-life of 4.86e-03 days. |
| 215Po |
"Po" means the element "polonium" and "215Po" is the isotope "polonium-215" with a half-life of 2.06e-08 days. |
| 216At |
"At" means the element "astatine" and "216At" is the isotope "astatine-216" with a half-life of 3.47e-09 days. |
| 216Po |
"Po" means the element "polonium" and "216Po" is the isotope "polonium-216" with a half-life of 1.74e-06 days. |
| 217At |
"At" means the element "astatine" and "217At" is the isotope "astatine-217" with a half-life of 3.70e-07 days. |
| 217Po |
"Po" means the element "polonium" and "217Po" is the isotope "polonium-217" with a half-life of 1.16e-04 days. |
| 218At |
"At" means the element "astatine" and "218At" is the isotope "astatine-218" with a half-life of 2.31e-05 days. |
| 218Po |
"Po" means the element "polonium" and "218Po" is the isotope "polonium-218" with a half-life of 2.12e-03 days. |
| 218Rn |
"Rn" means the element "radon" and "218Rn" is the isotope "radon-218" with a half-life of 4.05e-07 days. |
| 219At |
"At" means the element "astatine" and "219At" is the isotope "astatine-219" with a half-life of 6.27e-04 days. |
| 219Rn |
"Rn" means the element "radon" and "219Rn" is the isotope "radon-219" with a half-life of 4.64e-05 days. |
| 220Rn |
"Rn" means the element "radon" and "220Rn" is the isotope "radon-220" with a half-life of 6.37e-04 days. |
| 221Fr |
"Fr" means the element "francium" and "221Fr" is the isotope "francium-221" with a half-life of 3.33e-03 days. |
| 221Rn |
"Rn" means the element "radon" and "221Rn" is the isotope "radon-221" with a half-life of 1.74e-02 days. |
| 222Fr |
"Fr" means the element "francium" and "222Fr" is the isotope "francium-222" with a half-life of 1.03e-02 days. |
| 222Ra |
"Ra" means the element "radium" and "222Ra" is the isotope "radium-222" with a half-life of 4.41e-04 days. |
| 222Rn |
"Rn" means the element "radon" and "222Rn" is the isotope "radon-222" with a halflife of 3.82e+00 days |
| 223Fr |
"Fr" means the element "francium" and "223Fr" is the isotope "francium-223" with a half-life of 1.53e-02 days. |
| 223Ra |
"Ra" means the element "radium" and "223Ra" is the isotope "radium-223" with a half-life of 1.14e+01 days. |
| 223Rn |
"Rn" means the element "radon" and "223Rn" is the isotope "radon-223" with a half-life of 2.98e-02 days. |
| 224Ra |
"Ra" means the element "radium" and "224Ra" is the isotope "radium-224" with a half-life of 3.65e+00 days. |
| 225Ac |
"Ac" means the element "actinium" and "225Ac" is the isotope "actinium-225" with a half-life of 1.00e+01 days. |
| 225Ra |
"Ra" means the element "radium" and "225Ra" is the isotope "radium-225" with a half-life of 1.48e+01 days. |
| 226Ac |
"Ac" means the element "actinium" and "226Ac" is the isotope "actinium-226" with a half-life of 1.21e+00 days. |
| 226Ra |
"Ra" means the element "radium" and "226Ra" is the isotope "radium-226" with a half-life of 5.86e+05 days. |
| 226Th |
"Th" means the element "thorium" and "226Th" is the isotope "thorium-226" with a half-life of 2.15e-02 days. |
| 227Ac |
"Ac" means the element "actinium" and "227Ac" is the isotope "actinium-227" with a half-life of 7.87e+03 days. |
| 227Ra |
"Ra" means the element "radium" and "227Ra" is the isotope "radium-227" with a half-life of 2.87e-02 days. |
| 227Th |
"Th" means the element "thorium" and "227Th" is the isotope "thorium-227" with a half-life of 1.82e+01 days. |
| 228Ac |
"Ac" means the element "actinium" and "228Ac" is the isotope "actinium-228" with a half-life of 2.55e-01 days. |
| 228Ra |
"Ra" means the element "radium" and "228Ra" is the isotope "radium-228" with a half-life of 2.45e+03 days. |
| 228Th |
"Th" means the element "thorium" and "228Th" is the isotope "thorium-228" with a half-life of 6.98e+02 days. |
| 229Ac |
"Ac" means the element "actinium" and "229Ac" is the isotope "actinium-229" with a half-life of 4.58e-02 days. |
| 229Ra |
"Ra" means the element "radium" and "229Ra" is the isotope "radium-229" with a half-life of 1.16e-17 days. |
| 229Th |
"Th" means the element "thorium" and "229Th" is the isotope "thorium-229" with a half-life of 2.68e+06 days. |
| 230Pa |
"Pa" means the element "protactinium" and "230Pa" is the isotope "protactinium-230" with a half-life of 1.77e+01 days. |
| 230Th |
"Th" means the element "thorium" and "230Th" is the isotope "thorium-230" with a half-life of 2.92e+07 days. |
| 230U |
"U" means the element "uranium" and "230U" is the isotope "uranium-230" with a half-life of 2.08e+01 days. |
| 231Pa |
"Pa" means the element "protactinium" and "231Pa" is the isotope "protactinium-231" with a half-life of 1.19e+07 days. |
| 231Th |
"Th" means the element "thorium" and "231Th" is the isotope "thorium-231" with a half-life of 1.06e+00 days. |
| 231U |
"U" means the element "uranium" and "231U" is the isotope "uranium-231" with a half-life of 4.29e+00 days. |
| 232Pa |
"Pa" means the element "protactinium" and "232Pa" is the isotope "protactinium-232" with a half-life of 1.31e+00 days. |
| 232Th |
"Th" means the element "thorium" and "232Th" is the isotope "thorium-232" with a half-life of 5.14e+12 days. |
| 232U |
"U" means the element "uranium" and "232U" is the isotope "uranium-232" with a half-life of 2.63e+04 days. |
| 233Pa |
"Pa" means the element "protactinium" and "233Pa" is the isotope "protactinium-233" with a half-life of 2.70e+01 days. |
| 233Th |
"Th" means the element "thorium" and "233Th" is the isotope "thorium-233" with a half-life of 1.54e-02 days. |
| 233U |
"U" means the element "uranium" and "233U" is the isotope "uranium-233" with a half-life of 5.90e+07 days. |
| 234mPa |
"Pa" means the element "protactinium" and "234mPa" is the metastable state of the isotope "protactinium-234" with a half-life of 8.13e-04 days. |
| 234Pa |
"Pa" means the element "protactinium" and "234Pa" is the isotope "protactinium-234" with a half-life of 2.81e-01 days. |
| 234Th |
"Th" means the element "thorium" and "234Th" is the isotope "thorium-234" with a half-life of 2.41e+01 days. |
| 234U |
"U" means the element "uranium" and "234U" is the isotope "uranium-234" with a half-life of 9.02e+07 days. |
| 235Np |
"Np" means the element "neptunium" and "235Np" is the isotope "neptunium-235" with a half-life of 4.09e+02 days. |
| 235Pu |
"Pu" means the element "plutonium" and "235Pu" is the isotope "plutonium-235" with a half-life of 1.81e-02 days. |
| 235U |
"U" means the element "uranium" and "235U" is the isotope "uranium-235" with a half-life of 2.60e+11 days. |
| 236mNp |
"Np" means the element "neptunium" and "236mNp" is the metastable state of the isotope "neptunium-236" with a half-life of 4.72e+10 days. |
| 236Np |
"Np" means the element "neptunium" and "236Np" is the isotope "neptunium-236" with a half-life of 9.17e-01 days. |
| 236Pu |
"Pu" means the element "plutonium" and "236Pu" is the isotope "plutonium-236" with a half-life of 1.04e+03 days. |
| 236U |
"U" means the element "uranium" and "236U" is the isotope "uranium-236" with a half-life of 8.73e+09 days. |
| 237Np |
"Np" means the element "neptunium" and "237Np" is the isotope "neptunium-237" with a half-life of 7.79e+08 days. |
| 237Pu |
"Pu" means the element "plutonium" and "237Pu" is the isotope "plutonium-237" with a half-life of 4.56e+01 days. |
| 237U |
"U" means the element "uranium" and "237U" is the isotope "uranium-237" with a half-life of 6.74e+00 days. |
| 238Np |
"Np" means the element "neptunium" and "238Np" is the isotope "neptunium-238" with a half-life of 2.10e+00 days. |
| 238Pu |
"Pu" means the element "plutonium" and "238Pu" is the isotope "plutonium-238" with a half-life of 3.15e+04 days. |
| 238U |
"U" means the element "uranium" and "238U" is the isotope "uranium-238" with a half-life of 1.65e+12 days. |
| 239Np |
"Np" means the element "neptunium" and "239Np" is the isotope "neptunium-239" with a half-life of 2.35e+00 days. |
| 239Pu |
"Pu" means the element "plutonium" and "239Pu" is the isotope "plutonium-239" with a half-life of 8.91e+06 days. |
| 239U |
"U" means the element "uranium" and "239U" is the isotope "uranium-239" with a half-life of 1.63e-02 days. |
| 240Am |
"Am" means the element "americium" and "240Am" is the isotope "americium-240" with a half-life of 2.12e+00 days. |
| 240mNp |
"Np" means the element "neptunium" and "240mNp" is the metastable state of the isotope "neptunium-240" with a half-life of 5.08e-03 days. |
| 240Np |
"Np" means the element "neptunium" and "240Np" is the isotope "neptunium-240" with a half-life of 4.38e-02 days. |
| 240Pu |
"Pu" means the element "plutonium" and "240Pu" is the isotope "plutonium-240" with a half-life of 2.40e+06 days. |
| 240U |
"U" means the element "uranium" and "240U" is the isotope "uranium-240" with a half-life of 5.99e-01 days. |
| 241Am |
"Am" means the element "americium" and "241Am" is the isotope "americium-241" with a half-life of 1.67e+05 days. |
| 241Cm |
"Cm" means the element "curium" and "241Cm" is the isotope "curium-241" with a half-life of 3.50e+01 days. |
| 241Pu |
"Pu" means the element "plutonium" and "241Pu" is the isotope "plutonium-241" with a half-life of 4.83e+03 days. |
| 242Am |
"Am" means the element "americium" and "242Am" is the isotope "americium-242" with a half-life of 6.69e-01 days. |
| 242Cm |
"Cm" means the element "curium" and "242Cm" is the isotope "curium-242" with a half-life of 1.63e+02 days |
| 242m1Am |
"Am" means the element "americium" and "242m1Am" is the metastable state of the isotope "americium-242" with a half-life of 5.53e+04 days. |
| 242m2Am |
"Am" means the element "americium" and "242m2Am" is the metastable state of the isotope "americium-242" with a half-life of 1.62e-07 days. |
| 242Pu |
"Pu" means the element "plutonium" and "242Pu" is the isotope "plutonium-242" with a half-life of 1.38e+08 days. |
| 243Am |
"Am" means the element "americium" and "243Am" is the isotope "americium-243" with a half-life of 2.91e+06 days. |
| 243Cm |
"Cm" means the element "curium" and "243Cm" is the isotope "curium-243" with a half-life of 1.17e+04 days. |
| 243Pu |
"Pu" means the element "plutonium" and "243Pu" is the isotope "plutonium-243" with a half-life of 2.07e-01 days. |
| 244Am |
"Am" means the element "americium" and "244Am" is the isotope "americium-244" with a half-life of 4.20e-01 days. |
| 244Cm |
"Cm" means the element "curium" and "244Cm" is the isotope "curium-244" with a half-life of 6.42e+03 days. |
| 244mAm |
"Am" means the element "americium" and "244mAm" is the metastable state of the isotope "americium-244" with a half-life of 1.81e-02 days. |
| 244Pu |
"Pu" means the element "plutonium" and "244Pu" is the isotope "plutonium-244" with a half-life of 2.92e+10 days. |
| 245Am |
"Am" means the element "americium" and "245Am" is the isotope "americium-245" with a half-life of 8.75e-02 days. |
| 245Cm |
"Cm" means the element "curium" and "245Cm" is the isotope "curium-245" with a half-life of 3.40e+06 days. |
| 245Pu |
"Pu" means the element "plutonium" and "245Pu" is the isotope "plutonium-245" with a half-life of 4.16e-01 days. |
| 246Cm |
"Cm" means the element "curium" and "246Cm" is the isotope "curium-246" with a half-life of 2.01e+06 days. |
| 247Cm |
"Cm" means the element "curium" and "247Cm" is the isotope "curium-247" with a half-life of 5.86e+09 days. |
| 248Cm |
"Cm" means the element "curium" and "248Cm" is the isotope "curium-248" with a half-life of 1.72e+08 days. |
| 249Bk |
"Bk" means the element "berkelium" and "249Bk" is the isotope "berkelium-249" with a half-life of 3.15e+02 days. |
| 249Cf |
"Cf" means the element "californium" and "249Cf" is the isotope "californium-249" with a half-life of 1.32e+05 days. |
| 249Cm |
"Cm" means the element "curium" and "249Cm" is the isotope "curium-249" with a half-life of 4.43e-02 days. |
| 24Na |
"Na" means the element "sodium" and "24Na" is the isotope "sodium-24" with a half-life of 6.27e-01 days. |
| 24Na |
"Na" means the element "sodium" and "24Na" is the isotope "sodium-24" with a half-life of 6.27e-01 days. |
| 250Bk |
"Bk" means the element "berkelium" and "250Bk" is the isotope "berkelium-250" with a half-life of 1.34e-01 days. |
| 250Cf |
"Cf" means the element "californium" and "250Cf" is the isotope "californium-250" with a half-life of 4.75e+03 days. |
| 250Cm |
"Cm" means the element "curium" and "250Cm" is the isotope "curium-250" with a half-life of 2.52e+06 days. |
| 251Cf |
"Cf" means the element "californium" and "251Cf" is the isotope "californium-251" with a half-life of 2.92e+05 days. |
| 252Cf |
"Cf" means the element "californium" and "252Cf" is the isotope "californium-252" with a half-life of 9.68e+02 days. |
| 253Cf |
"Cf" means the element "californium" and "253Cf" is the isotope "californium-253" with a half-life of 1.76e+01 days. |
| 253Es |
"Es" means the element "einsteinium" and "253Es" is the isotope "einsteinium-253" with a half-life of 2.05e+01 days. |
| 254Cf |
"Cf" means the element "californium" and "254Cf" is the isotope "californium-254" with a half-life of 6.03e+01 days. |
| 254Es |
"Es" means the element "einsteinium" and "254Es" is the isotope "einsteinium-254" with a half-life of 2.76e+02 days. |
| 254mEs |
"Es" means the element "einsteinium" and "254mEs" is the metastable state of the isotope "einsteinium-254" with a half-life of 1.63e+00 days. |
| 255Es |
"Es" means the element "einsteinium" and "255Es" is the isotope "einsteinium-255" with a half-life of 3.84e+01 days. |
| 2H |
"H" means the element "hydrogen" and "2H" is the stable isotope "hydrogen-2", usually called "deuterium". |
| 3H |
"H" means the element "hydrogen" and "3H" is the isotope "hydrogen-3" with a half-life of 4.51e+03 days. |
| 41Ar |
"Ar" means the element "argon" and "41Ar" is the isotope "argon-41" with a half-life of 7.64e-02 days. |
| 54Mn |
"Mn" means the element "manganese" and "54Mn" is the isotope "manganese-54" with a half-life of 3.12e+02 days. |
| 58Co |
"Co" means the element "cobalt" and "58Co" is the isotope "cobalt-58" with a half-life of 7.10e+01 days. |
| 60Co |
"Co" means the element "cobalt" and "60Co" is the isotope "cobalt-60" with a half-life of 1.93e+03 days. |
| 72Ga |
"Ga" means the element "gallium" and "72Ga" is the isotope "gallium-72" with a half-life of 5.86e-01 days. |
| 72Zn |
"Zn" means the element "zinc" and "72Zn" is the isotope "zinc-72" with a half-life of 1.94e+00 days. |
| 73Ga |
"Ga" means the element "gallium" and "73Ga" is the isotope "gallium-73" with a halflife of 2.03e-01 days. |
| 75Ge |
"Ge" means the element "germanium" and "75Ge" is the isotope "germanium-75" with a half-life of 5.73e-02 days. |
| 77As |
"As" means the element "arsenic" and "77As" is the isotope "arsenic-77" with a half-life of 1.62e+00 days. |
| 77Ge |
"Ge" means the element "germanium" and "77Ge" is the isotope "germanium-77" with a half-life of 4.72e-01 days. |
| 77mGe |
"Ge" means the element "germanium" and "77mGe" is the metastable state of the isotope "germanium-77" with a half-life of 6.27e-04 days. |
| 78As |
"As" means the element "arsenic" and "78As" is the isotope "arsenic-78" with a half-life of 6.32e-02 days. |
| 78Ge |
"Ge" means the element "germanium" and "78Ge" is the isotope "germanium-78" with a half-life of 6.03e-02 days. |
| 79Se |
"Se" means the element "selenium" and "79Se" is the isotope "selenium-79" with a half-life of 2.37e+07 days. |
| 81mSe |
"Se" means the element "selenium" and "81mSe" is the metastable state of the isotope "selenium-81" with a half-life of 3.97e-02 days. |
| 81Se |
"Se" means the element "selenium" and "81Se" is the isotope "selenium-81" with a half-life of 1.28e-02 days. |
| 82Br |
"Br" means the element "bromine" and "82Br" is the isotope "bromine-82" with a half-life of 1.47e+00 days. |
| 82mBr |
"Br" means the element "bromine" and "82mBr" is the metastable state of the isotope "bromine-82" with a half-life of 4.24e-03 days. |
| 83Br |
"Br" means the element "bromine" and "83Br" is the isotope "bromine-83" with a half-life of 1.00e-01 days. |
| 83mKr |
"Kr" means the element "krypton" and "83mKr" is the metastable state of the isotope "krypton-83" with a half-life of 7.71e-02 days. |
| 83mSe |
"Se" means the element "selenium" and "83mSe" is the metastable state of the isotope "selenium-83" with a half-life of 8.10e-04 days. |
| 83Se |
"Se" means the element "selenium" and "83Se" is the isotope "selenium-83" with a half-life of 1.56e-02 days. |
| 84Br |
"Br" means the element "bromine" and "84Br" is the isotope "bromine-84" with a half-life of 2.21e-02 days. |
| 84mBr |
"Br" means the element "bromine" and "84mBr" is the metastable state of the isotope "bromine-84" with a half-life of 4.16e-03 days. |
| 85Kr |
"Kr" means the element "krypton" and "85Kr" is the isotope "krypton-85" with a half-life of 3.95e+03 days. |
| 85mKr |
"Kr" means the element "krypton" and "85mKr" is the metastable state of the isotope "krypton-85" with a half-life of 1.83e-01 days. |
| 86mRb |
"Rb" means the element "rubidium" and "86mRb" is the metastable state of the isotope "rubidium-86" with a half-life of 7.04e-04 days. |
| 86Rb |
"Rb" means the element "rubidium" and "86Rb" is the isotope "rubidium-86" with a half-life of 1.87e+01 days. |
| 87Kr |
"Kr" means the element "krypton" and "87Kr" is the isotope "krypton-87" with a half-life of 5.28e-02 days. |
| 87Rb |
"Rb" means the element "rubidium" and "87Rb" is the isotope "rubidium-87" with a half-life of 1.71e+13 days. |
| 88Kr |
"Kr" means the element "krypton" and "88Kr" is the isotope "krypton-88" with a half-life of 1.17e-01 days. |
| 88Rb |
"Rb" means the element "rubidium" and "88Rb" is the isotope "rubidium-88" with a half-life of 1.25e-02 days. |
| 89Kr |
"Kr" means the element "krypton" and "89Kr" is the isotope "krypton-89" with a half-life of 2.20e-03 days. |
| 89Rb |
"Rb" means the element "rubidium" and "89Rb" is the isotope "rubidium-89" with a half-life of 1.06e-02 days. |
| 89Sr |
"Sr" means the element "strontium" and "89Sr" is the isotope "strontium-89" with a half-life of 5.21e+01 days. |
| 90mY |
"Y" means the element "yttrium" and "90mY" is the metastable state of the isotope "yttrium-90" with a half-life of 1.33e-01 days. |
| 90Sr |
"Sr" means the element "strontium" and "90Sr" is the isotope "strontium-90" with a half-life of 1.02e+04 days. |
| 90Y |
"Y" means the element "yttrium" and "90Y" is the isotope "yttrium-90" with a half-life of 2.67e+00 days. |
| 91mY |
"Y" means the element "yttrium" and "91mY" is the metastable state of the isotope "yttrium-91" with a half-life of 3.46e-02 days. |
| 91Sr |
"Sr" means the element "strontium" and "91Sr" is the isotope "strontium-91" with a half-life of 3.95e-01 days. |
| 91Y |
"Y" means the element "yttrium" and "91Y" is the isotope "yttrium-91" with a half-life of 5.86e+01 days. |
| 92Sr |
"Sr" means the element "strontium" and "92Sr" is the isotope "strontium-92" with a half-life of 1.13e-01 days. |
| 92Y |
"Y" means the element "yttrium" and "92Y" is the isotope "yttrium-92" with a half-life of 1.47e-01 days. |
| 93Y |
"Y" means the element "yttrium" and "93Y" is the isotope "yttrium-93" with a half-life of 4.24e-01 days. |
| 93Zr |
"Zr" means the element "zirconium" and "93Zr" is the isotope "zirconium-93" with a half-life of 3.47e+08 days. |
| 94mNb |
"Nb" means the element "niobium" and "94mNb" is the metastable state of the isotope "niobium-94" with a half-life of 4.34e-03 days. |
| 94Nb |
"Nb" means the element "niobium" and "94Nb" is the isotope "niobium-94" with a half-life of 7.29e+06 days. |
| 94Y |
"Y" means the element "yttrium" and "94Y" is the isotope "yttrium-94" with a half-life of 1.32e-02 days. |
| 95mNb |
"Nb" means the element "niobium" and "95mNb" is the metastable state of the isotope "niobium-95" with a half-life of 3.61e+00 days. |
| 95Nb |
"Nb" means the element "niobium" and "95Nb" is the isotope "niobium-95" with a half-life of 3.52e+01 days. |
| 95Y |
"Y" means the element "yttrium" and "95Y" is the isotope "yttrium-95" with a half-life of 7.29e-03 days. |
| 95Zr |
"Zr" means the element "zirconium" and "95Zr" is the isotope "zirconium-95" with a half-life of 6.52e+01 days. |
| 96Nb |
"Nb" means the element "niobium" and "96Nb" is the isotope "niobium-96" with a half-life of 9.75e-01 days. |
| 97mNb |
"Nb" means the element "niobium" and "97mNb" is the metastable state of the isotope "niobium-97" with a half-life of 6.27e-04 days. |
| 97Nb |
"Nb" means the element "niobium" and "97Nb" is the isotope "niobium-97" with a half-life of 5.11e-02 days. |
| 97Zr |
"Zr" means the element "zirconium" and "97Zr" is the isotope "zirconium-97" with a half-life of 6.98e-01 days. |
| 98Nb |
"Nb" means the element "niobium" and "98Nb" is the isotope "niobium-98" with a half-life of 3.53e-02 days. |
| 99Mo |
"Mo" means the element "molybdenum" and "99Mo" is the isotope "molybdenum-99" with a half-life of 2.78e+00 days. |
| 99mTc |
"Tc" means the element "technetium" and "99mTc" is the metastable state of the isotope "technetium-99" with a half-life of 2.51e-01 days. |
| 99Tc |
"Tc" means the element "technetium" and "99Tc" is the isotope "technetium-99" with a half-life of 7.79e+07 days. |
| abiotic_analogue |
In ocean biogeochemistry models, an "abiotic analogue" is used to simulate the effect on a modelled variable when biological effects on ocean carbon concentration and alkalinity are ignored. |
| absolute_vorticity |
Atmosphere upward absolute vorticity is the sum of the atmosphere upward relative vorticity and the vertical component of vorticity due to the Earth’s rotation. In contrast, the quantity with standard name atmosphere_upward_relative_vorticity excludes the Earth's rotation. Vorticity is a vector quantity. A positive value of atmosphere_upward_absolute_vorticity indicates anticlockwise rotation when viewed from above. |
| (absorption|attenuation|scattering)_coefficient |
The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths unless a coordinate of "radiation_wavelength" or "radiation_frequency" is included to specify the wavelength. |
| absorption_equivalent_black_carbon |
The absorption equivalent black carbon mass concentration is obtained by conversion from the particle light absorption coefficient with a suitable mass absorption cross-section. Reference: Petzold, A., Ogren, J. A., Fiebig, M., Laj, P., Li, S.-M., Baltensperger, U., Holzer-Popp, T., Kinne, S., Pappalardo, G., Sugimoto, N., Wehrli, C., Wiedensohler, A., and Zhang, X.-Y.: Recommendations for reporting "black carbon" measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8365–8379, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8365-2013, 2013. |
| accretion |
Accretion is the growth of a hydrometeor by collision with cloud droplets or ice crystals. |
| acetaldehyde |
The chemical formula for acetaldehyde is CH3CHO. The IUPAC name for acetaldehyde is ethanal. |
| acetic_acid |
The chemical formula for acetic acid is CH3COOH. The IUPAC name for acetic acid is ethanoic acid. |
| acetone |
Acetone is an organic molecule with the chemical formula CH3CH3CO. The IUPAC name for acetone is propan-2-one. Acetone is a member of the group of organic compounds known as ketones. There are standard names for the ketone group as well as for some of the individual species. |
| aceto_nitrile |
The chemical formula for aceto-nitrile is CH3CN. The IUPAC name for aceto-nitrile is ethanenitrile. |
| across_line |
Transport "across_line" means that which crosses a particular line on the Earth's surface; formally this means the integral along the line of the normal component of the transport. |
| across_unit_distance |
Transport "across_unit_distance" means expressed per unit distance normal to the direction of transport. |
| adjusted_[^_]*_forcing |
Adjusted forcing is the radiative flux change caused by an imposed change in radiative forcing agent (greenhouse gases, aerosol, solar radiation, etc.) after allowance for stratospheric temperature adjustment. A positive radiative forcing or radiative effect is equivalent to a downward radiative flux and contributes to a warming of the earth system. |
| aerodynamic_particle_diameter |
The diameter of a spherical particle with density 1000 kg m-3 having the same aerodynamic properties as the particles in question. |
| aerodynamic_resistance |
The "aerodynamic_resistance" is the resistance to mixing through the boundary layer toward the surface by means of the dominant process, turbulent transport. Reference: Wesely, M. L., 1989, doi:10.1016/0004-6981(89)90153-4. |
| aerosol |
"Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. |
| aerosol && indirect_radiative_effect |
The "indirect radiative effect" of aerosol means its impact on radiative transfer as a result of acting as cloud condensation nuclei, thereby changing cloud distribution and duration. A positive radiative forcing or radiative effect is equivalent to a downward radiative flux and contributes to a warming of the earth system. |
| age_of_sea_ice |
"Age of sea ice" means the length of time elapsed since the ice formed. |
| age_of_surface_snow |
"Age of surface snow" means the length of time elapsed since the snow accumulated on the earth's surface. |
| aggregation |
Aggregation is the clumping together of frozen cloud particles to produce snowflakes. |
| air_equivalent_potential_temperature |
The "equivalent potential temperature" is a thermodynamic quantity, with its natural logarithm proportional to the entropy of moist air, that is conserved in a reversible moist adiabatic process. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Equivalent_potential_temperature. It is the temperature of a parcel of air if all the moisture contained in it were first condensed, releasing latent heat, before moving the parcel dry adiabatically to a standard pressure, typically representative of mean sea level pressure. To specify the standard pressure to which the quantity applies, provide a scalar coordinate variable with standard name reference_pressure. |
| air_equivalent_temperature |
The equivalent temperature is the temperature that an air parcel would have if all water vapor were condensed at contstant pressure and the enthalpy released from the vapor used to heat the air. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Equivalent_temperature. It is the isobaric equivalent temperature and not the adiabatic equivalent temperature, also known as pseudoequivalent temperature, which has the standard name air_pseudo_equivalent_temperature. |
| air_potential_temperature |
Air potential temperature is the temperature a parcel of air would have if moved dry adiabatically to a standard pressure, typically representative of mean sea level pressure. To specify the standard pressure to which the quantity applies, provide a scalar coordinate variable with standard name reference_pressure. |
| air_pressure |
Air pressure is the force per unit area which would be exerted when the moving gas molecules of which the air is composed strike a theoretical surface of any orientation. |
| air_pressure_at_sea_level |
Air pressure at sea level is the quantity often abbreviated as MSLP or PMSL. |
| air_pressure_of_lifted_parcel |
Various stability and convective potential indices are calculated by "lifting" a parcel of air: moving it dry adiabatically from a starting height (often the surface) to the Lifting Condensation Level, and then wet adiabatically from there to an ending height (often the top of the data/model/atmosphere). The quantities with standard names original_air_pressure_of_lifted_parcel and final_air_pressure_of_lifted_parcel are the ambient air pressure at the start and end of lifting, respectively. |
| air_pseudo_equivalent_temperature |
The pseudoequivalent temperature is also known as the adiabatic equivalent temperature. It is the temperature that an air parcel would have after undergoing the following process: dry-adiabatic expansion until saturated; pseudoadiabatic expansion until all moisture is precipitated out; dry-adiabatic compression to the initial pressure. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Equivalent_temperature. This quantity is distinct from the isobaric equivalent temperature, also known as equivalent temperature, which has the standard name air_equivalent_temperature. |
| air_temperature |
Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. |
| air_temperature_deficit |
The air temperature deficit is the air temperature threshold minus the air temperature. |
| air_temperature_excess |
The air temperature excess is the air temperature minus the air temperature threshold. |
| air_temperature_threshold |
Air temperature excess and deficit are calculated relative to the air temperature threshold. |
| air_velocity && relative_to && sea_water |
A vertical coordinate variable or scalar coordinate with standard name "depth" should be used to indicate the depth of sea water velocity used in the calculation. Similarly, a vertical coordinate variable or scalar coordinate with standard name "height" should be used to indicate the height of the the wind component. |
| albedo |
Albedo is the ratio of outgoing to incoming shortwave irradiance, where 'shortwave irradiance' means that both the incoming and outgoing radiation are integrated across the solar spectrum. |
| alcohols |
Alcohols include all organic compounds with an alcoholic (OH) group. In standard names "alcohols" is the term used to describe the group of chemical species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. |
| aldehydes |
Aldehydes are organic compounds with a CHO group; "aldehydes" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this common structure that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. Standard names exist for some individual aldehyde species, e.g., formaldehyde and acetyladehyde. |
| alkanes |
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons, i.e. they do not contain any chemical double bonds. Alkanes contain only hydrogen and carbon combined in the general proportions C(n)H(2n+2); "alkanes" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this common structure that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. Standard names exist for some individual alkane species, e.g., methane and ethane. |
| alkenes |
Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons as they contain chemical double bonds between adjacent carbon atoms. Alkenes contain only hydrogen and carbon combined in the general proportions C(n)H(2n); "alkenes" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this common structure that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. Standard names exist for some individual alkene species, e.g., ethene and propene. |
| all_land_processes |
"All land processes" means plant and soil respiration, photosynthesis, animal grazing, crop harvesting, natural fires and anthropogenic land use change. |
| all_land_processes || surface_net_upward_mass_flux_of_carbon_dioxide_expressed_as_carbon_due_to_emission_from_anthropogenic_land_use_change |
The quantity with standard name surface_net_downward_mass_flux_of_carbon_dioxide_expressed_as_carbon_due_to_all_land_processes is equal to the difference between the quantities with standard names surface_net_downward_mass_flux_of_carbon_dioxide_expressed_as_carbon_due_to_all_land_processes_excluding_anthropogenic_land_use_change and surface_net_upward_mass_flux_of_carbon_dioxide_expressed_as_carbon_due_to_emission_from_anthropogenic_land_use_change. |
| along_beam |
The phrase "along_beam" refers to direct radiation on a plane perpendicular to the direction of the sun. This is in contrast to standard names such as direct_downwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air, where the radiation falls on a horizontal plane at the earth surface. |
| alpha_carotene |
The chemical formula of alpha-carotene is C40H56. |
| alpha_hexachlorocyclohexane |
The chemical formula for alpha_hexachlorocyclohexane is C6H6Cl6. |
| alpha_pinene |
The chemical formula for alpha-pinene is C10H16. The IUPAC name for alpha-pinene is (1S,5S)-2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene. |
| altitude && ! barometric |
Altitude is the (geometric) height above the geoid, which is the reference geopotential surface. The geoid is similar to mean sea level. |
| aluminium && !organic_aluminium |
Aluminium means aluminium in all chemical forms, commonly referred to as "total aluminium". |
| ambient_aerosol |
"Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the quantity described by the standard name applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature". |
| ammonia |
The chemical formula for ammonia is NH3. |
| ammonium && ! aerosol |
The chemical formula for the ammonium cation is NH4+. |
| ammonium_dry_aerosol |
The chemical formula for ammonium is NH4. |
| ammonium_minerals |
"Ammonium minerals" means mineral compounds containing ammonium. |
| amount |
"Amount" means mass per unit area. |
| amplitude |
Amplitude is the magnitude of a wave modelled by a sinusoidal function. A coordinate variable of harmonic_period should be used to specify the period of the sinusoidal wave. |
| angle_of_emergence |
The angle of emergence is that between the direction of a beam of radiation emerging from the surface of a medium and the normal to that surface. |
| angle_of_incidence |
The angle of incidence is that between the direction of approach of a beam of radiation toward a surface and the normal to that surface. |
| angle_of_rotation |
An angle of rotation is reckoned positive in the anticlockwise direction. |
| angstrom_exponent |
The "Angstrom exponent" appears in the formula relating aerosol optical thickness to the wavelength of incident radiation T(lambda) = T(lambda0) * [lambda/lambda0] ** (-1 * alpha) where alpha is the Angstrom exponent, lambda is the wavelength of incident radiation, lambda0 is a reference wavelength, T(lambda) and T(lambda0) are the values of aerosol optical thickness at wavelengths lambda and lambda0, respectively. |
| anomaly |
The term "anomaly" means difference from climatology. |
| anthropogenic |
"Anthropogenic" means influenced, caused, or created by human activity. |
| anthropogenic_emission |
Anthropogenic emission of carbon dioxide includes fossil fuel use, cement production, agricultural burning and sources associated with anthropogenic land use change except forest regrowth. |
| anthropogenic_land_use || all_land_processes |
"Anthropogenic land use change" means human changes to land, excluding forest regrowth. It includes fires ignited by humans for the purpose of land use change and the processes of eventual disposal and decomposition of wood products such as paper, cardboard, furniture and timber for construction. |
| apparent_air_temperature |
The quantity with standard name apparent_air_temperature is the perceived air temperature derived from either a combination of temperature and wind (which has standard name wind_chill_of_air_temperature) or temperature and humidity (which has standard name heat_index_of_air_temperature) for the hour indicated by the time coordinate variable. When the air temperature falls to 283.15 K or below, wind chill is used for the apparent_air_temperature. When the air temperature rises above 299.817 K, the heat index is used for apparent_air_temperature. For temperatures between 283.706 and 299.817K, the apparent_air_temperature is the ambient air temperature (which has standard name air_temperature). References: https://digital.weather.gov/staticpages/definitions.php; WMO codes registry entry http://codes.wmo.int/grib2/codeflag/4.2/_0-0-21. |
| apparent_oxygen_utilization |
Apparent Oxygen Utilization (often abbreviated as AOU) is the difference between the saturation concentration of oxygen in sea water at a pressure of 1 atmosphere (101325 Pa) and the observed oxygen concentration. It is used to estimate the change in oxygen concentration due to biological and chemical processes. Reference: Broecker, W. S. and T. H. Peng (1982), Tracers in the Sea, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, N. Y. |
| aqueous_phase && net_chemical_production |
"Aqueous phase net chemical production" means the net result of all aqueous chemical processes in fog and clouds that produce or destroy a species, distinct from atmospheric chemical processes in the gaseous phase. |
| aragonite |
Aragonite is a mineral that is a polymorph of calcium carbonate. The chemical formula of aragonite is CaCO3. Standard names also exist for calcite, another polymorph of calcium carbonate. |
| .*_area && ! fraction |
"X_area" means the horizontal area occupied by X within the grid cell. The extent of an individual grid cell is defined by the horizontal coordinates and any associated coordinate bounds or by a string valued auxiliary coordinate variable with a standard name of "region". |
| area_fraction |
"Area fraction" is the fraction of a grid cell's horizontal area that has some characteristic of interest. It is evaluated as the area of interest divided by the grid cell area, or if the cell_methods restricts the evaluation to some portion of that grid cell (e.g. "where sea_ice"), then it is the area of interest divided by the area of the identified portion. It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. |
| area_fraction && ! _area_fraction && ! area_fraction_ |
To specify which area is quantified by a variable with standard name area_fraction, provide a coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with standard name area_type. Alternatively, if one is defined, use a more specific standard name of X_area_fraction for the fraction of horizontal area occupied by X. |
| area_fraction_below_surface |
The quantity with standard name area_fraction_below_surface is the fraction of horizontal area where a given isobaric surface is below the (ground or sea) surface. |
| area_fraction_.*_defined_by_solar_zenith_angle |
A coordinate variable of solar_zenith_angle indicating the day extent should be specified. |
| aromatic_compounds |
Aromatic compounds in organic chemistry are compounds that contain at least one benzene ring of six carbon atoms joined by alternating single and double covalent bonds. The simplest aromatic compound is benzene itself. In standard names "aromatic_compounds" is the term used to describe the group of aromatic chemical species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. Standard names exist for some individual aromatic species, e.g. benzene and xylene. |
| arsenic && !organic_arsenic |
Arsenic means arsenic in all chemical forms, commonly referred to as "total arsenic". |
| artificial_tracer |
"Artificial tracer" means a passive atmospheric tracer that is used to study atmospheric transport and deposition. |
| assuming |
A phrase "assuming_condition" indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. |
| asymmetry_coefficient |
The asymmetry coefficient is the ratio of forward to backward scattered radiative flux. The asymmetry coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. |
| atmosphere_boundary_layer_thickness |
The atmosphere boundary layer thickness is the "depth" or "height" of the (atmosphere) planetary boundary layer. |
| atmosphere_.*_content |
The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. |
| atmosphere_.*convective_mass_flux |
The atmosphere convective mass flux is the vertical transport of mass for a field of cumulus clouds or thermals, given by the product of air density and vertical velocity. For an area-average, "cell_methods" should specify whether the average is over all the area or the area of updrafts only. |
| atmosphere_energy_content |
"Atmosphere energy content" has not yet been precisely defined! Please express your views on this quantity on the CF email list. |
| atmosphere_heat_transport |
"Atmosphere heat transport" means total heat transport by the atmosphere by all processes. |
| atmosphere_hybrid_height || atmosphere_hybrid_sigma_pressure || atmosphere_sigma_coordinate || atmosphere_sleve_coordinate || atmosphere_ln_pressure_coordinate || ocean_s_coordinate || change_in_sigma_coordinate || ocean_double_sigma_coordinate || ocean_sigma_z_coordinate |
See Appendix D of the CF convention for information about parametric vertical coordinates. |
| atmosphere_layer_thickness_expressed_as_geopotential_height_difference |
The quantity with standard name atmosphere_layer_thickness_expressed_as_geopotential_height_difference is the difference of geopotential height between two atmospheric levels. |
| atmosphere_mass_content && aerosol_particles && ! expressed_as |
The mass is the total mass of the particles. |
| atmosphere_mass_content && ! expressed_as && ! particle |
The mass is the total mass of the molecules. |
| atmosphere && meridional && mass_streamfunction |
The "meridional mass streamfunction" is a streamfunction of the zonally averaged mass transport in the meridional plane. |
| atmosphere_mole_content |
The construction "atmosphere_mole_content_of_X" means the vertically integrated number of moles of X above a unit area. |
| atmosphere_moles_of && ! middle |
The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. |
| atmosphere && nitrogen_compounds && ! oxidized && ! reduced |
"Nitrogen compounds" summarizes all chemical species containing nitrogen atoms. Usually, particle bound and gaseous nitrogen compounds, such as atomic nitrogen (N), nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5), nitric acid (HNO3), nitrate (NO3-), peroxynitric acid (HNO4), ammonia (NH3), ammonium (NH4+), bromine nitrate (BrONO2), chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) and organic nitrates (most notably peroxyacetyl nitrate, sometimes referred to as PAN, (CH3COO2NO2)) are included. The list of individual species that are included in this quantity can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. |
| atmosphere_optical_thickness |
The atmosphere optical thickness applies to radiation passing through the entire atmosphere. |
| atmosphere_optical_thickness_due_to_water_in_ambient_aerosol |
"atmosphere_optical_thickness_due_to_water_in_ambient_aerosol" refers to the optical thickness due to the water that is associated with aerosol particles due to hygroscopic growth in ambient air, affecting the radius and refractive index of the particle. It corresponds to the difference between the total dry aerosol optical thickness and the total ambient aerosol optical thickness. |
| atmosphere_surface_drag_coefficient_of_(momentum|heat) |
If the same drag coefficient applies to all surface fluxes, it can be named simply "atmosphere_surface_drag_coefficient". |
| atmosphere_surface_drag_coefficient && ! of_momentum && ! of_heat |
Drag coefficients can be separately specified for momentum and heat; without such specification the coefficient is assumed to apply to all surface fluxes. |
| atmosphere_[^_]*ward_stress |
"Atmosphere_Xward_stress" is a stress which tends to accelerate the atmosphere in direction X. |
| atmosphere_water_vapor_content |
Atmosphere water vapor content is sometimes referred to as "precipitable water", although this term does not imply the water could all be precipitated. |
| atomic_bromine |
The chemical symbol for atomic bromine is Br. |
| atomic_chlorine |
The chemical symbol for atomic chlorine is Cl. |
| atomic_nitrogen |
The chemical symbol for atomic nitrogen is N. |
| atomic_oxygen |
The chemical symbol for atomic oxygen is O. |
| atomic_singlet_oxygen |
The phrase "atomic_singlet_oxygen" means the singlet D state, an excited state, of the oxygen atom. |
| _at_sea_floor |
The *parameter* at the sea floor is that adjacent to the ocean bottom, which would be the deepest grid cell in an ocean model and within the benthic boundary layer for measurements. |
| attenuated_backwards_scattering_function |
The attenuated backwards scattering function includes the effects of two-way attenuation by the medium between a radar source and receiver. |
| attenuated_signal_test_quality_flag |
A quality flag that reports the result of the Attenuated Signal test, which checks for near-flat-line conditions using a range or standard deviation. |
| attenuation_coefficient_of_downwelling_radiative_flux |
Also called "diffuse" attenuation, the attenuation of downwelling radiative flux refers to the decrease with decreasing height or increasing depth of the downwelling component of radiative flux, regardless of incident direction. |
| attenuation_.*_of_.*radiative_flux || attenuated |
Attenuation is the sum of absorption and scattering. Attenuation is sometimes called "extinction". |
| at_top_of_atmosphere_model |
"Top of atmosphere model" means the upper boundary of the top layer of an atmosphere model. |
| autoconversion |
Autoconversion is the process of collision and coalescence which results in the formation of precipitation particles from cloud water droplets or ice crystals. |
| automated_tropical_cyclone_forecasting_system_storm_identifier |
The Automated Tropical Cyclone Forecasting System (ATCF) storm identifier is an 8 character string which identifies a tropical cyclone. The storm identifier has the form BBCCYYYY, where BB is the ocean basin, specifically: AL - North Atlantic basin, north of the Equator; SL - South Atlantic basin, south of the Equator; EP - North East Pacific basin, eastward of 140 degrees west longitude; CP - North Central Pacific basin, between the dateline and 140 degrees west longitude; WP - North West Pacific basin, westward of the dateline; IO - North Indian Ocean basin, north of the Equator between 40 and 100 degrees east longitude; SH - South Pacific Ocean basin and South Indian Ocean basin. CC is the cyclone number. Numbers 01 through 49 are reserved for tropical and subtropical cyclones. A cyclone number is assigned to each tropical or subtropical cyclone in each basin as it develops. Numbers are assigned in chronological order. Numbers 50 through 79 are reserved for internal use by operational forecast centers. Numbers 80 through 89 are reserved for training, exercises and testing. Numbers 90 through 99 are reserved for tropical disturbances having the potential to become tropical or subtropical cyclones. The 90's are assigned sequentially and reused throughout the calendar year. YYYY is the four-digit year. This is calendar year for the northern hemisphere. For the southern hemisphere, the year begins July 1, with calendar year plus one. Reference: Miller, R.J., Schrader, A.J., Sampson, C.R., & Tsui, T.L. (1990), The Automated Tropical Cyclone Forecasting System (ATCF), American Meteorological Society Computer Techniques, 5, 653 - 660. |
| backscattering_ratio |
"Backscattering ratio" is the ratio of the quantity with standard name volume_attenuated_backwards_scattering_function_in_air to the quantity with standard name volume_attenuated_backwards_scattering_function_in_air_assuming_no_aerosol_or_cloud. |
| backwards_scattering || backscattering |
Backwards scattering refers to the sum of scattering into all backward angles i.e. scattering_angle exceeds pi/2 radians. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. |
| barometric_altitude |
Barometric altitude is the altitude determined by a pressure measurement which is converted to altitude through interpolation of the International Standard Atmosphere (ICAO, 1976). A mean sea level pressure of 1013.25 hPa is used for the surface pressure. |
| beam_attenuation_coefficient_of_radiative_flux |
Beam attenuation refers to the decrease of radiative flux along the direction of the incident path. It is distinguished from attenuation of the downwelling component of radiative flux from any incident direction, also called "diffuse" attenuation. |
| beam_consistency_indicator_from_multibeam_acoustic_doppler_velocity_profiler_in_sea_water |
The "beam_consistency_indicator" is the degree to which the magnitudes of a collection (ensemble) of acoustic signals from multiple underwater acoustic transceivers relate to each other. It is used as a data quality assessment parameter in ADCP (acoustic doppler current profiler) instruments and is frequently referred to as correlation magnitude. Convention is that the larger the value, the higher the signal to noise ratio and therefore the better the quality of the current vector measurements; the maximum value of the indicator is 128. |
| bedrock |
"Bedrock" refers to the surface of the consolidated rock, beneath any unconsolidated rock, sediment, soil, water or land ice. |
| bedrock_altitude_change |
The zero of bedrock altitude change is arbitrary. |
| benzene |
The chemical formula for benzene is C6H6. Benzene is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon and has a ring structure consisting of six carbon atoms joined by alternating single and double chemical bonds. Each carbon atom is additionally bonded to one hydrogen atom. There are standard names that refer to aromatic compounds as a group, as well as those for individual species. |
| bergeron_findeisen |
The Bergeron-Findeisen process is the conversion of cloud liquid water to cloud ice arising from the fact that water vapor has a lower equilibrium vapor pressure with respect to ice than it has with respect to liquid water at the same subfreezing temperature. |
| beta_carotene |
The chemical formula of beta-carotene is C40H56. |
| beta_pinene |
The chemical formula for beta-pinene is C10H16. The IUPAC name for beta-pinene is (1S,5S)-6,6-dimethyl-2-methylenebicyclo[3.1.1]heptane. |
| biderectional_reflectance |
"Bidirectional reflectance" depends on the angles of incident and measured radiation. |
| biharmonic && diffusivity |
"biharmonic diffusivity" means diffusivity for use with a biharmonic diffusion operator. |
| binary_mask |
X"_binary_mask" has 1 where condition X is met, 0 elsewhere. |
| biogenic |
"Biogenic" means influenced, caused, or created by natural processes. |
| biogenic_silica |
Biogenic silica is a hydrated form of silica (silicon dioxide) with the chemical formula SiO2.nH2O sometimes referred to as opaline silica or opal. It is created by biological processes and in sea water it is predominantly the skeletal material of diatoms. |
| biological_taxon |
"Biological taxon" is a name or other label identifying an organism or a group of organisms as belonging to a unit of classification in a hierarchical taxonomy. |
| biological_taxon_identifier |
The quantity with standard name biological_taxon_identifier is the machine-readable identifier for the taxon registration in either WoRMS (the AphiaID) or ITIS (the taxonomic serial number or TSN), including namespace. The namespace strings are 'aphia:' or 'tsn:'. For example, Calanus finmarchicus is encoded as either 'aphia:104464' or 'tsn:85272'. For the marine domain WoRMS has more complete coverage and so aphia Ids are preferred. See Section 6.1.2 of the CF convention (version 1.8 or later) for information about biological taxon auxiliary coordinate variables. |
| biological_taxon_name |
The quantity with standard name biological_taxon_name is the human-readable label for the taxon such as Calanus finmarchicus. The label should be registered in either WoRMS (http://www.marinespecies.org) or ITIS (https://www.itis.gov/) and spelled exactly as registered. See Section 6.1.2 of the CF convention (version 1.8 or later) for information about biological taxon auxiliary coordinate variables. |
| biomass_burning_carbon |
"Biomass burning carbon" refers to the rate at which biomass is burned by forest fires etc., expressed as the mass of carbon which it contains. |
| black_carbon |
Black carbon aerosol is composed of elemental carbon. It is strongly light absorbing. |
| black_carbon && aerosol |
Black carbon aerosol is composed of elemental carbon. It is strongly light absorbing. |
| boundary_layer_mixing |
"Boundary layer mixing" means turbulent motions that transport heat, water, momentum and chemical constituents within the atmospheric boundary layer and affect exchanges between the surface and the atmosphere. The atmospheric boundary layer is typically characterised by a well-mixed sub-cloud layer of order 500 metres, and by a more extended conditionally unstable layer with boundary-layer clouds up to 2 km. (Reference: IPCC Third Assessment Report, Working Group 1: The Scientific Basis, 7.2.2.3, https://archive.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tar/wg1/273.htm). |
| brightness_temperature |
The brightness temperature of a body is the temperature of a black body which radiates the same power per unit solid angle per unit area. |
| bromide |
The chemical formula for the bromide anion is Br-. |
| bromine_chloride |
The chemical formula for bromine chloride is BrCl. |
| bromine_monoxide |
The chemical formula for bromine monoxide is BrO. |
| bromine_nitrate |
The chemical formula for bromine nitrate is BrONO2. |
| _bromochloromethane |
The chemical formula for bromochloromethane is CH2BrCl. The IUPAC name is bromochloromethane. |
| bromodichloromethane |
The chemical formula for bromodichloromethane is CHBrCl2. The IUPAC name is bromodichloromethane. |
| brox |
"Brox" describes a family of chemical species consisting of inorganic bromine compounds with the exception of hydrogen bromide (HBr) and bromine nitrate (BrONO2). "Brox" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity with a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. "Inorganic bromine", sometimes referred to as Bry, describes a family of chemical species which result from the degradation of source gases containing bromine (halons, methyl bromide, VSLS) and natural inorganic bromine sources such as volcanoes, sea salt and other aerosols. Standard names that use the term "inorganic_bromine" are used for quantities that contain all inorganic bromine species including HBr and BrONO2. |
| brunt_vaisala_frequency |
Brunt-Vaisala frequency is also sometimes called "buoyancy frequency" and is a measure of the vertical stratification of the medium. |
| burned_area |
"Burned area" means the area of burned vegetation. |
| butane |
The chemical formula for butane is C4H10. Butane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. |
| by_ranging_instrument |
"By ranging instrument" means that the volume backscattering coefficient is obtained through ranging techniques like lidar and radar. |
| cadmium && !organic_cadmium |
Cadmium means cadmium in all chemical forms, commonly referred to as "total cadmium". |
| calcareous_phytoplankton |
"Calcareous phytoplankton" are phytoplankton that produce calcite. |
| calcite || calcareous |
Calcite is a mineral that is a polymorph of calcium carbonate. The chemical formula of calcite is CaCO3. Standard names also exist for aragonite, another polymorph of calcium carbonate. |
| calcium |
The chemical formula for the calcium dication is Ca(2+). |
| canopy |
"Canopy" means the vegetative covering over a surface. The canopy is often considered to be the outer surfaces of the vegetation. Plant height and the distribution, orientation and shape of plant leaves within a canopy influence the atmospheric environment and many plant processes within the canopy. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Canopy. |
| canopy_albedo |
The surface_albedo restricted to the area type "vegetation" is related to canopy_albedo, but the former also includes the effect of radiation being reflected from the ground underneath the canopy. |
| canopy_and_surface_water |
"Canopy and surface water" means the sum of water on the ground and on the canopy. |
| canopy_interception |
"Canopy interception" is the precipitation, including snow, that is intercepted by the canopy of a tree and then evaporates from the leaves. Evaporation of intercepted precipitation excludes plant transpiration and evaporation from the surface beneath the canopy. |
| canopy_resistance |
Canopy resistance is a function of the canopy stomatal resistance (Rstom), the canopy cuticle resistance (Rcuticle), and the soil resistance (Rsoil). |
| canopy_resistance_to_ozone_dry_deposition |
In the case of ozone the uptake by the cuticle is small compared to the uptake through the stomata, reference: Kerstiens and Lendzian, 1989. This means that the cuticle transfer pathway can be neglected in model parameterizations, reference: Ganzeveld and Jos Lelieveld , 1995, doi/10.1029/95JD02266/pdf. |
| canopy_snow |
The phrase "canopy_snow" means snow lying on the canopy. |
| canopy_temperature |
"Canopy temperature" is the bulk temperature of the canopy, not the surface (skin) temperature. |
| canopy_water |
Canopy water is the water on the canopy. |
| carbon13 |
Carbon13 is a stable isotope of carbon having six protons and seven neutrons. |
| carbon14 |
Carbon14 is a radioactive isotope of carbon having six protons and eight neutrons, used in radiocarbon dating. |
| carbon && aerosol && !organic && !elemental && !black |
Chemically, "carbon" is the total sum of elemental, organic, and inorganic carbon. In measurements of carbonaceous aerosols, inorganic carbon is neglected and its mass is assumed to be distributed between the elemental and organic carbon components of the aerosol particles. Reference: Petzold, A., Ogren, J. A., Fiebig, M., Laj, P., Li, S.-M., Baltensperger, U., Holzer-Popp, T., Kinne, S., Pappalardo, G., Sugimoto, N., Wehrli, C., Wiedensohler, A., and Zhang, X.-Y.: Recommendations for reporting "black carbon" measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8365–8379, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8365-2013, 2013. |
| carbonate |
The chemical formula of the carbonate anion is CO3 with an electrical charge of minus two. |
| carbon_dioxide |
The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2. |
| carbon_dioxide_expressed_as_carbon_due_to_emission_from_fires || carbon_dioxide_expressed_as_carbon_due_to_emission_from_vegetation_in_fires || carbon_dioxide_expressed_as_carbon_due_to_emission_from_litter_in_fires |
The quantity with standard name surface_upward_mass_flux_of_carbon_dioxide_expressed_as_carbon_due_to_emission_from_fires is the sum of the quantities with standard names surface_upward_mass_flux_of_carbon_dioxide_expressed_as_carbon_due_to_emission_from_vegetation_in_fires and surface_upward_mass_flux_of_carbon_dioxide_expressed_as_carbon_due_to_emission_from_litter_in_fires. |
| carbon_monoxide |
The chemical formula of carbon monoxide is CO. |
| carbon && river_channel |
The amount of total carbon mass transported in the river channels from land into the ocean. |
| carbon_tetrachloride |
The chemical formula of carbon tetrachloride is CCl4. The IUPAC name for carbon tetrachloride is tetrachloromethane. |
| carbon_tetrafluoride |
The chemical formula for carbon tetrafluoride, also called PFC14, is CF4. The IUPAC name for carbon tetrafluoride is tetrafluoromethane. |
| carbonyl_fluoride |
The chemical formula of carbonyl fluoride is COF2. The IUPAC name for carbonyl fluoride is carbonyl difluoride. |
| carbonyl_sulfide |
The chemical formula for carbonyl sulfide is COS. The IUPAC name for carbonyl sulfide is carbon oxide sulfide. |
| carotene && !alpha && !beta |
"Carotene" refers to the sum of all forms of the carotenoid pigment carotene. |
| cell_ || _cell |
"Cell" refers to a model grid-cell. The extent of an individual grid cell is defined by the horizontal coordinates and any associated coordinate bounds or by a string valued auxiliary coordinate variable with a standard name of "region". |
| center_of_aerosol_layer |
The center corresponds to the mean air pressure of the top and bottom of the layer
containing aerosol particles. |
| cfc11 |
The chemical formula of CFC11 is CFCl3. The IUPAC name for CFC11 is trichloro(fluoro)methane. |
| cfc113 |
The chemical formula of CFC113 is CCl2FCClF2. The IUPAC name for CFC113 is 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane. |
| cfc113a |
The chemical formula of CFC113a is CCl3CF3. The IUPAC name for CFC113a is 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane. |
| cfc114 |
The chemical formula of CFC114 is CClF2CClF2. The IUPAC name for CFC114 is 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane. |
| cfc115 |
The chemical formula of CFC115 is CClF2CF3. The IUPAC name for CFC115 is 1-chloro-1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethane. |
| cfc12 |
The chemical formula for CFC12 is CF2Cl2. The IUPAC name for CFC12 is dichloro(difluoro)methane. |
| change_in_land_ice_amount |
Zero change in land ice amount is an arbitrary level. |
| change_over_time_in |
The phrase "change_over_time_in_X" means change in a quantity X over a time interval, which should be defined by the bounds of the time coordinate. |
| charnock_coefficient |
Coefficient value, based on the Charnock (1955) empirical expression for deriving the quantity with standard name surface_roughness_length_for_momentum_in_air over the ocean. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Charnock%27s_relation. |
| chemical_and_photolytic_production |
The phrase "chemical and photolytic production" means the result of all chemical and photolytic reactions within the medium (here, atmosphere) that produce a certain amount of the particular species. |
| chemical_destruction && atmosphere |
"Chemical destruction" means the result of all chemical reactions within the medium (here, atmosphere) that remove a certain amount of a particular species from the medium. |
| chemical_production && ! aqueous && ! gaseous |
"Chemical production" means the result of all chemical reactions within the medium (here, atmosphere) that produce a certain amount of the particular species. |
| chloride |
The chemical formula for chloride is Cl-. |
| chlorinated_hydrocarbons |
Chlorinated hydrocarbons are a group of chemicals composed of carbon, chlorine and hydrogen. As pesticides, they are also referred to by several other names, including chlorinated organics, chlorinated insecticides and chlorinated synthetics. In standard names "chlorinated_hydrocarbons" is the term used to describe the group of chlorinated hydrocarbon species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. |
| chlorine_dioxide |
The chemical formula for chlorine dioxide is OClO. |
| chlorine_monoxide |
The chemical formula for chlorine monoxide is ClO. |
| chlorine_nitrate |
The chemical formula for chlorine nitrate is ClONO2. |
| chlorophyll |
Chlorophylls are the green pigments found in most plants, algae and cyanobacteria; their presence is essential for photosynthesis to take place. There are several different forms of chlorophyll that occur naturally. All contain a chlorin ring (chemical formula C20H16N4) which gives the green pigment and a side chain whose structure varies. The naturally occurring forms of chlorophyll contain between 35 and 55 carbon atoms. |
| chlorophyll_a |
Chlorophyll-a is the most commonly occurring form of natural chlorophyll. The chemical formula of chlorophyll-a is C55H72O5N4Mg. |
| chlorophyll_b |
The chemical formula of chlorophyll-b is C55H70MgN4O6. |
| chlorophyll_c_ |
Chlorophyll-c means chlorophyll c1+c2+c3. |
| chlorophyll_c1_and_chlorophyll_c2 || chlorophyll_c_ |
Chlorophyll c1c2 (sometimes written c1-c2 or c1+c2) means the sum of chlorophyll c1 and chlorophyll c2. The chemical formula of chlorophyll c1 is C35H30MgN4O5, and chlorophyll c2 is C35H28MgN4O5. |
| chlorophyll_c3 || chlorophyll_c_ |
The chemical formula of chlorophyll c3 is C36H44MgN4O7. |
| chlorophyllide_a |
The chemical formula of chlorophyllide-a is C35H34MgN4O5. |
| chromium && !organic_chromium |
Chromium means chromium in all chemical forms, commonly referred to as "total chromium". |
| clean && sky |
"Clean sky" means in the absence of atmospheric aerosol. |
| clear && sky |
"Clear sky" means in the absence of clouds. |
| clear_sky_area_fraction |
The clear_sky area fraction is for the whole atmosphere column, as seen from the surface or the top of the atmosphere. |
| climatology_test_quality_flag |
A quality flag that reports the result of the Climatology test, which checks that values are within reasonable range bounds for a given time and location. |
| cloud_area_fraction |
Cloud area fraction is also called "cloud amount" and "cloud cover". |
| cloud_area_fraction && ! cloud_area_fraction_in_atmosphere_layer |
The cloud area fraction is for the whole atmosphere column, as seen from the surface or the top of the atmosphere.
For the cloud area fraction between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "cloud_area_fraction_in_atmosphere_layer" are used. Standard names also exist for high, medium and low cloud types. |
| cloud_area_fraction_in_atmosphere_layer |
Standard names referring only to "cloud_area_fraction" should be used for quantities for the whole atmosphere column. Standard names also exist for high, medium and low cloud types. |
| cloud_base |
The phrase "cloud_base" refers to the base of the lowest cloud. |
| cloud_condensation_nuclei |
The ability of a particle to act as a condensation nucleus is determined by its size, chemical composition, and morphology. |
| cloud_condensation_nuclei && number_concentration |
The cloud condensation nuclei number concentration is the total number of aerosol particles per unit volume independent of and integrated over particle size that act as condensation nuclei for liquid-phase clouds. A coordinate variable with the standard name of relative_humidity should be specified to indicate that the property refers to a specific supersaturation with respect to liquid water. |
| cloud_condensation_nuclei && number_size_distribution |
The cloud condensation nuclei number size distribution is the number concentration of aerosol particles, normalised to the decadal logarithmic size interval the concentration applies to, as a function of particle diameter, where the particle acts as condensation nucleus for liquid-phase clouds. A coordinate variable with the standard name of relative_humidity should be specified to indicate that the property refers to a specific supersaturation with respect to liquid water. A coordinate variable with the standard name of electrical_mobility_particle_diameter should be specified to indicate that the property applies at specific mobility particle sizes. To specify the relative humidity at which the particle sizes were selected, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of relative_humidity_for_aerosol_particle_size_selection. |
| cloud_liquid_water |
"Cloud liquid water" refers to the liquid phase of cloud water. A diameter of 0.2 mm has been suggested as an upper limit to the size of drops that shall be regarded as cloud drops; larger drops fall rapidly enough so that only very strong updrafts can sustain them. Any such division is somewhat arbitrary, and active cumulus clouds sometimes contain cloud drops much larger than this. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Cloud_drop. |
| cloud_liquid_water_mixing_ratio |
Cloud liquid water mixing ratio of a parcel of air is the ratio of the mass of liquid water to the mass of dry air. |
| cloud_microphysics |
"Cloud microphysics" is the sum of many cloud processes such as condensation, evaporation, homogeneous nucleation, heterogeneous nucleation, deposition, sublimation, the Bergeron-Findeisen process, riming, accretion, aggregation and icefall. The precise list of processes that are included in "cloud microphysics" can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the processes included, for example, by using a comment attribute. Standard names also exist to describe the tendencies due to the separate processes. |
| cloud_radiative_effect |
Cloud radiative effect is also commonly known as "cloud radiative forcing". It is the difference in radiative flux resulting from the presence of clouds. A positive radiative forcing or radiative effect is equivalent to a downward radiative flux and contributes to a warming of the earth system. |
| cloud_top |
The phrase "cloud_top" refers to the top of the highest cloud. |
| clox |
"Clox" describes a family of chemical species consisting of inorganic chlorine compounds with the exception of hydrogen chloride (HCl) and chlorine nitrate (ClONO2). "Clox" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity with a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. "Inorganic chlorine", sometimes referred to as Cly, describes a family of chemical species which result from the degradation of source gases containing chlorine (CFCs, HCFCs, VSLS) and natural inorganic chlorine sources such as sea salt and other aerosols. Standard names that use the term "inorganic_chlorine" are used for quantities that contain all inorganic chlorine species including HCl and ClONO2. |
| coarse_mode.*aerosol_particles |
Coarse mode aerosol particles have a diameter of more than 1 micrometer. |
| cobalt && !organic_cobalt |
Cobalt means cobalt in all chemical forms, commonly referred to as "total cobalt". |
| collocation_scene |
The "collocation scene" is a grouping of a sensor's adjacent field-of-views centered on a collocation target. The size of the collocation scene is typically about twice that of the collocation target. |
| collocation_target || collocation_scene |
The "collocation target" is an area on the Earth's surface at which observations from at least two sensors are collected. Its size is defined by the sensor with the largest field-of-view footprint. Two events are deemed to be collocated based on some set of spatial, temporal, and viewing geometry criteria. |
| colony_forming_unit |
"Colony forming unit" means an estimate of the viable bacterial or fungal numbers determined by counting colonies grown from a sample. |
| compressive_strength |
"Compressive strength" is a measure of the capacity of a material to withstand compressive forces. If compressive forces are exerted on a material in excess of its compressive strength, fracturing will occur. |
| concentration_of_biological_taxon |
There must be an auxiliary coordinate variable with standard name biological_taxon_name to identify the taxon in human readable format and optionally an auxiliary coordinate variable with standard name biological_taxon_identifier to provide a machine-readable identifier. See Section 6.1.2 of the CF convention (version 1.8 or later) for information about biological taxon auxiliary coordinate variables. |
| condensation |
Condensation is the conversion of vapor into liquid. |
| condensed_water |
The phrase "condensed_water" means liquid and ice. |
| congelation_ice |
"Congelation ice" means the freezing of sea water onto the underside of thin, new sea ice that has been formed by small areas of frazil ice crystals joining together into a continuous layer at the sea surface. Congelation ice forms under calm water conditions; it thickens and stabilizes the layer of sea ice and produces a smooth bottom surface. |
| constant_term_of_radiance_per_unit_wavenumber_correction_due_to_intercalibration |
constant_term_of_radiance_per_unit_wavenumber_correction_due_to_intercalibration is the constant term (offset) of the formula for correcting measured spectral radiance expressed as a function of wavenumber. |
| containing_single |
The construction "X_containing_single_Y" means the standard name refers to only that part of X composed of molecules containing a single atom of isotope Y. |
| content |
"Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. |
| content_of_.*_in_atmosphere_layer |
The "content_of_X_in_atmosphere_layer" refers to the vertical integral between two specified levels in the atmosphere. |
| convective_available_potential_energy |
Convective(ly) available potential energy is often abbreviated as "CAPE". |
| convective_cloud |
Convective cloud is that produced by the convection schemes in an atmosphere model. |
| convective_liquid_water_cloud_top |
The phrase "convective_liquid_water_cloud_top" refers to the top of the highest convective liquid water cloud. |
| convective_mass_flux && net |
Net upward convective mass flux is the difference between the updraft mass flux and the downdraft mass flux. |
| convect && precipitation |
Convective precipitation is that produced by the convection schemes in an atmosphere model. |
| convect && rain |
Convective rain is liquid precipitation produced by the convection schemes in an atmosphere model. |
| convergence_of |
"["horizontal_"]"convergence_of_"X" means [horizontal] convergence of a vector X (i.e. the divergence multiplied by -1); if X does not have a vertical component then "horizontal" should be omitted. |
| conversion_of_snow_to_sea_ice |
"Conversion of snow to sea ice" occurs when the mass of snow accumulated on an area of sea ice is sufficient to cause the ice to become mostly submerged. Waves can then wash over the ice and snow surface and freeze into a layer that becomes "snow ice". |
| copper && !organic_copper |
Copper means copper in all chemical forms, commonly referred to as "total copper". |
| coriolis |
In meteorology and oceanography, the Coriolis effect per unit mass arises solely from the earth's rotation and acts as a deflecting force, normal to the velocity, to the right of the motion in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. Reference: American Meteorological Society Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Coriolis_force. |
| coriolis_parameter |
The Coriolis parameter is twice the component of the earth's angular velocity about the local vertical i.e. 2 W sin L, where L is latitude and W the angular speed of the earth. |
| corrected_for_pure_water_attenuance |
The phrase "corrected for pure water attenuance" means the attenuation coefficient has been adjusted/calibrated to remove the influence of absorption/scattering by the water itself. |
| correlation_of |
"correlation_of_X_and_Y[_over_Z]" means correlation coefficient for variations (over Z e.g. time, longitude) of X and Y. X and Y are ordered alphabetically. |
| covariance_over |
Covariance refers to the sample covariance rather than the population covariance. |
| covariance_over_longitude_of_northward_wind_and_air_temperature |
The quantity with standard name covariance_over_longitude_of_northward_wind_and_air_temperature is the covariance of the deviations of meridional air velocity and air temperature about their respective zonal mean values. The data variable must be accompanied by a vertical coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable and is calculated on an isosurface of that vertical coordinate. |
| crop |
The definition of "crop" is model dependent, for example, some models may include fruit trees, trees grown for timber or other types of agricultural and forestry planting as crops. |
| crop_harvesting |
Crop harvesting means the human activity of collecting plant materials for the purpose of turning them into forestry or agricultural products. |
| crosswave_slope && !direction |
The phrase "crosswave_slope" means that slope values are derived from vector components across (normal to) the axis from which waves are travelling. The primary directional axis along which wave energy associated with the slope calculation is travelling has the standard name sea_surface_mean_square_upwave_slope_direction. |
| data_mask |
X_data_mask has non-missing data (value irrevelant) where condition X is met, missing data elsewhere. |
| defined_by && top_of_atmosphere_mixed_layer |
The phrase "defined_by" provides the information of the tracer used for identifying the atmospheric boundary layer top. |
| denitrification |
"Denitrification" is the conversion of nitrate into gaseous compounds such as nitric oxide, nitrous oxide and molecular nitrogen which are then emitted to the atmosphere. |
| density |
The density of a substance is its mass per unit volume. |
| deposition && cloud |
Deposition is the opposite of sublimation, i.e. it is the conversion of vapor into solid. Deposition in clouds is distinct from the processes of dry deposition and wet deposition of atmospheric aerosol particles, which are referred to in some standard names. |
| deposition && !cloud && !dry && !wet |
"Deposition" is the sum of wet and dry deposition. |
| depth_at_shallowest_local_minimum_in_vertical_profile_of_mole_concentration_of_dissolved_molecular_oxygen_in_sea_water |
The concentration of any chemical species, whether particulate or dissolved, may vary with depth in the ocean. A depth profile may go through one or more local minima in concentration. The depth_at_shallowest_local_minimum_in_vertical_profile_of_mole_concentration_of_dissolved_molecular_oxygen_in_sea_water is the depth of the local minimum in the oxygen concentration that occurs closest to the sea surface. |
| depth_below |
"Depth_below_X" means the vertical distance below the named surface X. |
| depth && ! depth_below |
Depth is the vertical distance below the surface. |
| derivative_of_.*_wrt_ |
"derivative_of_X_wrt_Y" means dX/dY. |
| dew_point |
Dew point temperature is the temperature at which a parcel of air reaches saturation upon being cooled at constant pressure and specific humidity. |
| dew_point_depression |
Dew point depression is also called dew point deficit. It is the amount by which the air temperature exceeds its dew point temperature. |
| diadinoxanthin |
The chemical formula of diadinoxanthin is C40H54O3. |
| diatoms |
Diatoms are phytoplankton with an external skeleton made of silica. |
| diazotrophic_phytoplankton |
Diazotrophic phytoplankton are phytoplankton (predominantly from Phylum Cyanobacteria) that are able to fix molecular nitrogen (gas or solute) in addition to nitrate and ammonium. |
| dibromochloromethane |
The chemical formula for dibromochloromethane is CHBr2Cl. The IUPAC name is dibromochloromethane. |
| dibromomethane |
The chemical formula for dibromomethane is CH2Br2. The IUPAC name is dibromomethane. |
| dichlorine && ! dichlorine_peroxide |
Dichlorine is the molecular form of elemental chlorine with the chemical formula Cl2. |
| dichlorine_peroxide |
The chemical formula for dichlorine peroxide is Cl2O2. |
| difference_of_air_pressure_from_model_reference |
In some atmosphere models, the difference of air pressure from model reference is a prognostic variable, instead of the air pressure itself. The model reference air pressure is a model-dependent constant. |
| diffuse |
"Diffuse" radiation is radiation that has been scattered by gas molecules in the atmosphere and by particles such as cloud droplets and aerosols. |
| diffusivity |
Diffusivity is also sometimes known as the coefficient of diffusion. Diffusion occurs as a result of a gradient in the spatial distribution of mass concentration, temperature or momentum. The diffusivity may be very different in the vertical and horizontal directions. |
| dimethyl_sulfide |
The chemical formula for dimethyl sulfide is (CH3)2S. Dimethyl sulfide is sometimes referred to as DMS. |
| dinitrogen_pentoxide |
The chemical formula for dinitrogen pentoxide is N2O5. |
| direction && displacement |
The "direction of displacement" is the angle between due north and the displacement vector. |
| direction_of |
The phrase "direction_of_X" means direction of a vector, a bearing. The direction is measured positive clockwise from due north. |
| direction_of_radial_vector_away_from_instrument |
The direction_of_radial_vector_away_from_instrument is the direction in which the instrument itself is pointing. The "instrument" (examples are radar and lidar) is the device used to make an observation. The standard name direction_of_radial_vector_toward_instrument should be used for a data variable having the opposite sign convention. |
| direction_of_radial_vector_toward_instrument |
The direction_of_radial_vector_toward_instrument is the direction opposite to that in which the instrument itself is pointing. The "instrument" (examples are radar and lidar) is the device used to make an observation. The standard name direction_of_radial_vector_away_from_instrument should be used for a data variable having the opposite sign convention. |
| direct_radiative_effect |
"X_direct_radiative_effect" refers to the instantaneous radiative impact of X on the Earth's energy balance, excluding secondary effects such as changes in cloud cover which may be caused by X. A positive radiative forcing or radiative effect is equivalent to a downward radiative flux and contributes to a warming of the earth system. |
| direct && shortwave |
"Direct" (also known as "beam") radiation is radiation that has followed a direct path from the sun and is alternatively known as "direct insolation". |
| displacement |
"Displacement" means the change in geospatial position of an object that has moved over time. If possible, the time interval over which the motion took place should be specified using a bounds variable for the time coordinate variable. A displacement can be represented as a vector. Such a vector should however not be interpreted as describing a rectilinear, constant speed motion but merely as an indication that the start point of the vector is found at the tip of the vector after the time interval associated with the displacement variable. A displacement does not prescribe a trajectory. |
| dissipation && sea_water |
The dissipation of kinetic energy arises in ocean models as a result of the viscosity of sea water. |
| dissolved_inorganic_carbon || dissolved_inorganic_13C || dissolved_inorganic_14C |
"Dissolved inorganic carbon" describes a family of chemical species in solution, including carbon dioxide, carbonic acid and the carbonate and bicarbonate anions. "Dissolved inorganic carbon" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. |
| dissolved_inorganic_iron |
"Dissolved inorganic iron" means iron ions, in oxidation states of both Fe2+ and Fe3+, in solution. |
| dissolved_inorganic_phosphorus |
"Dissolved inorganic phosphorus" means the sum of all inorganic phosphorus in solution (including phosphate, hydrogen phosphate, dihydrogen phosphate, and phosphoric acid). |
| dissolved_inorganic_silicon |
"Dissolved inorganic silicon" means the sum of all inorganic silicon in solution (including silicic acid and its first dissociated anion SiO(OH)3-). |
| dissolved_nitrogen |
"Dissolved nitrogen" means the sum of all nitrogen in solution: inorganic nitrogen (nitrite, nitrate and ammonium) plus nitrogen in carbon compounds. |
| dissolved_organic_nitrogen |
"Dissolved organic nitrogen" describes the nitrogen held in carbon compounds in solution. These are mostly generated by plankton excretion and decay. |
| divergence_of |
"[horizontal_]divergence_of_X" means [horizontal] divergence of a vector X; if X does not have a vertical component then "horizontal" should be omitted. |
| downdraft |
"Downdraft" means that the flux is positive in the downward direction (negative upward). |
| (down|up)welling.*(longwave|shortwave|radiative).*_flux |
When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". |
| downward |
"Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). |
| downward_air_velocity |
Downward air velocity is the vertical component of the 3D air velocity vector. The standard name upward_air_velocity may be used for a vector component with the opposite sign convention. |
| downward_eastward |
"Downward eastward" indicates the ZX component of a tensor. |
| downward_eastward_stress |
A downward eastward stress is a downward flux of eastward momentum, which accelerates the lower medium eastward and the upper medium westward. |
| downward_liquid_water_mass_flux_into_groundwater |
The quantity with standard name liquid_water_mass_flux_from_soil_to_groundwater is the downward flux of liquid water within soil at the depth of the water table, or downward flux from the base of the soil model if the water table depth is greater. |
| downward_momentum_flux |
Downward momentum flux is the downward flux of horizontal momentum. |
| downward_northward |
"Downward northward" indicates the ZY component of a tensor. |
| downward_northward_stress |
A downward northward stress is a downward flux of northward momentum, which accelerates the lower medium northward and the upper medium southward. |
| downward_southward |
"Downward southward" indicates the ZY component of a tensor. |
| downward_southward_stress |
A downward southward stress is a downward flux of southward momentum, which accelerates the lower medium southward and the upper medium northward. |
| downward_westward |
"Downward westward" indicates the ZX component of a tensor. |
| downward_westward_stress |
A downward westward stress is a downward flux of westward momentum, which accelerates the lower medium westward and the upper medium eastward. |
| downward_x |
A downward x stress is a downward flux of momentum towards the positive direction of the model's x-axis. |
| downward_x |
"Downward x" indicates the ZX component of a tensor. A downward x stress is a downward flux of momentum, which accelerates the lower medium in the direction of increasing x and and the upper medium in the direction of decreasing x. |
| downward_y |
"Downward y" indicates the ZY component of a tensor. A downward y stress is a downward flux of momentum, which accelerates the lower medium in the direction of increasing y and and the upper medium in the direction of decreasing y. |
| downward_y |
A downward y stress is a downward flux of momentum towards the positive direction of the model's y-axis. |
| downwelling |
Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". |
| drainage_amount_through_base_of_soil_model |
The quantity with standard name drainage_amount_through_base_of_soil_model is the amount of water that drains through the bottom of a soil column extending from the surface to a specified depth. “Drainage” is the process of removal of excess water from soil by gravitational flow. |
| dried_aerosol && !dry_aerosol |
"Dried_aerosol" means that the aerosol sample has been dried from the ambient state, but that the dry state (relative humidity less than 40 per cent) has not necessarily been reached. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". |
| dry_aerosol && !dried_aerosol |
Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. |
| dry_atmosphere_mole_fraction |
The construction "dry_atmosphere_mole_fraction" means that the quantity refers to the whole atmospheric column and is calculated as the total number of particles of X in the column divided by the number of dry air particles in the same column, i.e. the effect of water vapor is excluded. For localized values within the atmospheric medium, standard names including "in_air" are used.
|
| dry_deposition |
"Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling. |
| dry_energy |
Dry energy is the sum of dry static energy and kinetic energy. |
| dry_static_energy || dry_energy |
Dry static energy is the sum of enthalpy and potential energy (itself the sum of gravitational and centripetal potential energy). |
| dry_static_energy || enthalpy || dry_energy |
Enthalpy can be written either as (1) CpT, where Cp is heat capacity at constant pressure, T is absolute temperature, or (2) U+pV, where U is internal energy, p is pressure and V is volume. |
| due_to |
The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. |
| due_to && background |
"Due to background" means caused by a time invariant imposed field which may be either constant over the globe or spatially varying, depending on the ocean model used. |
| due_to_change_in_ocean_mass |
This quantity is sometimes called "barystatic sea level rise" or "barystatic sea level change". It is the part of global-mean sea-level rise which is due to the addition to the ocean of water mass that formerly resided within the land area (as land water storage or land ice) or in the atmosphere (which contains a relatively tiny mass of water). |
| due_to_emission_from_aviation |
The "aviation" sector includes fuel combustion activities related to civil aviation. "Aviation" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 1A3a as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories." |
| due_to && form_drag |
"Due to form drag" refers to a vertical diffusivity resulting from a model scheme representing mesoscale eddy-induced form drag. |
| due_to && tides |
"Due to tides" means due to all astronomical gravity changes which manifest as tides. No distinction is made between different tidal components. |
| duration |
"Duration" is the length of time for which a condition holds. |
| dvorak_tropical_number |
The Advanced Dvorak Technique (ADT) is used to derive a set of Dvorak Tropical numbers using an objective pattern recognition algorithm to determine the intensity of a tropical cyclone by matching observed brightness temperature patterns, maximum sustained winds and minimum sea level pressure to a set of pre-defined tropical cyclone structures. Dvorak Tropical numbers range from 1.0 to 8.0, increasing with storm intensity. Reference: Olander, T. L., & Velden, C. S., The Advanced Dvorak Technique: Continued Development of an Objective Scheme to Estimate Tropical Cyclone Intensity Using Geostationary Infrared Satellite Imagery (2007). American Meteorological Society Weather and Forecasting, 22, 287-298. |
| eastward |
"Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). |
| eastward_air_velocity_relative_to_sea_water |
The eastward motion of air, relative to near-surface eastward current; calculated as eastward_wind minus eastward_sea_water_velocity. |
| eastward_derivative_of_eastward_wind |
The quantity with standard name eastward_derivative_of_eastward_wind is the derivative of the eastward component of wind with respect to distance in the eastward direction for a given atmospheric level. |
| eastward_derivative_of_northward_wind |
The quantity with standard name eastward_derivative_of_northward_wind is the derivative of the northward component of wind with respect to distance in the eastward direction for a given atmospheric level. |
| eastward_derivative_of_wind_from_direction |
The quantity with standard name eastward_derivative_of_wind_from_direction is the derivative of wind from_direction with respect to the change in eastward lateral position for a given atmospheric level. |
| eastward && displacement |
An eastward displacement is the distance calculated from the change in a moving object's longitude between the start and end of the time interval associated with the displacement variable. |
| effective_cloud_top_defined_by_infrared_radiation |
The "effective cloud top defined by infrared radiation" is (approximately) the geometric height above the surface that is one optical depth at infrared wavelengths (in the region of 11 micrometers) below the cloud top that would be detected by visible and lidar techniques. Reference: Minnis, P. et al 2011 CERES Edition-2 Cloud Property Retrievals Using TRMM VIRS and Terra and Aqua MODIS Data x2014; Part I: Algorithms IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 49(11), 4374-4400. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2011.2144601.
|
| effective_radius |
The effective radius of a size distribution of particles, such as aerosols, cloud droplets or ice crystals, is the area weighted mean radius of particle size. It is calculated as the ratio of the third to the second moment of the particle size distribution. |
| electrical_mobility_particle_diameter |
The diameter of an aerosol particle as selected by its electrical mobility. |
| elemental_carbon |
Chemically, "elemental carbon" is the carbonaceous fraction of particulate matter that is thermally stable in an inert atmosphere to high temperatures near 4000K and can only be gasified by oxidation starting at temperatures above 340 C. It is assumed to be inert and non-volatile under atmospheric conditions and insoluble in any solvent (Ogren and Charlson, 1983). In measurements of carbonaceous aerosols, elemental carbon samples may also include some inorganic carbon compounds, whose mass is neglected and assumed to be distributed between the elemental and organic carbon components of the aerosol particles. Reference: Petzold, A., Ogren, J. A., Fiebig, M., Laj, P., Li, S.-M., Baltensperger, U., Holzer-Popp, T., Kinne, S., Pappalardo, G., Sugimoto, N., Wehrli, C., Wiedensohler, A., and Zhang, X.-Y.: Recommendations for reporting "black carbon" measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8365–8379, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8365-2013, 2013. |
| emission_from_agricultural_production |
The "agricultural production" sector comprises the agricultural processes of enteric fermentation, manure management, rice cultivation, agricultural soils and other. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in agriculture-related inventory data. "Agricultural production" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D and 4G as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories". |
| emission_from_agricultural_waste_burning |
The "agricultural waste burning" sector comprises field burning of agricultural residues. "Agricultural waste burning" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 4F as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories". |
| emission_from_energy_production_and_distribution |
The "energy production and distribution" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to energy industries and fugitive emissions from fuels. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in energy-related inventory data. "Energy production and distribution" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A1 and 1B as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories". |
| emission_from_forest_fires |
The "forest fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in forests. "Forest fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories". |
| emission_from_industrial_processes_and_combustion |
The "industrial processes and combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to manufacturing industries and construction, industrial processes related to mineral products, the chemical industry, metal production, the production of pulp, paper, food and drink, and non-energy industry use of lubricants and waxes. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in industry-related inventory data. "Industrial processes and combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A2, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D and 2G as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories". |
| emission_from_land_transport |
The "land transport" sector includes fuel combustion activities related to road transportation, railways and other transportation. "Land transport" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A3b, 1A3c and 1A3e as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories". |
| emission_from_maritime_transport |
"Maritime transport" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 1A3d as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas Inventories". |
| emission_from_residential_and_commercial_combustion |
The "residential and commercial combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to the commercial/institutional sector, the residential sector and the agriculture/forestry/fishing sector. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in the inventory data. "Residential and commercial combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A4a, 1A4b and 1A4c as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories". |
| emission_from_savanna_and_grassland_fires |
The "savanna and grassland fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in non-forested areas. It excludes field burning of agricultural residues. "Savanna and grassland fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories". |
| emission_from_solvent_production_and_use |
The "solvent production and use" sector comprises industrial processes related to the consumption of halocarbons, SF6, solvent and other product use. "Solvent production and use" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 2F and 3 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories". |
| emission_from_waste_treatment_and_disposal |
The "waste treatment and disposal" sector comprises solid waste disposal on land, waste water handling, waste incineration and other waste disposal. "Waste treatment and disposal" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 6A, 6B, 6C and 6D as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories". |
| emission && ! re_emission |
"Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. |
| emissivity |
Emissivity is the ratio of the power emitted by an object to the power that would be emitted by a perfect black body having the same temperature as the object. The emissivity is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength or radiation_frequency is included to specify either the wavelength or the frequency. |
| epineutral && diffusivity |
"epineutral diffusivity" means a lateral diffusivity along a either a neutral or isopycnal density surface due to motion which is not resolved on the grid scale of an ocean model. The type of density surface is dependent on the model formulation. |
| equilibrium_line |
The equilibrium line is the locus of points on a land ice surface at which ice accumulation balances ice ablation over the year. |
| equivalent_pressure_of_atmosphere_.*_content |
The equivalent pressure of a particular constituent of the atmosphere is the surface pressure exerted by the weight of that constituent alone. |
| equivalent_reflectivity_factor |
"Equivalent reflectivity factor" is the radar reflectivity factor that is calculated from the measured radar return power assuming the target is composed of liquid water droplets whose diameter is less than one tenth of the radar wavelength, i.e., treating the droplets as Rayleigh scatterers. The actual radar reflectivity factor would depend on the size distribution and composition of the particles within the target volume and these are often unknown. |
| equivalent_thickness_at_stp |
The equivalent thickness at STP of a particular constituent of the atmosphere is the thickness of the layer that the gas would occupy if it was separated from the other constituents and gathered together at STP. |
| equivalent_thickness_at_stp_of_atmosphere_o3_content |
The equivalent thickness at STP of atmosphere O3 content is the usual way of expressing the ozone content of the atmosphere. It is usually stated in Dobson units, which correspond to 0.01 mm of thickness. The units attribute should therefore be given as 0.01 mm or 1e-5 m. |
| equivalent_thickness_at_stp_of_atmosphere_ozone_content |
equivalent_thickness_at_stp_of_atmosphere_ozone_content is usually measured in Dobson Units which are equivalent to 446.2 micromoles m-2 or an equivalent thickness at STP of 10 micrometers. N.B. Data variables containing column content of ozone can be given the standard name of either equivalent_thickness_at_stp_of_atmosphere_ozone_content or atmosphere_mole_content_of_ozone. The latter name is recommended for consistency with mole content names for chemical species other than ozone. |
| esters |
Esters in organic chemistry are chemical compounds derived by reacting an oxoacid with a hydroxyl compound such as an alcohol or phenol. Esters are usually derived from an inorganic acid or organic acid in which at least one -OH (hydroxyl) group is replaced by an -O-alkyl (alkoxy) group, and most commonly from carboxylic acids and alcohols. That is, esters are formed by condensing an acid with an alcohol. In standard names "esters" is the term used to describe the group of ester species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. |
| ethane && ! methane |
The chemical formula for ethane is C2H6. Ethane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. |
| ethanol |
The chemical formula for ethanol is C2H5OH. |
| ethene |
The chemical formula for ethene is C2H4. Ethene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkenes. There are standard names for the alkene group as well as for some of the individual species. |
| ethers |
Ethers are a class of organic compounds that contain an ether group - an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups - of general formula R-O-R. In standard names "ethers" is the term used to describe the group of ether species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. |
| ethyne |
The chemical formula for ethyne is HC2H. Ethyne is the IUPAC name for this species, which is also commonly known as acetylene. |
| evaporation |
Evaporation is the conversion of liquid or solid into vapor. (The conversion of solid alone into vapor is called "sublimation"). |
| evaporation && ! liquid |
(The conversion of solid alone into vapor is called "sublimation".) |
| evapotranspiration |
"Evapotranspiration" means all water vapor fluxes into the atmosphere from the surface: liquid evaporation, sublimation and transpiration. |
| exner_function |
The term "Exner function" is applied to various quantities in the literature. "Dimensionless Exner function" is the standard name of (p/p0)^(R/Cp), where p is pressure, p0 a reference pressure, R the gas constant and Cp the specific heat at constant pressure. This quantity is also the ratio of in-situ to potential temperature. Standard names for other variants can be defined on request. |
| exner || sea_water_potential_density || sea_water_sigma_theta |
To specify the reference pressure to which the quantity applies, provide a scalar coordinate variable with standard name reference_pressure. |
| expressed_as |
The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction "A_expressed_as_B", where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. |
| fast_soil_pool |
"Fast soil pool" refers to the decay of organic matter in soil with a characteristic period of less than ten years under reference climate conditions of a temperature of 20 degrees Celsius and no water limitations. |
| fertilization |
"Fertilization" means the addition of artificial fertilizers and animal manure to soil for the purpose of increasing plant nutrient concentrations. |
| field_capacity |
The field capacity of soil is the maximum content of water it can retain against gravitational drainage. |
| fire_area |
"Fire area" means the area of detected biomass fire. |
| fires_excluding_anthropogenic_land_use_change |
"Fires excluding anthropogenic land use change" means all natural fires and human ignited fires that are not associated with change of land use. |
| flagellates |
"Flagellates" are a class of single celled organisms that use a flagellum (whip-like structure) for feeding and locomotion. Some flagellates can photosynthesize and others feed on bacteria, with a few flagellates capable of both. |
| flat_line_test_quality_flag |
A quality flag that reports the result of the Flat Line test, which checks for consecutively repeated values within a tolerance. |
| floating_ice_shelf |
A "floating ice shelf", sometimes called a "floating ice sheet", indicates where an ice sheet extending from a land area flows over sea water. |
| flux_correction |
Flux correction is also called "flux adjustment". A positive flux correction is downward i.e. added to the ocean. |
| flux || radiance |
In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. |
| fog |
Fog means water droplets or minute ice crystals close to the surface which reduce visibility in air to less than 1000m. |
| force && sea_surface_tilt |
Several factors contribute to differences in the ocean surface level, including uneven heating, salinity variations, and currents, especially near coastal regions or ice shelves. Differences in surface level result in sea-surface tilt, a force that influences the ice motion. Reference: National Snow and Ice Data Center https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/seaice/processes/dynamics.html. |
| forecast_period |
Forecast period is the time interval between the forecast reference time and the validity time. |
| forecast_reference_time |
The forecast reference time in NWP is the "data time", the time of the analysis from which the forecast was made. It is not the time for which the forecast is valid; the standard name of "time" should be used for that time. |
| forestry_and_agricultural_products |
Examples of "forestry and agricultural products" are paper, cardboard, furniture, timber for construction, biofuels and food for both humans and livestock. Models that simulate land use changes have one or more pools of carbon that represent these products in order to conserve carbon and allow its eventual release into the atmosphere, for example, when the products decompose in landfill sites. |
| formaldehyde |
The chemical formula for formaldehyde is CH2O. The IUPAC name for formaldehyde is methanal. |
| formic_acid |
The chemical formula for formic acid is HCOOH. The IUPAC name for formic acid is methanoic acid. |
| fossil_fuel_combustion |
Fossil fuel combustion includes cement production and flaring of natural gas. |
| fractional_saturation |
Fractional saturation is the ratio of some measure of concentration to the saturated value of the same quantity. |
| fraction_of_surface_downwelling_photosynthetic_radiative_flux_absorbed_by_vegetation |
The quantity with standard name fraction_of_surface_downwelling_photosynthetic_radiative_flux_absorbed_by_vegetation, often called fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FAPAR), is the fraction of incoming solar radiation in the photosynthetically active radiation spectral region that is absorbed by a vegetation canopy. |
| fraction_of_time |
"Fraction of time" is the fraction of a time period defined by the bounds of the time coordinate variable for which a characteristic of interest exists. It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. |
| fraction_of_time_with_sea_ice_area_fraction_above_threshold |
The area threshold value must be specified by supplying a coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of sea_ice_area_fraction. |
| frazil_ice |
"Frazil" consists of needle like crystals of ice, typically between three and four millimeters in diameter, which form as sea water begins to freeze. Salt is expelled during the freezing process and frazil ice consists of nearly pure fresh water. |
| frequency && ! frequency_of_occurrence |
Frequency is the number of oscillations of a wave per unit time. |
| frequency_of_occurrence |
Frequency of occurrence is used in the construction "frequency_of_occurrence_of_X", where X is some event. |
| friction_velocity && air |
Friction velocity is a reference wind velocity derived from the relationship between air density and downward stress and is usually applied at a level close to the surface where stress is assumed to independent of height and approximately proportional to the square of mean velocity. A velocity is a vector quantity. |
| friction_velocity && sea_water |
Friction velocity is a reference ocean velocity derived from the relationship between ocean density and downward stress and is usually applied at a level close to the surface where stress is assumed to be independent of height and approximately proportional to the square of mean velocity. A velocity is a vector quantity. |
| from_direction |
The phrase "from_direction" is used in the construction X_from_direction and indicates the direction from which the velocity vector of X is coming. The direction is a bearing in the usual geographical sense, measured positive clockwise from due north. |
| from_fires || in_fires |
The term "fires" means all biomass fires, whether naturally occurring or ignited by humans. |
| frozen_water |
The phrase "frozen_water" means ice. |
| fucoxanthin && !19 |
The chemical formula of fucoxanthin is C42H58O6. |
| fugacity |
The fugacity is the measured pressure (or partial pressure) of a real gas corrected for the intermolecular forces of that gas, which allows that corrected quantity to be treated like the pressure of an ideal gas in the ideal gas equation PV = nRT. |
| gap_test_quality_flag |
A quality flag that reports the result of the Timing/Gap test, which checks that data have been received within the expected time window and have the correct time stamp. |
| gaseous_divalent_mercury |
"Divalent mercury" means all compounds in which the mercury has two binding sites to other ion(s) in a salt or to other atom(s) in a molecule. |
| gaseous_elemental_mercury |
The chemical symbol for mercury is Hg. |
| gaseous_phase !! net_chemical_production |
"Gaseous phase net chemical production" means the net result of all gaseous chemical processes in the atmosphere that produce or destroy a species, distinct from chemical processes in the aqueous phase. |
| geoid |
The geoid is a surface of constant geopotential with which mean sea level would coincide if the ocean were at rest. (The volume enclosed between the geoid and the sea floor equals the mean volume of water in the ocean). In an ocean GCM the geoid is the surface of zero depth, or the rigid lid if the model uses that approximation. To specify which geoid or geopotential datum is being used as a reference level, a grid_mapping variable should be attached to the data variable as described in Chapter 5.6 of the CF Convention. |
| geopotential |
Geopotential is the sum of the specific gravitational potential energy relative to the geoid and the specific centripetal potential energy. |
| geopotential_datum |
The "geopotential datum" is any estimated surface of constant geopotential used as a datum i.e. a reference level; for the geoid as a datum, specific standard names are available. To specify which geoid or geopotential datum is being used as a reference level, a grid_mapping variable should be attached to the data variable as described in Chapter 5.6 of the CF Convention. |
| geopotential && derivative |
A quantity with standard name Xward_Yward_derivative_of_geopotential is a second spatial derivative of geopotential, P, in the direction specified by X and Y, i.e., d2P/dXdY. |
| geopotential_height |
Geopotential height is the geopotential divided by the standard acceleration due to gravity. It is numerically similar to the altitude (or geometric height) and not to the quantity with standard name "height", which is relative to the surface. |
| geostrophic |
"Geostrophic" indicates that geostrophic balance is assumed, i.e. that the pressure gradient force and the Coriolis force are balanced and the large scale fluid flow is parallel to the isobars. |
| global_average && sea_level_change |
Because global average sea level change quantifies the change in volume of the world ocean, it is not calculated necessarily by considering local changes in mean sea level. |
| global_average_sea_level_change |
Global average sea level change is due to change in volume of the water in the ocean, caused by mass and/or density change, or to change in the volume of the ocean basins, caused by tectonics etc. It is sometimes called "eustatic", which is a term that also has other definitions. It differs from the change in the global average sea surface height relative to the centre of the Earth by the global average vertical movement of the ocean floor. |
| global_average_steric_sea_level_change |
Global average steric sea level change is caused by changes in sea water density due to changes in temperature (thermosteric) and salinity (halosteric). This in turn results in a change in volume of the world ocean. |
| global_average_thermosteric_sea_level_change |
Global average thermosteric sea level change is the part caused by change in density due to change in temperature i.e. thermal expansion. This in turn results in a change in volume of the world ocean. |
| glyoxal && ! methyl |
The chemical formula for glyoxal is CHOCHO. The IUPAC name for glyoxal is ethanedial. |
| graupel |
Graupel consists of heavily rimed snow particles, often called snow pellets; often indistinguishable from very small soft hail except when the size convention that hail must have a diameter greater than 5 mm is adopted. Reference: American Meteorological Society Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Graupel. |
| graupel_and_hail |
Standard names for "graupel_and_hail" should be used to describe data produced by models that do not distinguish between hail and graupel. For models that do distinguish between them, separate standard names for hail and graupel are available. |
| graupel && ! hail |
There are also separate standard names for hail. Standard names for "graupel_and_hail" should be used to describe data produced by models that do not distinguish between hail and graupel. |
| grazing_of_phytoplankton |
"Grazing of phytoplankton" means the grazing of phytoplankton by zooplankton. |
| gross_mole_production |
"Gross mole production" means the rate of creation of biomass, expressed as moles per unit volume, with no correction for respiration loss in terms of quantity of matter. |
| gross_primary_productivity |
Gross primary production is the rate of synthesis of biomass from inorganic precursors by autotrophs ("producers"), for example, photosynthesis in plants or phytoplankton. The producers also respire some of this biomass and the difference is "net_primary_production". "Productivity" means production per unit area. |
| gross_production |
"Gross production" means the rate of creation of biomass per unit volume with no correction for respiration. |
| gross_range_test_quality_flag |
A quality flag that reports the result of the Gross Range test, which checks that values are within reasonable range bounds. |
| gross_rate_of_decrease_in_area_fraction |
The "gross rate of decrease in area fraction" is the fraction of a grid cell that transitions from a given area type per unit time, for example, as a result of land use changes. The quantity described by this standard name is a gross decrease because it includes only land where the use transitions away from the given area type and excludes land that transitions to that area type during the same period. The area type should be specified using a coordinate of scalar coordinate variable with standard name area_type. There is also a standard name for gross_rate_of_increase_in_area_fraction. |
| gross_rate_of_increase_in_area_fraction |
The "rate of increase in area fraction" is the fraction of a grid cell that transitions to a given area type per unit time, for example, as a result of land use changes. The quantity described by this standard name is a gross increase because it includes only land where the use transitions to the given area type and excludes land that transitions away from that area type during the same period. The area type should be specified using a coordinate or scalar coordinate variable with standard name area_type. There is also a standard name for gross_rate_of_decrease_in_area_fraction. |
| grounded_ice_sheet |
"Grounded ice sheet" indicates where the ice sheet rests over bedrock and is thus grounded. It excludes ice-caps, glaciers and floating ice shelves. |
| ground_level |
"Ground level" means the level of the solid surface in land areas without permanent inland water, beneath any snow, ice or surface water. |
| groundwater |
Groundwater is subsurface water below the depth of the water table. |
| growth_limitation && solar_irradiance |
Solar irradiance is essential to the photosynthesis reaction and its presence promotes the growth of phytoplankton populations. "Growth limitation due to solar irradiance" means the ratio of the growth rate of a biological population in the environment (where the amount of sunlight reaching a location may be limited) to the theoretical growth rate if there were no such limit on solar irradiance. |
| gust |
A gust is a sudden brief period of high wind speed. In an observed timeseries of wind speed, the gust wind speed can be indicated by a cell_methods of "maximum" for the time-interval. In an atmospheric model which has a parametrised calculation of gustiness, the gust wind speed may be separately diagnosed from the wind speed. |
| hail |
Hail is precipitation in the form of balls or irregular lumps of ice, often restricted by a size convention to diameters of 5 mm or more. Reference: American Meteorological Society Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Hail. |
| hail && ! graupel |
For diameters of less than 5 mm standard names for "graupel" should be used. Standard names for "graupel_and_hail" should be used to describe data produced by models that do not distinguish between hail and graupel. |
| halon1202 |
The chemical formula for Halon1202 is CBr2F2. The IUPAC name for Halon1202 is dibromo(difluoro)methane. |
| halon1211 |
The chemical formula for Halon1211 is CBrClF2. The IUPAC name for Halon1211 is bromo-chloro-difluoromethane. |
| halon1301 |
The chemical formula for Halon1301 is CBrF3. The IUPAC name for Halon1301 is bromo(trifluoro)methane. |
| halon2402 |
The chemical formula for Halon2402 is C2Br2F4. The IUPAC name for Halon2402 is 1,2-dibromo-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane. |
| halosteric_change_in_mean_sea_level |
Halosteric sea level change is the part caused by change in sea water density due to change in salinity. |
| halosteric_change_in_sea_surface_height |
The halosteric change in sea surface height is the change in height that a water column of standard practical salinity S=35.0 would undergo when its salinity is changed to the observed value. |
| hcc140a |
The chemical formula for HCC140a, also called methyl chloroform, is CH3CCl3. The IUPAC name for HCC140a is 1,1,1-trichloroethane. |
| hcfc141b |
The chemical formula for HCFC141b is CH3CCl2F. The IUPAC name for HCFC141b is 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane. |
| hcfc142b |
The chemical formula for HCFC142b is CH3CClF2. The IUPAC name for HCFC142b is 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane. |
| hcfc22 |
The chemical formula for HCFC22 is CHClF2. The IUPAC name for HCFC22 is chloro(difluoro)methane. |
| heat_flux_due_to_anthropogenic_energy_consumption |
The heat flux due to anthropogenic energy consumption results from non-renewable human primary energy consumption, including energy use by vehicles, commercial and residential buildings, industry, and power plants. Primary energy refers to energy in natural resources, fossil and non-fossil, before conversion into other forms, such as electricity. |
| heat_index_of_air_temperature |
The quantity with standard name heat_index_of_air_temperature is the perceived air temperature when relative humidity is taken into consideration (which makes it feel hotter than the actual air temperature). Heat index is only defined when the ambient air temperature is at or above 299.817 K. References: https://www.weather.gov/safety/heat-index; WMO codes registry entry http://codes.wmo.int/grib2/codeflag/4.2/_0-0-12. |
| heave_down |
"Down" indicates that positive values of heave represent the platform moving down as viewed by an observer on top of the platform facing forward. The standard name platform_heave_up should be used for data having the opposite sign convention. The standard name platform_heave should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. |
| heave_rate_down |
"Down" indicates that positive values of heave rate represent the platform moving down as viewed by an observer on top of the platform facing forward. The standard name platform_heave_rate_up should be used for data having the opposite sign convention. The standard name platform_heave_rate should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. |
| heave_rate_up |
"Up" indicates that positive values of heave rate represent the platform moving up as viewed by an observer on top of the platform facing forward. The standard name platform_heave_rate_down should be used for data having the opposite sign convention. The standard name platform_heave_rate should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. |
| heave_up |
"Up" indicates that positive values of heave represent the platform moving up as viewed by an observer on top of the platform facing forward. The standard name platform_heave_down should be used for data having the opposite sign convention. The standard name platform_heave should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. |
| height_above |
"Height_above_X" means the vertical distance above the named surface X. |
| height && ! (geopotential|hybrid)_height && ! height_above && ! wave |
Height is the vertical distance above the surface. |
| height_of_cloud_optical_centroid |
The cloud height at optical centroid is a height within the cloud, near the optical thickness center of the cloud. There is also a standard name for air_pressure_at_cloud_optical_centroid. |
| height && sea && wave && ! significant |
Wave height is defined as the vertical distance from a wave trough to the following wave crest. |
| heterogeneous_nucleation |
Heterogeneous nucleation occurs when a small particle of a substance other than water acts as a freezing or condensation nucleus. |
| heterotrophic_respiration |
Heterotrophic respiration is respiration by heterotrophs ("consumers"), which are organisms (including animals and decomposers) that consume other organisms or dead organic material, rather than synthesising organic material from inorganic precursors using energy from the environment (especially sunlight) as autotrophs ("producers") do. Heterotrophic respiration goes on within both the soil and litter pools. |
| hexachlorobiphenyl |
The chemical formula for hexachlorobiphenyl is C12H4Cl6. The structure of this species consists of two linked benzene rings, each of which is additionally bonded to three chlorine atoms. |
| hfc125 |
The chemical formula for hfc125 is CF3CF2H. The IUPAC name for hfc125 is 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane. |
| hfc134a |
The chemical formula for hfc134a is CF3CFH2. The IUPAC name for hfc134a is 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane. |
| hfc143a |
The chemical formula for hfc143a is CF3CH3. The IUPAC name for hfc143a is 1,1,1-trifluoroethane. |
| hfc152a |
The chemical formula for hfc152a is CF2HCH3. The IUPAC name for hfc152a is 1,1-difluoroethane. |
| hfc23 |
The chemical formula for hfc23 is CF3H. The IUPAC name for hfc23 is trifluoromethane. |
| hfc32 |
The chemical formula for hfc32 is CF2H2. The IUPAC name for hfc32 is difluoromethane. |
| high_type_cloud |
High type clouds are: Cirrus, Cirrostratus, Cirrocumulus. |
| histogram_of |
"histogram_of_X[_over_Z]" means histogram (i.e. number of counts for each range of X) of variations (over Z) of X. The data variable should have an axis for X. |
| homogeneous_nucleation |
Homogeneous nucleation occurs when a small number of water molecules combine to form a freezing or condensation nucleus. |
| horizontal |
"Horizontal" refers to the local horizontal, i.e. perpendicular to the local gravity vector at the location in which the quantity is calculated. |
| horizontal_mixing |
"Horizontal mixing" means any horizontal transport other than by advection and parameterized eddy advection, usually represented as horizontal diffusion in ocean models. |
| horizontal_streamfunction |
"Horizontal" indicates that the streamfunction applies to a horizontal velocity field on a particular vertical level. |
| horizontal && stress |
Horizontal stress refers to the stress in the horizontal plane. |
| horizontal_velocity_potential |
"Horizontal" indicates that the velocity potential applies to a horizontal velocity field on a particular vertical level. |
| hox |
"HOx" means a combination of two radical species containing hydrogen and oxygen, OH and HO2. |
| humidity_mixing_ratio |
Humidity mixing ratio of a parcel of moist air is the ratio of the mass of water vapor to the mass of dry air. |
| hydraulic_conductivity |
Hydraulic conductivity is the constant k in Darcy's Law q=-k grad h for fluid flow q (volume transport per unit area i.e. velocity) through a porous medium, where h is the hydraulic head (pressure expressed as an equivalent depth of water). |
| hydrocarbon || alkane || alkene |
"Hydrocarbon" means a compound containing hydrogen and carbon. |
| hydrogen_bromide |
The chemical formula for hydrogen bromide is HBr. |
| hydrogen_chloride |
The chemical formula for hydrogen chloride is HCl. |
| hydrogen_cyanide |
The chemical formula for hydrogen cyanide is HCN. |
| hydrogen_peroxide |
The chemical formula for hydrogen peroxide is H2O2. |
| hydrogen_sulfide |
The chemical formula of hydrogen sulfide is H2S. |
| hydroperoxyl_radical |
The chemical formula for the hydroperoxyl radical is HO2. |
| hydroxyl_radical |
The chemical formula for the hydroxyl radical is OH. |
| hypobromous_acid |
The chemical formula for hypobromous acid is HOBr. |
| hypochlorous_acid |
The chemical formula for hypochlorous acid is HOCl. |
| ice_algae |
Sea-ice algae (or simply 'ice algae' when the context of sea ice is clear) refer to algae uniquely able to thrive within the sea-ice environment. This distinction from phytoplankton is essential, as several phytoplankton species that become trapped in sea ice eventually perish due to a lack of genetic adaptation or acclimation strategies to survive such conditions. By referring to 'sea-ice algae,' we highlight these algae's specific features and ecological significance within the sea-ice habitat. |
| ice_and_snow_on_land |
The phrase "ice_and_snow_on_land" means ice in glaciers, ice caps, ice sheets and shelves, river and lake ice, any other ice on a land surface, such as frozen flood water, and snow lying on such ice or on the land surface. |
| iceberg_thermodynamics |
"Iceberg thermodynamics" refers to the addition or subtraction of mass due to surface and basal fluxes, i.e., due to melting, sublimation and fusion. |
| ice_floe |
An ice floe is a flat expanse of sea ice, generally taken to be less than 10 km across. "Lateral growth of ice floe" means the accumulation of ice at the extreme edges of the ice area. |
| ice_on_sea_ice_melt_pond |
The water in melt ponds can refreeze at the surface, giving rise to a layer of ice on the melt pond, which is turn resting on the sea_ice below. |
| indicative_error_from_multibeam_acoustic_doppler_velocity_profiler_in_sea_water |
Sea water velocity is a vector quantity that is the speed at which water travels in a specified direction. The "indicative error" is an estimate of the quality of a seawater velocity profile measured using an ADCP (acoustic doppler current profiler). It is determined by differencing duplicate error velocity measurements made using different pairs of beams. The parameter is frequently referred to as the "error velocity". |
| in_dry_air |
The phrase "in_dry_air" means that the quantity is calculated as the number of particles of X divided by the number of dry air particles, i.e. the effect of water vapor is excluded. |
| infragravity_wave |
Infragravity waves are waves occurring in the frequency range 0.04 to 0.004 s^-1 (wave periods of 25 to 250 seconds). |
| inorganic_ammonium && soil |
The quantity with standard name soil_mass_content_of_inorganic_nitrogen_expressed_as_nitrogen is the sum of the quantities with standard names soil_mass_content_of_inorganic_ammonium_expressed_as_nitrogen and soil_mass_content_of_inorganic_nitrate_expressed_as_nitrogen. |
| inorganic_bromine |
"Inorganic bromine", sometimes referred to as Bry, describes a family of chemical species which result from the degradation of source gases containing bromine (halons, methyl bromide, VSLS) and natural inorganic bromine sources such as volcanoes, sea salt and other aerosols. "Inorganic bromine" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. Standard names that use the term "brox" are used for quantities that contain all inorganic bromine species except HBr and BrONO2. |
| inorganic_carbon && !dissolved |
"Inorganic carbon" describes a family of chemical species and is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.
|
| inorganic_chlorine |
"Inorganic chlorine", sometimes referred to as Cly, describes a family of chemical species which result from the degradation of source gases containing chlorine (CFCs, HCFCs, VSLS) and natural inorganic chlorine sources such as sea salt and other aerosols. "Inorganic chlorine" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. Standard names that use the term "clox" are used for quantities that contain all inorganic chlorine species except HCl and ClONO2. |
| inorganic_nitrate && soil |
The quantity with standard name soil_mass_content_of_inorganic_nitrogen_expressed_as_nitrogen is the sum of the quantities with standard names soil_mass_content_of_inorganic_ammonium_expressed_as_nitrogen and soil_mass_content_of_inorganic_nitrate_expressed_as_nitrogen. |
| inorganic_nitrogen && ocean |
"Inorganic nitrogen" describes a family of chemical species which, in an ocean model, usually includes nitrite, nitrate and ammonium which act as nitrogen nutrients. "Inorganic nitrogen" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. |
| inorganic_nitrogen && sea |
"Inorganic nitrogen" describes a family of chemical species which, in an ocean model, usually includes nitrite, nitrate and ammonium which act as nitrogen nutrients. "Inorganic nitrogen" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. |
| inorganic_nitrogen && soil |
"Inorganic nitrogen" describes a family of chemical species which, in soil, usually consists of nitrate and ammonium compounds which act as nitrogen nutrients. The quantity with standard name soil_mass_content_of_inorganic_nitrogen_expressed_as_nitrogen is the sum of the quantities with standard names soil_mass_content_of_inorganic_ammonium_expressed_as_nitrogen and soil_mass_content_of_inorganic_nitrate_expressed_as_nitrogen. |
| in_sea_water_excluding_solutes_and_solids |
The phrase "in_sea_water_excluding_solutes_and_solids" means that the standard name refers only to the chemical compound water and does not include material that may be dissolved or suspended in the aqueous medium. |
| insoluble && aerosol |
"Insoluble aerosol" means aerosol which is not soluble in water, such as mineral dusts. At low temperatures such particles can be efficient nuclei for ice clouds. |
| instantaneous_[^_]*_forcing |
Instantaneous forcing is the radiative flux change caused instantaneously by an imposed change in radiative forcing agent (greenhouse gases, aerosol, solar radiation, etc.). A positive radiative forcing or radiative effect is equivalent to a downward radiative flux and contributes to a warming of the earth system. |
| integral_of_air_temperature_(excess|deficit)_wrt_time |
Its integral with respect to time is often called after its units of "degree-days". |
| integral_wrt && ! depth && ! height |
The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. |
| integral_wrt_depth || integral_wrt_height |
The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. To specify the limits of the integral the data variable should have an axis for X and associated coordinate bounds. If no axis for X is associated with the data variable, or no coordinate bounds are specified, it is assumed that the integral is calculated over the entire vertical extent of the medium, e.g, if the medium is air the integral is assumed to be calculated over the full depth of the atmosphere. |
| integral_wrt_depth && sea_water_density |
For Boussinesq models, density is the constant Boussinesq reference density, a quantity which has the standard name reference_sea_water_density_for_boussinesq_approximation. |
| iodine_monoxide |
The chemical formula for iodine_monoxide is IO. |
| iron_growth_limitation |
"Iron growth limitation" means the ratio of the growth rate of a biological population in the environment (where there is a finite availability of iron) to the theoretical growth rate if there were no such limit on iron availability. |
| iron && !organic_iron |
Iron means iron in all chemical forms, commonly referred to as "total iron". |
| irradiance && ! spherical |
"Irradiance" means the power per unit area (called radiative flux in other standard names), the area being normal to the direction of flow of the radiant energy. |
| irrigation |
"Irrigation" includes water used to sustain crops, trees, pastures and urban lawns. |
| isccp_cloud_area_fraction |
The ISCCP cloud area fraction is diagnosed from atmosphere model output by the ISCCP simulator software in such a way as to be comparable with the observational diagnostics of ISCCP (the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project). |
| isoprene |
The chemical formula for isoprene is CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2. The IUPAC name for isoprene is 2-methylbuta-1,3-diene. Isoprene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as terpenes. There are standard names for the terpene group as well as for some of the individual species. |
| isostatic_adjustment |
Isostatic adjustment is the vertical movement of the lithosphere due to changing surface ice and water loads. |
| isotope_ratio |
The phrase "isotope_ratio" is used in the construction isotope_ratio_of_A_to_B where A and B are both named isotopes. It means the ratio of the number of atoms of A to the number of atoms of B present within a medium. |
| ketones |
In organic chemistry, a ketone is a compound with the structure RC(=O)R', where R and R' can be a variety of atoms and groups of atoms. It features a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two other carbon atoms. Acetone is the simplest example of a ketone. In standard names "ketones" is the term used to describe the group of ketone species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. |
| lagrangian_tendency |
The Lagrangian tendency of a quantity is its rate of change following the motion of the fluid, also called the "material derivative" or "convective derivative". |
| lagrangian_tendency_of_air_pressure |
The Lagrangian tendency of air pressure, often called "omega", plays the role of the upward component of air velocity when air pressure is being used as the vertical coordinate. If the vertical air velocity is upwards, it is negative when expressed as a tendency of air pressure; downwards is positive. |
| lagrangian_tendency_of_atmosphere_sigma_coordinate |
The Lagrangian tendency of sigma plays the role of the upward component of air velocity when the atmosphere sigma coordinate (a dimensionless atmosphere vertical coordinate) is being used as the vertical coordinate. If the vertical air velocity is upwards, it is negative when expressed as a tendency of sigma; downwards is positive. |
| land_binary_mask |
1 = land, 0 = sea. |
| land_cover |
A variable with the standard name of "land_cover" contains strings which indicate the nature of the anthropogenic land use or vegetation e.g. urban, grass, needleleaf trees, ice. These strings have not yet been standardised. The alternative standard name of "surface_cover" is a generalisation of "land_cover". |
| land_cover_lccs |
A variable with the standard name of land_cover_lccs contains strings which indicate the nature of the surface, e.g. cropland_..., tree_... . Each string should represent a land cover class constructed using the Land Cover Classification System (LCCS; Di Gregorio A., 2005, UN Land Cover Classification System (LCCS) - Classification concepts and user manual for Software version 2; available at www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X0596E/X0596e00.htm). String values should represent the classifiers used to define each class. |
| land_cover || soil_type |
Alternatively, the data variable may contain integers which can be translated to strings using "flag_values" and "flag_meanings" attributes. |
| land_ice |
"Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves. |
| land_ice_[^_]*_?basal_melt_rate |
The land ice basal melt rate is the rate at which ice is lost per unit area at the base of the ice. |
| land_ice && basal_specific_mass_balance |
"Basal specific mass balance" means the net rate at which ice is added per unit area at the land ice base. |
| land_ice_basal_temperature |
The standard name land_ice_basal_temperature means the temperature of the land ice at its lower boundary. |
| land_ice_[^_]*_?calving_rate |
The land ice calving rate is the rate at which ice is lost per unit area through calving into the ocean. |
| land_ice_runoff |
Runoff flux over land ice is the difference between any available liquid water in the snowpack due to rainfall and melting minus any refreezing and liquid water retained in the snowpack. |
| land_ice && specific_mass_balance |
"Specific mass balance" means the net rate at which ice is added. A negative value means loss of ice. For an area-average, the cell_methods attribute should be used to specify whether the average is over the area of the whole grid cell or the area of land ice only. |
| land_ice_specific_mass_flux_due_to_calving |
"Specific mass flux due to calving" means the change in land ice mass per unit area resulting from iceberg calving. A negative value means loss of ice. For an area-average, the cell_methods attribute should be used to specify whether the average is over the area of the whole grid cell or the area of land ice only. |
| land_ice_specific_mass_flux_due_to_calving_and_ice_front_melting |
"Specific mass flux due to calving and ice front melting" means the change in land ice mass per unit area resulting from iceberg calving and melting on the vertical ice front. A negative value means loss of ice. For an area-average, the cell_methods attribute should be used to specify whether the average is over the area of the whole grid cell or the area of land ice only. |
| land_ice && surface_specific_mass_balance |
"Surface specific mass balance" means the net rate at which ice is added per unit area at the land ice surface due to all processes of surface accumulation and ablation. |
| land_ice_velocity |
Land ice velocity is defined as a two-dimensional vector, with no vertical component. |
| land_ice_vertical_mean_._velocity |
The vertical mean land ice velocity is the average from the bedrock to the surface of the ice. |
| land_surface_liquid_water |
The quantity with standard name land_surface_liquid_water_amount includes water in rivers, wetlands, lakes, reservoirs and liquid precipitation intercepted by the vegetation canopy. |
| land_water_amount |
The phrase "land_water_amount", often known as "Terrestrial Water Storage", includes: surface liquid water (water in rivers, wetlands, lakes, reservoirs, rainfall intercepted by the canopy); surface ice and snow (glaciers, ice caps, grounded ice sheets not displacing sea water, river and lake ice, other surface ice such as frozen flood water, snow lying on the surface and intercepted by the canopy); subsurface water (liquid and frozen soil water, groundwater). |
| laplacian && diffusivity |
"laplacian diffusivity" means diffusivity for use with a Laplacian diffusion operator. |
| lapse_rate |
A lapse rate is the negative derivative of a quantity with respect to increasing height above the surface, or the (positive) derivative with respect to increasing depth. |
| latitude |
Latitude is positive northward; its units of "degree_north" (or equivalent) indicate this explicitly. In a latitude-longitude system defined with respect to a rotated North Pole, the standard name of "grid_latitude" should be used instead of "latitude". Grid latitude is positive in the grid-northward direction, but its units should be plain "degree". |
| leaching |
"Leaching" means the loss of water soluble chemical species from soil. |
| lead && !organic_lead |
Lead means lead in all chemical forms, commonly referred to as "total lead". |
| leads |
Leads are stretches of open water within wider areas of sea ice. |
| lightning_flash |
A lightning flash is a compound event, usually consisting of several discharges. |
| limonene |
The chemical formula for limonene is C10H16. The IUPAC name for limonene is 1-methyl-4-prop-1-en-2-ylcyclohexene. Limonene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as terpenes. There are standard names for the terpene group as well as for some of the individual species. |
| linear_term_of_radiance_per_unit_wavenumber_correction_due_to_intercalibration |
linear_term_of_spectral_radiance_correction_due_to_intercalibration is the linear term (slope) of the formula for correcting measured spectral radiance expressed as a function of wavenumber. |
| liquid_evaporation |
Liquid evaporation is the conversion of liquid into vapor; it excludes sublimation. |
| liquid_precipitation |
"Liquid_precipitation" includes both "rain" and "drizzle". "Rain" means drops of water falling through the atmosphere that have a diameter greater than 0.5 mm. "Drizzle" means drops of water falling through the atmosphere that have a diameter typically in the range 0.2-0.5 mm. |
| lithium && !organic_lithium |
Lithium means lithium in all chemical forms, commonly referred to as "total lithium". |
| litter |
"Litter" is dead plant material in or above the soil. It is distinct from coarse wood debris. The precise distinction between "fine" and "coarse" is model dependent. |
| litter_carbon |
"Litter carbon" is dead inorganic material in or above the soil quantified as the mass of carbon which it contains. |
| litter_carbon_flux |
The litter carbon flux is the rate of production of litter. |
| litter_mass_content_of_carbon |
The sum of the quantities with standard names surface_litter_mass_content_of_carbon and subsurface_litter_mass_content_of_carbon has the standard name litter_mass_content_of_carbon. |
| litter_mass_content_of_nitrogen || wood_debris_mass_content_of_nitrogen |
The sum of the quantities with standard names surface_litter_mass_content_of_nitrogen and subsurface_litter_mass_content_of_nitrogen has the standard name litter_mass_content_of_nitrogen. |
| ln |
"ln_X" means natural logarithm of X. X must be dimensionless. |
| location_test_quality_flag |
A quality flag that reports the result of the Location test, which checks that a location is within reasonable bounds. |
| log10 |
"log10_X" means common logarithm (i.e. base 10) of X. X must be dimensionless. |
| longitude |
Longitude is positive eastward; its units of "degree_east" (or equivalent) indicate this explicitly. In a latitude-longitude system defined with respect to a rotated North Pole, the standard name of "grid_longitude" should be used instead of "longitude". Grid longitude is positive in the grid-eastward direction, but its units should be plain "degree". |
| longwave |
The term "longwave" means longwave radiation. |
| lowest_astronomical_tide |
"Lowest astronomical tide" describes a local vertical reference based on the lowest water level that can be expected to occur under average meteorological conditions and under any combination of astronomical conditions. |
| low_type_cloud |
Low type clouds are: Stratus, Stratocumulus, Cumulus, Cumulonimbus. |
| lutein |
The chemical formula of lutein is C40H56O2. |
| lwe |
The abbreviation "lwe" means liquid water equivalent. |
| lwe_thickness_of_.*_amount || lwe_thickness_of_.*_content |
The construction "lwe_thickness_of_"X"_amount" or "_content" means the vertical extent of a layer of liquid water having the same mass per unit area. |
| magnesium |
The chemical formula for the magnesium dication is Mg(2+). |
| magnitude_of |
The phrase "magnitude_of_X" means magnitude of a vector X. |
| magnitude_of_air_velocity_relative_to_sea_water |
The quantity with standard name magnitude_of_air_velocity_relative_to_sea_water is the speed of the motion of the air relative to the near-surface current, usually derived from vectors. The components of the relative velocity vector have standard names eastward_air_velocity_relative_to_sea_water and northward_air_velocity_relative_to_sea_water. |
| manganese && !organic_manganese |
Manganese means manganese in all chemical forms, commonly referred to as "total manganese". |
| mass_concentration |
"Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". |
| mass_concentration_of_19_butanoyloxyfucoxanthin_in_sea_water |
The equivalent term in the NERC P01 Parameter Usage Vocabulary may be found at http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/BUTAXXXX/1/. |
| mass_concentration_of_19_hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin_in_sea_water |
The equivalent term in the NERC P01 Parameter Usage Vocabulary may be found at http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/HEXAXXXX/2/. |
| mass_concentration_of_adenosine_triphosphate_in_sea_water |
The equivalent term in the NERC P01 Parameter Usage Vocabulary may be found at http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/ATPXZZDZ/2/. |
| mass_concentration_of_alpha_carotene_in_sea_water |
The equivalent term in the NERC P01 Parameter Usage Vocabulary may be found at http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/BECAXXP1/2/. |
| mass_concentration_of_beta_carotene_in_sea_water |
The equivalent term in the NERC P01 Parameter Usage Vocabulary may be found at http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/BBCAXXP1/2/. |
| mass_concentration_of_carotene_in_sea_water |
The equivalent term in the NERC P01 Parameter Usage Vocabulary may be found at http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/CAROXXXX/1/. |
| mass_concentration_of_chlorophyll_b_in_sea_water |
The equivalent term in the NERC P01 Parameter Usage Vocabulary may be found at http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/CHLBXXPX/2/. |
| mass_concentration_of_chlorophyll_c1_and_chlorophyll_c2_in_sea_water |
The equivalent term in the NERC P01 Parameter Usage Vocabulary may be found at http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/CHLC12PX/3/. |
| mass_concentration_of_chlorophyll_c3_in_sea_water |
The equivalent term in the NERC P01 Parameter Usage Vocabulary may be found at http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/CHLC03PX/2/. |
| mass_concentration_of_diadinoxanthin_in_sea_water |
The equivalent term in the NERC P01 Parameter Usage Vocabulary may be found at http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/DIADXXXX/2/. |
| mass_concentration_of_fucoxanthin_in_sea_water |
The equivalent term in the NERC P01 Parameter Usage Vocabulary may be found at http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/FUCXZZZZ/2/. |
| mass_concentration_of_liquid_water_in_air |
The mass concentration of liquid water takes into account all cloud droplets and liquid precipitation regardless of drop size or fall speed. |
| mass_concentration_of_peridinin_in_sea_water |
The equivalent term in the NERC P01 Parameter Usage Vocabulary may be found at http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/PERDXXXX/2/. |
| mass_concentration_of_phytoplankton |
Standard names also exist for the mass concentration of a number of components that make up the total phytoplankton population, such as diatoms, diazotrophs, calcareous phytoplankton, picophytoplankton and miscellaneous phytoplankton. |
| mass_concentration_of_prasinoxanthin_in_sea_water |
The equivalent term in the NERC P01 Parameter Usage Vocabulary may be found at http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/PXAPXXXX/2/. |
| mass_concentration_of_zeaxanthin_in_sea_water |
The equivalent term in the NERC P01 Parameter Usage Vocabulary may be found at http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/ZEAXXXXX/2/. |
| mass_content_of_water_in_soil && ! layer |
The mass content of water in soil refers to the vertical integral from the surface down to the bottom of the soil model. |
| mass_ && drizzle |
"Drizzle" means drops of water falling through the atmosphere that have a diameter typically in the range 0.2-0.5 mm. |
| mass_fraction |
"Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". |
| mass_fraction_of_rainfall_falling_onto_surface_snow |
The quantity with standard name mass_fraction_of_rainfall_falling_onto_surface_snow is the mass of rainfall falling onto snow as a fraction of the mass of rainfall falling within the area of interest. The horizontal domain over which the quantity is calculated is described by the associated coordinate variables and coordinate bounds or by a coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "region" supplied according to section 6.1.1 of the CF conventions. |
| mass_fraction_of_solid_precipitation_falling_onto_surface_snow |
The quantity with standard name mass_fraction_of_solid_precipitation_falling_onto_surface_snow is the mass of solid precipitation falling onto snow as a fraction of the mass of solid precipitation falling within the area of interest. The horizontal domain over which the quantity is calculated is described by the associated coordinate variables and coordinate bounds or by a coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "region" supplied according to section 6.1.1 of the CF conventions. |
| mass_mixing ratio |
Mass mixing ratio is used in the construction "mass_mixing_ratio_of_X_with_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of Y to the mass of X (excluding Y). |
| mass_ && of_rain |
"Rain" means drops of water falling through the atmosphere that have a diameter greater than 0.5 mm. |
| maximum_over_coordinate_rotation_of_sea_ice_horizontal_shear_strain_rate |
Strain rate refers to off-diagonal element(s) of the strain tensor (a single element for horizontal shear strain). Each of the strain components is defined with respect to a frame of reference. "Coordinate rotation" refers to the range of all possible orientations of the frame of reference. The shear strain has a maximum value relative to one of these orientations. The second invariant of strain rate, often referred to as the maximum shear strain [rate], is the maximum over coordinate rotations of the shear strain rate. |
| maximum_over_coordinate_rotation_of_sea_ice_horizontal_shear_stress |
Shear stress refers to off-diagonal element(s) of the stress tensor (a single element for horizontal shear stress). Each of the stress components is defined with respect to a frame of reference. "Coordinate rotation" refers to the range of all possible orientations of the frame of reference. The shear stress has a maximum value relative to one of these orientations. The second invariant of stress, often referred to as the maximum shear stress, is the maximum over coordinate rotations of the shear stress. |
| mean_sea_level |
"Mean sea level" means the time mean of sea surface elevation at a given location over an arbitrary period sufficient to eliminate the tidal signals. |
| mean_sea_level && change |
Zero mean sea level change is an arbitrary level. |
| medium_soil_pool |
"Medium soil pool" refers to the decay of organic matter in soil with a characteristic period of between ten and one hundred years under reference climate conditions of a temperature of 20 degrees Celsius and no water limitations. |
| medium_type_cloud |
Middle type clouds are: Altostratus, Altocumulus, Nimbostratus. |
| melt_pond |
Melt ponds occur on top of the existing sea ice. |
| mercury && !organic_mercury |
Mercury means mercury in all chemical forms, commonly referred to as "total mercury". |
| mesozooplankton |
Mesozooplankton are zooplankton ranging between 20 micrometers and 200 micrometers in size. |
| methane && ! sulfonic |
The chemical formula for methane is CH4. Methane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. |
| methanesulfonic_acid |
The chemical formula for methanesulfonic acid is CH3SO3H. |
| methanol |
The chemical formula for methanol is CH3OH. |
| methyl_bromide |
The chemical formula for methyl bromide is CH3Br. The IUPAC name for methyl bromide is bromomethane. |
| methyl_chloride |
The chemical formula for methyl chloride is CH3Cl. The IUPAC name for methyl chloride is chloromethane. |
| methylglyoxal |
Methylglyoxal is an organic molecule with the chemical formula CH3COCHO. It is also called pyruvaldehyde or 2-oxopropanal. |
| methyl_hydroperoxide |
The chemical formula for methyl hydroperoxide is CH3OOH. |
| methyl_peroxy_radical |
The chemical formula for methyl peroxy radical is CH3O2. |
| microzooplankton |
Microzooplankton are zooplankton of less than 20 micrometers in size. |
| middle_atmosphere_moles_of |
The construction "middle_atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the troposphere and stratosphere, i.e. summed over that part of the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. |
| mineral |
The term "mineral" means a solid, naturally occurring inorganic chemical species. |
| minimum_depth_of_.*_undersaturation && sea_water |
The "minimum depth of undersaturation", sometimes called the "saturation horizon", is the shallowest depth at which a body of water is an undersaturated solution of a named solute. |
| minus_one_times |
"Minus one times" means that the quantity described takes the opposite sign convention to that for the quantity which has the same standard name apart from this phrase, i.e. the two quantities differ from one another by a factor of -1. |
| minus_tendency |
The phrase "minus_tendency" means that the quantity described takes the opposite sign convention to that for the quantity which has the same standard name apart from this phrase, i.e. the two quantities differ from one another by a factor of -1. Thus a "minus_tendency" in the atmosphere means a positive deposition rate onto the underlying surface. |
| miscellaneous_living_matter |
"Miscellaneous living matter" means all those parts of plants that are not leaf, stem, root or other separately named components. |
| miscellaneous_phytoplankton |
"Miscellaneous phytoplankton" are all those phytoplankton that are not diatoms, diazotrophs, calcareous phytoplankton, picophytoplankton or other separately named components of the phytoplankton population. |
| miscellaneous_zooplankton |
"Miscellaneous zooplankton" are all those zooplankton that are not mesozooplankton, microzooplankton or other separately named components of the zooplankton population. |
| model_level_number |
Model level number should be understood as equivalent to layer number. |
| model_level_number_at_base_of_ocean_mixed_layer_defined_by_sigma_theta |
The quantity model_level_number_at_base_of_ocean_mixed_layer_defined_by_sigma_theta is sometimes referred to as the "bowl index". |
| moisture |
"moisture" means water in all phases contained in soil. |
| mole_concentration |
"Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". |
| mole_concentration_of_adenosine_triphosphate_in_sea_water |
The equivalent term in the NERC P01 Parameter Usage Vocabulary may be found at http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/ATPXZZDZ/2/. |
| mole_concentration_of_dissolved_molecular_oxygen_in_sea_water_at_shallowest_local_minimum_in_vertical_profile |
The concentration of any chemical species, whether particulate or dissolved, may vary with depth in the ocean. A depth profile may go through one or more local minima in concentration. The mole_concentration_of_molecular_oxygen_in_sea_water_at_shallowest_local_minimum_in_vertical_profile is the mole concentration of oxygen at the local minimum in the concentration profile which occurs closest to the sea surface. |
| mole_concentration_of_dissolved_organic_phosphorus_in_sea_water |
The equivalent term in the NERC P01 Parameter Usage Vocabulary may be found at http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/ORGPDSZZ/4/. |
| mole_concentration_of_dissolved_phosphorus_in_sea_water |
The equivalent term in the NERC P01 Parameter Usage Vocabulary may be found at http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/TPHSDSZZ/6/. |
| mole_concentration_of_phytoplankton && ! nitrogen |
Standard names also exist for the mole concentration of a number of components that make up the total phytoplankton population, such as diatoms, diazotrophs, calcareous phytoplankton, picophytoplankton and miscellaneous phytoplankton. |
| mole_concentration_of_zooplankton && ! nitrogen |
Standard names also exist for the mole concentration of a number of components that make up the total zooplankton population, such as mesozooplankton, microzooplankton and miscellaneous zooplankton. |
| mole_concentration && saturation |
"Mole concentration at saturation" means the mole concentration in a saturated solution. |
| mole_content_of_.*_in_atmosphere_layer |
For the mole content integrated from the surface to the top of the atmosphere, standard names including "atmosphere_mole_content_of_X" are used. |
| mole_content_of_ozone |
Mole content of ozone is usually measured in Dobson Units which are equivalent to 446.2 micromoles m-2. N.B. Data variables containing full column content of ozone can be given the standard name of either equivalent_thickness_at_stp_of_atmosphere_ozone_content or atmosphere_mole_content_of_ozone.The latter name is recommended for consistency with mole content names for chemical species other than ozone. |
| molecular_hydrogen |
The chemical formula for molecular hydrogen is H2. |
| molecular_nitrogen |
The chemical formula for molecular nitrogen is N2. |
| molecular_oxygen |
The chemical formula for molecular oxygen is O2. |
| mole_fraction |
"Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". |
| mole_ratio |
"Mole ratio" is used in the construction "mole_ratio_of_X_to_Y_in_medium", where X and Y are both material constituents of the medium. "Medium" can take any of the values given in the "medium" section of the standard name Guidelines document. |
| moles_of_.*_per_unit_mass |
The construction "moles_of_X_per_unit_mass_in_Y" is also called "molality" of X in Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". |
| momentum_flux |
Momentum flux is dimensionally equivalent to stress and pressure. It is a tensor quantity. |
| monoterpenes |
Monoterpenes are a class of terpenes that consist of two isoprene units and have the molecular formula C10H16. Terpenes are hydrocarbons. The term "monoterpenes" is used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this common structure that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. |
| mortality |
The term "mortality" means the loss of living biomass due to plant death. It refers to the death of the whole plant, not only the leaves. |
| multi_variate_test_quality_flag |
A quality flag that reports the result of the Multi-variate test, which checks that values are reasonable when compared with related variables. |
| natural_analogue |
In ocean biogeochemistry models, a "natural analogue" is used to simulate the effect on a modelled variable of imposing preindustrial atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, even when the model as a whole may be subjected to varying forcings. |
| natural_fires |
"Natural fires" means burning of biomass, whether living or dead, excluding fires ignited by humans, e.g. for agricultural purposes. |
| neighbor_test_quality_flag |
A quality flag that reports the result of the Neighbor test, which checks that values are reasonable when compared with nearby measurements. |
| net_chemical_production && ! aqueous && ! gaseous |
"Net chemical production" means the net result (calculated as production minus destruction) of all chemical reactions within the medium (here, atmosphere) that produce or destroy a particular species. |
| net_downward |
Net downward radiation is the difference between radiation from above (downwelling) and radiation from below (upwelling). |
| net_downward_mass_flux |
Net downward mass flux is the difference between downward_mass_flux and upward_mass_flux. |
| net_primary || gross_primary |
"Production of carbon" means the production of biomass expressed as the mass of carbon which it contains. |
| net_primary_production |
Net primary production is the excess of gross primary production (the rate of synthesis of biomass from inorganic precursors) by autotrophs ("producers"), for example, photosynthesis in plants or phytoplankton, over the rate at which the autotrophs themselves respire some of this biomass. |
| net_primary_production && sea_water |
In the oceans, carbon production per unit volume is often found at a number of depths at a given horizontal location. That quantity can then be integrated to calculate production per unit area at the location. Standard names for production per unit area use the term "productivity". |
| net_primary.*_productivity |
Net primary production is the excess of gross primary production (rate of synthesis of biomass from inorganic precursors) by autotrophs ("producers"), for example, photosynthesis in plants or phytoplankton, over the rate at which the autotrophs themselves respire some of this biomass.
"Productivity" means production per unit area. |
| net_rate_of_absorption_of_.*wave_energy |
Net absorbed radiation is the difference between absorbed and emitted radiation. |
| net_upward |
Net upward radiation is the difference between radiation from below (upwelling) and radiation from above (downwelling). |
| net_upward_mass_flux |
Net upward mass flux is the difference between upward_mass_flux and downward_mass_flux. |
| nickel && !organic_nickel |
Nickel means nickel in all chemical forms, commonly referred to as "total nickel". |
| nitrate_radical |
The chemical formula for nitrate is NO3. |
| nitrate && ! radical && ! organic |
The chemical formula for the nitrate anion is NO3-. |
| nitrate_utilization |
"Nitrate utilization" means net primary production of carbon by phytoplankton based on nitrate alone. |
| nitric_acid |
The chemical formula for nitric acid is HNO3. |
| nitric_acid_trihydrate |
Nitric acid trihydrate, sometimes referred to as NAT, is a stable crystalline substance consisting of three molecules of water to one molecule of nitric acid. |
| nitrogen_compounds |
"Nitrogen compounds" summarizes all chemical species containing nitrogen atoms. |
| nitrogen.*deposition && ocean |
Deposition of nitrogen into the ocean is the sum of dry and wet deposition of nitrogen species onto the ocean surface from the atmosphere. |
| nitrogen_dioxide |
The chemical formula for nitrogen dioxide is NO2. |
| nitrogen && fixation && ! ocean |
On land, "nitrogen fixation" means the uptake of nitrogen gas directly from the atmosphere. The representation of fixed nitrogen is model dependent, with the nitrogen entering either plants, soil or both. |
| nitrogen.* fixation && ! soil |
"Nitrogen fixation" means the production of ammonia from nitrogen gas. Organisms that fix nitrogen are termed "diazotrophs". Diazotrophic phytoplankton can fix atmospheric nitrogen, thus increasing the content of nitrogen in the ocean. |
| nitrogen_growth_limitation |
"Nitrogen growth limitation" means the ratio of the growth rate of a biological population in the environment (where there is a finite availability of nitrogen) to the theoretical growth rate if there were no such limit on nitrogen availability. |
| nitrogen && immobilisation |
Immobilisation of nitrogen refers to retention of nitrogen by micro-organisms under certain conditions, making it unavailable for plants. |
| nitrogen_monoxide |
The chemical formula for nitrogen monoxide is NO. |
| nitrogen && !organic_nitrogen |
Total nitrogen means nitrogen in all chemical forms. |
| nitrogen && river_channel |
The amount of total nitrogen mass transported in the river channels from land into the ocean. |
| nitrous_acid |
The chemical formula for nitrous acid is HNO2. |
| nitrous_oxide |
The chemical formula for nitrous oxide is N2O. |
| nmvoc |
The abbreviation "nmvoc" means non methane volatile organic compounds; "nmvoc" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this classification that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. |
| nonorographic_gravity_wave |
"Nonorographic" gravity waves refer to gravity waves which are not generated by flow over orography. |
| non_tidal_elevation |
The phrase "non_tidal_elevation" describes the contribution to sea surface height variability made by processes other than astronomic forcing of the ocean and shallow water resonance of tidal components. These processes include storm surge (due to a combination of meteorological forcing of the ocean and interaction between the generated surge and tides), effects of surface ocean waves, and seasonal and climatic variation in ocean density and circulation. The contribution made by each process varies according to the averaging time of the variable as described by the bounds and cell_methods attributes of the data variable. |
| northward |
"Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). |
| northward_air_velocity_relative_to_sea_water |
The northward motion of air, relative to near-surface northward current; calculated as northward_wind minus northward_sea_water_velocity. |
| northward_derivative_of_eastward_wind |
The quantity with standard name northward_derivative_of_eastward_wind is the derivative of the eastward component of the wind with respect to distance in the northward direction for a given atmospheric level. |
| northward_derivative_of_northward_wind |
The quantity with standard name northward_derivative_of_northward_wind is the derivative of the northward component of wind with respect to distance in the northward direction for a given atmospheric level. |
| northward_derivative_of_wind_from_direction |
The quantity with standard name northward_derivative_of_wind_from_direction is the derivative of wind from_direction with respect to the change in northward lateral position for a given atmospheric level. |
| northward && displacement |
A northward displacement is the distance calculated from the change in a moving object's latitude between the start and end of the time interval associated with the displacement variable. |
| northward_eastward |
"Northward eastward" indicates the YX component of a tensor. |
| northward_ocean_[^_]*_transport && due_to_diffusion |
Northward transport by diffusion means the part due to horizontal or isopyncal diffusion schemes in an ocean model, but not including the parameterized eddy velocity. |
| northward_ocean_[^_]*_transport && due_to_gyre |
Northward transport by the ocean gyre is geometrically defined as being the part due to the vertical integral of the product of deviations of velocity and tracer from their zonal means. The velocity does not include the parameterized eddy velocity. |
| northward_ocean_[^_]*_transport && due_to_overturning |
Northward transport by (meridional) overturning is geometrically defined as being the part due to the vertical integral of the product of zonal means of velocity and tracer. The velocity does not include the parameterized eddy velocity. |
| northward_westward |
"Northward westward" indicates the YX component of a tensor. |
| nox && ! monoxide && !noxanthin |
"Nox" means a combination of two radical species containing nitrogen and oxygen NO+NO2. |
| noy && !hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin |
"Noy" describes a family of chemical species. The family usually includes atomic nitrogen (N), nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5), nitric acid (HNO3), peroxynitric acid (HNO4), bromine nitrate (BrONO2), chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) and organic nitrates (most notably peroxyacetyl nitrate, sometimes referred to as PAN, (CH3COO2NO2)). The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. |
| nucleation_mode.*aerosol_particles |
Nucleation mode aerosol particles have a diameter of less than 3 nanometers. |
| nudging_increment |
A "nudging increment" refers to an amount added to parts of a model system. The phrase "nudging_increment_in_X" refers to an increment in quantity X over a time period which should be defined in the bounds of the time coordinate. |
| number_concentration |
"Number concentration" means the number of particles or other specified objects per unit volume. |
| number_of_days |
A variable whose standard name has the form number_of_days_with_X_below|above_threshold is a count of the number of days on which the condition X_below|above_threshold is satisfied. It must have a coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with the a standard name of X to supply the threshold(s). It must have a climatological time variable, and a cell_methods entry for within days which describes the processing of quantity X before the threshold is applied. A number_of_days is an extensive quantity in time, and the cell_methods entry for over days should be "sum". |
| number_size_distribution && aerosol_particles |
The particle number size distribution is the number concentration of aerosol particles, normalised to the decadal logarithmic size interval the concentration applies to, as a function of particle diameter. Depending on the measurement method, one coordinate variable such as "electrical_mobility_particle_diameter", "optical_particle diameter", or "aerodynamic_particle_diameter" should be specified to indicate that the property applies at specific particle sizes and how the size was obtained. |
| ocean_barotropic_mass_streamfunction |
The barotropic stream function with the dimensions of volume transport has the standard name ocean_barotropic_streamfunction. |
| ocean_.*_content |
The "ocean content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the bottom of the ocean. |
| ocean && friction |
Friction, leading to the dissipation of kinetic energy, arises in ocean models as a result of the momentum diffusivity (sometimes called the kinematic viscosity) of sea water. Often, the lateral (xy) diffusivity is given a large value to maintain the numerical stability of the model. In contrast, the vertical diffusivity is usually much smaller. |
| ocean_layer || atmosphere_layer || soil_layer |
"Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be "model_level_number", but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. |
| ocean_meridional_overturning_streamfunction |
The ocean meridional overturning streamfunction should not include not include the parameterized eddy advection velocity. |
| ocean_mixed_layer |
The ocean mixed layer is the upper part of the ocean, regarded as being well-mixed. |
| ocean_mixed_layer && ! defined_by |
Various criteria are used to define the mixed layer; this can be specified by using a standard name of "ocean_mixed_layer_defined_by_X". |
| ocean_mixed_layer_thickness_defined_by_mixing_scheme |
The base of the mixed layer defined by the mixing scheme is a diagnostic of ocean models. |
| ocean_mixed_layer_thickness_defined_by_sigma_t |
A coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with standard name sea_water_sigma_t_difference can be used to specify the sigma_t criterion that determines the layer thickness. |
| ocean_mixed_layer_thickness_defined_by_sigma_theta |
A coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with standard name sea_water_sigma_theta_difference can be used to specify the sigma_theta criterion that determines the layer thickness. |
| ocean_mixed_layer_thickness_defined_by_temperature |
The base of the mixed layer defined by "temperature", "sigma", "sigma_theta", "sigma_t" or vertical diffusivity is the level at which the quantity indicated differs from its surface value by a certain amount. A coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with standard name sea_water_temperature_difference can be used to specify the temperature criterion that determines the layer thickness. Sea water temperature is the in situ temperature of the sea water. |
| ocean_mixed_layer_thickness_defined_by_{temperature, sigma, sigma_theta, sigma_t } |
The base of the mixed layer defined by "temperature", "sigma", "sigma_theta", "sigma_t" or vertical diffusivity is the level at which the quantity indicated differs from its surface value by a certain amount. |
| ocean_mixed_layer_thickness_defined_by_vertical_tracer_diffusivity_threshold |
The diffusivity threshold should be specified by associating a coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with the data variable and giving the coordinate variable a standard name of ocean_vertical_diffusivity or, if appropriate, one of the standard names for vertical diffusivity relating to the specific model formulation. |
| ocean_montgomery_potential |
Montgomery potential is defined as M = ap + gz, where a = specific volume, p = pressure, g = gravity, and z=depth. It represents an exact streamfunction on specific volume anomaly surfaces. |
| ocean && nitrogen_compounds |
"Nitrogen compounds" summarizes all chemical species containing nitrogen atoms. The list of individual species that are included in this quantity can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. |
| ocean_.*_overturning_mass_streamfunction && ! due_to |
In contrast to the quantity with standard name ocean_meridional_overturning_streamfunction, this quantity includes all physical processes, resolved or parameterized, that impact mass/volume transport. Thus it includes contributions from the parameterized eddy velocity. |
| ocean_rigid_lid_pressure |
"Ocean rigid lid pressure" means the pressure at the surface of an ocean model assuming that it is bounded above by a rigid lid. |
| ocean_sigma_coordinate |
See Appendix D of the CF convention for information about parametric vertical coordinates. Note that the ocean sigma coordinate is not the same quantity as sea water sigma (excess of density over 1000 kg m-3), for which there are various other standard names. |
| ocean_[^_]*_transport && ! due_to |
Ocean transport means transport by all processes, both sea water and sea ice. |
| ocean_volume_fraction |
A data variable with standard name ocean_volume_fraction is used to store the fraction of a grid cell underlying sea-water, for example, where part of the grid cell is occupied by land or to record ocean volume on a model's native grid following a regridding operation. |
| omnidirectional_.*spherical_irradiance && ! photon |
Omnidirectional spherical irradiance is the radiation incident on unit area of a spherical (or "4-pi") collector. It is sometimes called "scalar irradiance". Radiation incident on a 2-pi collector has standard names of "spherical irradiance" which specify "up/downwelling". |
| optical_particle_diameter |
The diameter of spherical particles whose presence in a medium would result in the same refractive index and lead to the same intensity of scattered light as the particles in question. |
| optical_thickness |
The optical thickness is the integral along the path of radiation of a volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient. The radiative flux is reduced by a factor exp(-"optical_thickness") on traversing the path. A coordinate variable of radiation_wavelength or radiation_frequency can be specified to indicate that the optical thickness applies at specific wavelengths or frequencies. |
| organic_acids |
An organic acid is an organic compound with acidic properties. The most common organic acids are the carboxylic acids, whose acidity is associated with their carboxyl group -COOH. In standard names "organic_acids" is the term used to describe the group of organic acid species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. |
| _organic_carbon |
"Organic carbon" describes a family of chemical species and is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. |
| organic_carbon && aerosol |
Chemically, "organic carbon aerosol" refers to the carbonaceous fraction of particulate matter contained in any of the vast number of compounds where carbon is chemically combined with hydrogen and other elements like O, S, N, P, Cl, etc. In measurements of carbonaceous aerosols, organic carbon samples may also include some inorganic carbon compounds, whose mass is neglected and assumed to be distributed between the elemental and organic carbon components of the aerosol particles. Reference: Petzold, A., Ogren, J. A., Fiebig, M., Laj, P., Li, S.-M., Baltensperger, U., Holzer-Popp, T., Kinne, S., Pappalardo, G., Sugimoto, N., Wehrli, C., Wiedensohler, A., and Zhang, X.-Y.: Recommendations for reporting "black carbon" measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8365–8379, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8365-2013, 2013. |
| organic_detritus |
Organic detritus are particles of debris from decaying plants and animals. |
| organic_nitrates |
Organic nitrates are nitrogen-containing compounds having the general formula RONO2, where R is an alkyl (or organic) group; "organic_nitrates" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this common structure that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. |
| organic_peroxides |
Organic peroxides are organic molecules containing an oxygen-oxygen bond. The general chemical formula is ROOR or ROOH, where R is an organic group. |
| organic_phosphorus |
"Organic phosphorus" means phosphorus in carbon compounds. |
| orographic_gravity_wave && ! nonorographic |
"Orographic gravity waves" refer to gravity waves which are generated by flow over orography. |
| overcast |
"Overcast" means a fractional sky cover of 95% or more when at least a portion of this amount is attributable to clouds or obscuring phenomena (such as haze, dust, smoke, fog, etc.) aloft. (Reference: AMS Glossary: http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Main_Page). |
| _ox_ |
The term "ox" means a combination of three radical species containing 1 or 3 oxygen atoms: O + O1d + O3. |
| oxalate |
The chemical formula for the oxalate dianion is C2O4(2-). |
| oxidized_nitrogen |
"Oxidized nitrogen compounds" means all chemical species containing nitrogen atoms with an oxidation state greater than zero. Usually, particle bound and gaseous nitrogen compounds, such as nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5), nitric acid (HNO3), nitrate (NO3-), peroxynitric acid (HNO4), bromine nitrate (BrONO2), chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) and organic nitrates (most notably peroxyacetyl nitrate, sometimes referred to as PAN, (CH3COO2NO2)), are included. The list of individual species that are included in this quantity can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. |
| oxygenated |
"Oxygenated" means containing oxygen. |
| ozone |
The chemical formula for ozone is O3. The IUPAC name for ozone is trioxygen. |
| parameterized_dianeutral_mixing |
"Dianeutral mixing" means mixing across surfaces of neutral buoyancy. "Parameterized" means the part due to a scheme representing processes which are not explicitly resolved by the model. |
| parameterized && eddy_advection |
Parameterized eddy advection in an ocean model means the part due to a scheme representing parameterized eddy-induced advective effects not included in the resolved model velocity field. |
| parameterized_eddy_advection |
Parameterized eddy advection can be represented on various spatial scales and there are standard names for parameterized_mesoscale_eddy_advection and parameterized_submesoscale_eddy_advection which both contribute to the total parameterized eddy advection. |
| parameterized_mesoscale_eddies |
Parameterized mesoscale eddies occur on a spatial scale of many tens of kilometres and an evolutionary time of weeks. Reference: James C. McWilliams 2016, Submesoscale currents in the ocean, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, volume 472, issue 2189. DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2016.0117. Parameterized mesoscale eddies are represented in ocean models using schemes such as the Gent-McWilliams scheme. |
| parameterized_mesoscale_eddy_advection |
Parameterized mesoscale eddy advection occurs on a spatial scale of many tens of kilometres and an evolutionary time of weeks. Reference: James C. McWilliams 2016, Submesoscale currents in the ocean, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, volume 472, issue 2189. DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2016.0117. Parameterized mesoscale eddy advection is represented in ocean models using schemes such as the Gent-McWilliams scheme. There are also standard names for parameterized_submesoscale_eddy_advection which, along with parameterized_mesoscale_eddy_advection, contributes to the total parameterized eddy advection. |
| parameterized_mesoscale_eddy_diffusion |
Parameterized mesoscale eddy diffusive processes include diffusion along neutral directions in the interior of the ocean and horizontal diffusion in the surface boundary layer. The processes occur on a spatial scale of many tens of kilometres and an evolutionary time of weeks. |
| parameterized_submesoscale_eddy_advection |
Parameterized submesoscale eddy advection occurs on a spatial scale of the order of 1 km horizontally. Reference: James C. McWilliams 2016, Submesoscale currents in the ocean, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, volume 472, issue 2189. DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2016.0117. There are also standard names for parameterized_mesoscale_eddy_advection which, along with parameterized_submesoscale_eddy_advection, contributes to the total parameterized eddy advection. |
| partial_pressure_difference_between_air_and_sea_water |
The partial pressure difference between air and sea water is positive when the partial pressure in air is greater than the partial pressure of the dissolved gas in sea water. |
| partial_pressure_difference_between_sea_water_and_air |
The partial pressure difference between sea water and air is positive when the partial pressure of the dissolved gas in sea water is greater than the partial pressure in air. |
| partial_pressure || fugacity |
The partial pressure of a gaseous constituent of air is the pressure that it would exert if all other gaseous constituents were removed, assuming the volume, the temperature, and its number of moles remain unchanged. |
| partial_pressure_of_.*_in_sea_water || partial_pressure_difference_.*sea_water || fugacity |
The partial pressure of a dissolved gas in sea water is the partial pressure in air with which it would be in equilibrium. |
| particulate |
Particulate means suspended solids of all sizes. |
| particulate_inorganic_carbon |
Particulate inorganic carbon is carbon bound in molecules ionically that may be liberated from the particles as carbon dioxide by acidification. |
| particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol && ! primary && ! secondary |
The term "particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol" means all particulate organic matter dry aerosol except elemental carbon. It is the sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol. |
| particulate_organic_nitrogen |
"Particulate organic nitrogen" means the sum of all organic nitrogen compounds, which are solid or which are bound to solid particles. "Organic nitrogen", when measured, always refers to all nitrogen incorporated in carbon compounds in the sample. Models may use the term to refer to nitrogen contained in specific groups of organic compounds in which case the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. |
| passive_tracer |
A "passive tracer" is a quantity advected by a model to facilitate analysis of flow patterns. It has no effect on any of the model's processes and only the model's dynamical processes affect the tracer. |
| pelite |
"Pelite" is sediment less than 0.063 millimeters in diameter. |
| pentane |
The chemical formula for pentane is C5H12. Pentane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. |
| period |
A period is an interval of time, or the time-period of an oscillation. |
| permafrost |
Permafrost is soil or rock that has remained at a temperature at or below zero degrees Celsius throughout the seasonal cycle for two or more years. |
| permafrost_active_layer_thickness |
The quantity with standard name permafrost_active_layer_thickness is the thickness of the layer of the ground that is subject to annual thawing and freezing in areas underlain by permafrost. |
| peroxyacetyl_nitrate |
The chemical formula for peroxyacetyl nitrate, sometimes referred to as PAN, is CH3COO2NO2. The IUPAC name for peroxyacetyl nitrate is nitroethaneperoxoate. |
| peroxynitric_acid |
The chemical formula for peroxynitric acid, sometimes referred to as PNA, is HO2NO2. |
| peroxy_radicals |
The term "peroxy_radicals" means all organic and inorganic peroxy radicals. This includes HO2 and all organic peroxy radicals, sometimes referred to as RO2. |
| per_unit_wavelength |
A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength. |
| phaeopigments |
Phaeopigments are non-photosynthetic pigments that are the degradation product of algal chlorophyll pigments. It is commonly formed during and after marine phytoplankton blooms. |
| phase && ! gaseous && ! aqueous |
Phase is the initial angle of a wave modelled by a sinusoidal function. A coordinate variable of harmonic_period should be used to specify the period of the sinusoidal wave. |
| phosphate |
The chemical formula of the phosphate anion is PO4 with an electrical charge of minus three. |
| phosphorus && !organic_phosphorus |
Phosphorus means phosphorus in all chemical forms, commonly referred to as "total phosphorus". |
| phosphorus && river_channel |
The amount of total phosphorus mass transported in the river channels from land into the ocean. |
| photolysis |
"Photolysis" is a chemical reaction in which a chemical compound is broken down by photons. The "reaction rate" is the rate at which the reactants of a chemical reaction form the products. |
| photolysis |
"Photolysis" is a chemical reaction in which a chemical compound is broken down by photons. |
| photolysis_rate_of_ozone |
The quantity with standard name photolysis_rate_of_ozone is the rate of photolytic loss of ozone, including all possible photolysis channels to form ground state atomic oxygen (O3P ) and excited (singlet D) atomic oxygen (O1D). Photolysis to the excited state only has the standard name photolysis_rate_of_ozone_to_1D_oxygen_atom. |
| photon_flux || photon_radiance || photon_spherical_irradiance |
A photon flux is specified in terms of numbers of photons expressed in moles. |
| photon_radiance |
Photon radiance is the photon flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. |
| photon_spherical_irradiance && ! omnidirectional |
Photon spherical irradiance is the photon flux incident on unit area of a hemispherical (or "2-pi") collector. The direction ("up/downwelling") is specified. Radiation incident on a 4-pi collector has a standard name referring to "omnidirectional spherical irradiance". |
| photosynthetic |
"Photosynthetic" radiation is the part of the spectrum which is used in photosynthesis e.g. 400-700 nm. The range of wavelengths could be specified precisely by the bounds of a coordinate of "radiation_wavelength". |
| photosynthetic.*radiative.*_flux |
When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". |
| phytoplankton || diatoms |
Phytoplankton are algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis. |
| picophytoplankton |
Picophytoplankton are phytoplankton of less than 2 micrometers in size. |
| pitch_fore_down |
"Fore down" indicates that positive values of pitch represent the front of the platform falling as viewed by an observer on top of the platform facing forward. The standard name platform_pitch_fore_up should be used for data having the opposite sign convention. The standard name platform_pitch should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. |
| pitch_fore_up |
"Fore up" indicates that positive values of pitch represent the front of the platform rising as viewed by an observer on top of the platform facing forward. The standard name platform_pitch_fore_down should be used for data having the opposite sign convention. The standard name platform_pitch should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. |
| pitch_rate_fore_down |
"Fore down" indicates that positive values of pitch rate represent the front of the platform falling as viewed by an observer on top of the platform facing forward. The standard name platform_pitch_rate_fore_up should be used for data having the opposite sign convention. The standard name platform_pitch_rate should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. |
| pitch_rate_fore_up |
"Fore up" indicates that positive values of pitch rate represent the front of the platform rising as viewed by an observer on top of the platform facing forward. The standard name platform_pitch_rate_fore_down should be used for data having the opposite sign convention. The standard name platform_pitch_rate should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. |
| plant || miscellaneous_living_matter || vegetation |
The term "plants" refers to the kingdom of plants in the modern classification which excludes fungi. Plants are autotrophs i.e. "producers" of biomass using carbon obtained from carbon dioxide. |
| plant_respiration |
Plant respiration is the sum of respiration by parts of plants both above and below the soil. It is assumed that all the respired carbon dioxide is emitted to the atmosphere. |
| platform |
A "platform" is a structure or vehicle that serves as a base for mounting sensors. Platforms include, but are not limited to, satellites, aeroplanes, ships, buoys, instruments, ground stations, and masts. |
| platform_azimuth |
Platform azimuth angle is the horizontal angle between the line of sight from the observation point to the platform and a reference direction at the observation point, which is often due north. The angle is measured clockwise, starting from the reference direction. A comment attribute should be added to a data variable with the standard name platform_azimuth_angle to specify the reference direction. |
| platform_course |
Course is the clockwise angle with respect to North of the nominal forward motion direction of the platform (not necessarily the same as the direction in which it is pointing, called "platform_orientation"). |
| platform_heave && !rate |
Heave is a displacement along the local vertical axis. Heave is relative to the "at rest" position of the platform with respect to the axis of displacement. The "at rest" position of the platform may change over time. |
| platform_heave_rate |
"Heave rate" is the rate of displacement along the local vertical axis. Heave rate might not include changes to the "at rest" position of the platform with respect to the axis of displacement, which may change over time. |
| platform_heave_rate && !up && !down |
The standard name platform_heave_rate should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. For cases where the sign convention of the heave rate is known, a standard name of platform_heave_rate_down or platform_heave_rate_up should be chosen, as appropriate. |
| platform_heave && !up && !down && !rate |
The standard name platform_heave should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. For cases where the sign convention of the heave is known, a standard name of platform_heave_down or platform_heave_up should be chosen, as appropriate. |
| platform_id |
A variable with the standard name of platform_id contains strings which help to identify the platform from which an observation was made. For example, this may be a WMO station identification number. |
| platform_name |
A variable with the standard name of platform_name contains strings which help to identify the platform from which an observation was made. For example, this may be a geographical place name such as "South Pole" or the name of a meteorological observing station. |
| platform_orientation |
Orientation is the clockwise angle with respect to North of the longitudinal (front-to-back) axis of the platform, which may be different to the platform course (which has the standard name platform_course). |
| platform_pitch && !rate |
Pitch is a rotation about an axis that is perpendicular to both the local vertical axis and the nominal forward motion direction of the platform. Pitch is relative to the "at rest" rotation of the platform with respect to the axis of rotation. The "at rest" rotation of the platform may change over time. |
| platform_pitch_rate |
"Pitch rate" is the rate of rotation about an axis that is perpendicular to both the local vertical axis and the nominal forward motion direction of the platform. Pitch rate might not include changes to the "at rest" rotation of the platform with respect to the axis of rotation, which may change over time. |
| platform_pitch_rate && !up && !down |
The standard name platform_pitch_rate should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. For cases where the sign convention of the pitch rate is known, a standard name of platform_pitch_rate_fore_down or platform_pitch_rate_fore_up should be chosen, as appropriate. |
| platform_pitch && !up && !down && !rate |
The standard name platform_pitch should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. For cases where the sign convention of the pitch is known, a standard name of platform_pitch_fore_down or platform_pitch_fore_up should be chosen, as appropriate. |
| platform_roll && !rate |
Roll is a rotation about an axis that is perpendicular to the local vertical axis and is coplanar with the nominal forward motion direction of the platform. Roll is relative to the "at rest" rotation of the platform with respect to the axis of rotation. The "at rest" rotation of the platform may change over time. |
| platform_roll_rate |
"Roll rate" is the rate of rotation about an axis that is perpendicular to the local vertical axis and is coplanar with the
nominal forward motion direction of the platform. Roll rate might not include changes to the "at rest" rotation of the platform with respect to the axis of rotation, which may change over time. |
| platform_roll_rate && !starboard && !port |
The standard name platform_roll_rate should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. For cases where the sign convention of the roll rate is known, a standard name of platform_roll_rate_starboard_down or platform_roll_rate_starboard_up should be chosen, as appropriate. |
| platform_roll && !starboard && !port && !rate |
The standard name platform_roll should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. For cases where the sign convention of the roll is known, a standard name of platform_roll_starboard_down or platform_roll_starboard_up should be chosen, as appropriate. |
| platform_speed_wrt_air |
The platform speed with respect to air is often called the "air speed" of the platform. |
| platform_speed_wrt_ground |
The platform speed with respect to ground is relative to the solid Earth beneath it i.e. the sea floor for a ship. It is often called the "ground speed" of the platform. |
| platform_surge && !fore && !aft && !rate |
The standard name platform_surge should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. For cases where the sign convention of the surge is known, a standard name of platform_surge_fore or platform_surge_aft should be chosen, as appropriate. |
| platform_surge && !rate |
Surge is a displacement along an axis that is perpendicular to the local vertical axis and is coplanar with the nominal forward motion direction of the platform. Surge is relative to the "at rest" position of the platform with respect to the axis of displacement. The "at rest" position of the platform may change over time. |
| platform_surge_rate |
"Surge rate" is the rate of displacement along an axis that is perpendicular to the local vertical axis and is coplanar with the nominal forward motion direction of the platform. Surge rate might not include changes to the "at rest" position of the platform with respect to the axis of displacement, which may change over time. |
| platform_surge_rate && !fore && !aft |
The standard name platform_surge_rate should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. For cases where the sign convention of the surge rate is known, a standard name of platform_surge_rate_fore or platform_surge_rate_aft should be chosen, as appropriate. |
| platform_sway && !rate |
Sway is a displacement along an axis that is perpendicular to both the local vertical axis and the nominal forward motion direction of the platform. Sway is relative to the "at rest" position of the platform with respect to the axis of displacement. The "at rest" position of the platform may change over time. |
| platform_sway_rate |
"Sway rate" is the rate of displacement along an axis that is perpendicular to both the local vertical axis and the nominal forward motion direction of the platform. Sway rate might not include changes to the "at rest" position of the platform with respect to the axis of displacement, which may change over time. |
| platform_sway_rate && !starboard && !port |
The standard name platform_sway_rate should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. For cases where the sign convention of the sway rate is known, a standard name of platform_sway_rate_starboard or platform_sway_rate_port should be chosen, as appropriate. |
| platform_sway && !starboard && !port && !rate |
The standard name platform_sway should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. For cases where the sign convention of the sway is known, a standard name of platform_sway_starboard or platform_sway_port should be chosen, as appropriate. |
| platform_view_angle |
Platform view angle is the angle between the line of sight from the platform and the direction straight vertically down. Zero view angle means looking directly beneath the platform. There is no standardized sign convention for platform_view_angle. A standard name also exists for sensor_view_angle. For some viewing geometries the sensor and the platform cannot be assumed to be close enough to neglect the difference in calculated view angle. |
| platform_yaw && !rate |
Yaw is a rotation about the local vertical axis. Yaw is relative to the "at rest" rotation of the platform with respect to the axis of rotation. The "at rest" rotation of the platform may change over time. |
| platform_yaw_rate |
"Yaw rate" is the rate of rotation about the local vertical axis. Yaw rate might not include changes to the "at rest" rotation of the platform with respect to the axis of rotation, which may change over time. |
| platform_yaw_rate && !starboard && !port |
The standard name platform_yaw_rate should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. For cases where the sign convention of the yaw rate is known, a standard name of platform_yaw_rate_fore_starboard or platform_yaw_rate_fore_port should be chosen, as appropriate. |
| platform_yaw && !starboard && !port && !rate |
The standard name platform_yaw should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. For cases where the sign convention of the yaw is known, a standard name of platform_yaw_fore_starboard or platform_yaw_fore_port should be chosen, as appropriate. |
| platform_zenith |
Platform zenith angle is the the angle between the line of sight to the platform and the local zenith at the observation target. This angle is measured starting from directly overhead and its range is from zero (directly overhead the observation target) to 180 degrees (directly below the observation target). Local zenith is a line perpendicular to the Earth's surface at a given location. "Observation target" means a location on the Earth defined by the sensor performing the observations. A standard name also exists for sensor_zenith_angle. For some viewing geometries the sensor and the platform cannot be assumed to be close enough to neglect the difference in calculated zenith angle. |
| pm10 && ! dried |
"Pm10 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. |
| pm10 && dried |
"pm10" refers to the fraction of aerosol particles with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers, where the size cut is applied under ambient conditions before aerosol humidity, pressure, or temperature are possibly altered. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was sized, provide scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity_for_aerosol_particle_size_selection". |
| pm1 && ! dried && ! pm10 |
"Pm1 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 1 micrometer. |
| pm1 && dried && ! pm10 |
"pm1" refers to the fraction of aerosol particles with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 1 micrometer, where the size cut is applied under ambient conditions before aerosol humidity, pressure, or temperature are possibly altered. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was sized, provide scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity_for_aerosol_particle_size_selection". |
| pm2p5 && ! dried |
"Pm2p5 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers. |
| pm2p5 && dried |
"pm2p5" refers to the fraction of aerosol particles with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers, where the size cut is applied under ambient conditions before aerosol humidity, pressure, or temperature are possibly altered. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was sized, provide scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity_for_aerosol_particle_size_selection". |
| porosity |
The soil porosity is the proportion of its total volume not occupied by soil solids. |
| potassium |
The chemical formula for the potassium cation is K+. |
| potential_density |
Sea water potential density is the density a parcel of sea water would have if moved adiabatically to a reference pressure, by default assumed to be sea level pressure. |
| potential_energy |
Potential energy is the sum of the gravitational potential energy relative to the geoid and the centripetal potential energy. (The "geopotential" is the specific potential energy.) |
| potential_evaporation |
Potential evaporation is the rate at which evaporation would take place under unaltered ambient conditions (temperature, relative humidity, wind, etc.) if the supply of water were unlimited, as if from an open water surface. |
| potential_evapotranspiration |
Potential evapotranspiration is the rate at which evapotranspiration would occur under ambient conditions from a uniformly vegetated area when the water supply is not limiting. |
| potential_vorticity_of_atmosphere_layer |
Atmosphere potential vorticity is the vertically averaged absolute vorticity of a layer of the atmosphere divided by the pressure difference from the bottom to the top of the layer. |
| potential_vorticity_of_ocean_layer |
Ocean potential vorticity is the vertically averaged absolute vorticity of a layer of the ocean divided by the thickness of the layer. |
| prasinoxanthin |
The chemical formula of prasinoxanthin is C40H56O4. |
| precipitation_rate |
"Precipitation rate" means the depth or thickness of the layer formed by precipitation per unit time. |
| precipitation && ! solid |
"Precipitation" in the earth's atmosphere means precipitation of water in all phases. |
| predominant_precipitation_type_at_surface |
A variable with the standard name predominant_precipitation_type_at_surface contains strings which indicate the character of the predominant precipitating hydrometeor at a location or grid cell. These strings have not yet been standardised. Alternatively, the data variable may contain integers which can be translated to strings using flag_values and flag_meanings attributes. |
| primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol |
"Primary particulate organic matter" means all organic matter emitted directly to the atmosphere as particles except elemental carbon. The sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol is particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol. |
| primary_sensor |
Primary sensor refers to the data measured by the primary sensor when more than one sensor is installed on the station |
| primary_swell_wave |
The primary swell wave is the most energetic swell wave.
|
| primary_telemetry |
Primary telemetry refers to the primary transmitter on board the station when more than one transmitter is installed. |
| probability |
"probability_of_X" means the chance that X is true or of at least one occurrence of X. Space and time coordinates must be used to indicate the area and time-interval to which a probability applies. |
| probability_density_function_of |
"probability_density_function_of_X[_over_Z]" means PDF for variations (over Z) of X. The data variable should have an axis for X. |
| probability_distribution_of |
"probability_distribution_of_X[_over_Z]" means probability distribution (i.e. a number in the range 0.0-1.0 for each range of X) of variations (over Z) of X. The data variable should have an axis for X. |
| product_of |
The phrase "product_of_X_and_Y" means X*Y. |
| projection && angular_coordinate |
Angular projection coordinates are angular distances in the x- and y-directions on a plane onto which the surface of the Earth has been projected according to a map projection. The relationship between the angular projection coordinates and latitude and longitude is described by the grid_mapping. |
| projection_[xy]_coordinate |
Projection coordinates are distances in the x- and y-directions on a plane onto which the surface of the Earth has been projected according to a map projection. The relationship between the projection coordinates and latitude and longitude is described by the "grid_mapping". |
| prokaryotes |
"Prokaryotes" means all Bacteria and Archaea excluding photosynthetic cyanobacteria such as Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus or other separately named components of the prokaryotic population. |
| propane |
The chemical formula for propane is C3H8. Propane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. |
| propene |
The chemical formula for propene is C3H6. Propene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkenes. There are standard names for the alkene group as well as for some of the individual species. |
| proportion_of_acceptable_signal_returns |
The phrase "proportion_of_acceptable_signal_returns" means the fraction of a collection (ensemble) of returned signal transmissions that have passed a set of automatic quality control criteria. |
| proportion_of_acceptable_signal_returns_from_acoustic_instrument_in_sea_water |
For an ADCP (acoustic doppler current profiler) the rejection criteria include low correlation, large error velocity and fish detection. The dimensionless proportion is often but not exclusively expressed as a percentage when it is referred to as "percent good". |
| quadratic_term_of_radiance_per_unit_wavenumber_correction_due_to_intercalibration |
quadratic_term_of_radiance_per_unit_wavenumber_correction_due_to_intercalibration is the quadratic term of the formula for correcting measured spectral radiance expressed as a function of wavenumber. |
| ^quality_flag |
A variable with the standard name of quality_flag contains an indication of assessed quality information of another data variable. The linkage between the data variable and the variable or variables with the standard_name of quality_flag is achieved using the ancillary_variables attribute. |
| _quality_flag |
The linkage between the data variable and this variable is achieved using the ancillary_variables attribute. There are standard names for other specific quality tests which take the form of X_quality_flag. Quality information that does not match any of the specific quantities should be given the more general standard name of quality_flag. |
| radial_.*velocity_.*away_from_instrument |
"Radial velocity away from instrument" means the component of the velocity along the line of sight of the instrument where positive implies movement away from the instrument (i.e. outward). The "instrument" (examples are radar and lidar) is the device used to make an observation. A standard name referring to radial velocity "toward_instrument" should be used for a data variable having the opposite sign convention. |
| radial_.*velocity_.*toward_instrument |
"Radial velocity toward instrument" means the component of the velocity along the line of sight of the instrument where positive implies movement toward the instrument (i.e. inward). The "instrument" (examples are radar and lidar) is the device used to make an observation. A standard name referring to radial velocity "away_from_instrument" should be used for a data variable having the opposite sign convention. |
| radiance && correction |
The correction is derived from intercalibration between the monitored and the reference sensor. The resulting corrected spectral radiance of the monitored sensor becomes comparable with measured spectral radiance of the reference sensor. |
| radiance && downwelling |
The direction from which it is coming must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of "zenith_angle". |
| radiance && isotropic |
If radiation is isotropic, the radiance is independent of direction, so the direction should not be specified. If the radiation is directionally dependent, a standard name of "upwelling" or "downwelling" radiance should be chosen instead. |
| radiance && ! photon && ! irradiance |
Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. |
| radiance && (up|down)welling |
If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of "isotropic" radiance should be chosen instead. |
| radiance && upwelling |
The direction towards which it is going must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of "zenith_angle". |
| radiation_frequency |
The radiation frequency can refer to any electromagnetic wave, such as light, heat radiation and radio waves. |
| radiation_wavelength |
The radiation wavelength can refer to any electromagnetic wave, such as light, heat radiation and radio waves. |
| radiative_flux && ! spectral && ! photosynthetic |
Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. |
| radical |
In chemistry, a "radical" is a highly reactive, and therefore short lived, species. |
| radioactivity |
"Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. |
| radioactivity_concentration |
"Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. |
| radon |
The chemical symbol for radon is Rn. |
| rate_of_change_test_quality_flag |
A quality flag that reports the result of the Rate of Change test, which checks that the first order difference of a series of values is within reasonable bounds. |
| rate_of_ hydroxyl_radical_destruction_due_to_reaction_with_nmvoc |
The rate of "hydroxyl radical destruction due to reaction with nmvoc" is the NMVOC reactivity with regard to reactions with OH. It is the weighted sum of the reactivity of all individual NMVOC species with OH. |
| ratio_of |
The phrase "ratio_of_X_to_Y" means X/Y. |
| ratio_of_sea_water_potential_temperature_anomaly_to_relaxation_timescale |
The quantity with standard name ratio_of_sea_water_potential_temperature_anomaly_to_relaxation_timescale is a correction term applied to modelled sea water potential temperature. The term is estimated as the deviation of model local sea water potential temperature from an observation-based climatology (e.g. World Ocean Database) weighted by a user-specified relaxation coefficient in s-1 (1/(relaxation timescale)). |
| ratio_of_sea_water_practical_salinity_anomaly_to_relaxation_timescale |
The quantity with standard name ratio_of_sea_water_practical_salinity_anomaly_to_relaxation_timescale is a correction term applied to modelled sea water practical salinity. The term is estimated as the deviation of model local sea water practical salinity from an observation-based climatology (e.g. World Ocean Database) weighted by a user-specified relaxation coefficient in s-1 (1/(relaxation timescale)). |
| reaction && rate |
The "reaction rate" is the rate at which the reactants of a chemical reaction form the products. |
| realization |
Realization is used to label a dimension that can be thought of as a statistical sample, e.g., labelling members of a model ensemble. |
| reduced_nitrogen |
"Reduced nitrogen compounds" means all chemical species containing nitrogen atoms with an oxidation state less than zero. Usually, particle bound and gaseous nitrogen compounds, primarily ammonium (NH4+) and ammonia (NH3), are included. The list of individual species that are included in this quantity can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. |
| re_emission |
"Re-emission" refers to emission that is not from a primary source; it refers to emission of a species that has previously been deposited and accumulated in soils or water. "Re-emission" is a process entirely distinct from "emission" which is used in some standard names. |
| reference_air_pressure_for_atmosphere_vertical_coordinate |
For models using a dimensionless vertical coordinate, for example, sigma, hybrid sigma-pressure or eta, the values of the vertical coordinate at the model levels are calculated relative to a reference level. "Reference air pressure" is the air pressure at the model reference level. It is a model-dependent constant. |
| reference_ellipsoid |
A reference ellipsoid is a regular mathematical figure that approximates the irregular shape of the geoid. A number of reference ellipsoids are defined for use in the field of geodesy. The geoid is a surface of constant geopotential with which mean sea level would coincide if the ocean were at rest. To specify which reference ellipsoid is being used, a grid_mapping variable should be attached to the data variable as described in Chapter 5.6 of the CF Convention. |
| reference_epoch |
To specify the reference (baseline) epoch to which the quantity applies, provide a coordinate variable with standard name reference_epoch. As when specifying any other coordinate variable: the dimensions of the reference time for variable X should be a subset of the dimensions of X. |
| reference_pressure |
A constant pressure value, typically representative of mean sea level pressure, which can be used in defining coordinates or functions of state. |
| reference_sea_water_density_for_boussinesq_approximation |
For a rigid lid Boussinesq geopotential ocean model the density of the sea water is maintained at a constant reference density. In a model using the rigid lid Boussinesq approximation , the vertical grid coordinates (and hence the grid cell volumes) are time invariant. |
| reflectance |
Reflectance is the ratio of the energy of the reflected to the incident radiation. A coordinate variable of radiation_wavelength or radiation_frequency can be used to specify the wavelength or frequency, respectively, of the radiation. |
| region |
A variable with the standard name of "region" contains strings which indicate geographical regions. These strings must be chosen from the standard region list. |
| relative_humidity_for_aerosol_particle_size_selection |
Relative humidity at which the size of a sampled aerosol particle was selected. |
| relative_platform_azimuth_angle |
The quantity with standard name relative_platform_azimuth_angle is the difference between the viewing geometries from two different platforms over the same observation target. It is the difference between the values of two quantities with standard name platform_azimuth_angle. There is no standardized sign convention for relative_platform_azimuth_angle. "Observation target" means a location on the Earth defined by the sensor performing the observations. A standard name also exists for relative_sensor_azimuth_angle. For some viewing geometries the sensor and the platform cannot be assumed to be close enough to neglect the difference in calculated azimuth angle. |
| relative_vorticity |
Atmosphere upward relative vorticity is the vertical component of the 3D air vorticity vector. The vertical component arises from horizontal velocity only. "Relative" in this context means the vorticity of the air relative to the rotating solid earth reference frame, i.e. excluding the Earth's rotation. In contrast, the quantity with standard name atmosphere_upward_absolute_vorticity includes the Earth's rotation. Vorticity is a vector quantity. A positive value of atmosphere_upward_relative_vorticity indicates anticlockwise rotation when viewed from above. |
| remineralization |
Remineralization is the degradation of organic matter into inorganic forms of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and other micronutrients, which consumes oxygen and releases energy. |
| residual_mean_advection |
The phrase "residual_mean_advection" refers to the sum of the model's resolved advective transport plus any parameterized advective transport. Parameterized advective transport includes processes such as parameterized mesoscale and submesoscale transport, as well as any other advectively parameterized transport. When the parameterized advective transport is represented in the model as a skew-diffusion rather than an advection, then the parameterized skew diffusion should be included in this diagnostic, since the convergence of skew-fluxes are identical (in the continuous formulation) to the convergence of advective fluxes. |
| respiration_carbon |
"Respiration carbon" refers to the rate at which biomass is respired expressed as the mass of carbon which it contains. |
| ridging |
Sea ice "ridging" occurs in rough sea conditions. The motion of the sea surface can cause areas of sea ice to deform and fold resulting in ridged upper and lower surfaces. The ridges can be as much as twenty metres thick if thick ice is deformed. |
| riming |
Riming is the rapid freezing of supercooled water onto a surface. |
| river |
"River" refers to water in the fluvial system (stream and floodplain). |
| river_channel |
This quantity can be provided at a certain location within the river network (over land) or at the river mouth (over ocean) where the river enters the ocean. |
| roll_rate_starboard_down |
"Starboard down" indicates that positive values of roll rate represent the right side of the platform falling as viewed by an observer on top of the platform facing forward. The standard name platform_roll_rate_starboard_up should be used for data having the opposite sign convention. The standard name platform_roll_rate should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. |
| roll_rate_starboard_up |
"Starboard up" indicates that positive values of roll rate represent the right side of the platform rising as viewed by an observer on top of the platform facing forward. The standard name platform_roll_rate_starboard_down should be used for data having the opposite sign convention. The standard name platform_roll_rate should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. |
| roll_starboard_down |
"Starboard down" indicates that positive values of roll represent the right side of the platform falling as viewed by an observer on top of the platform facing forward. The standard name platform_roll_starboard_up should be used for data having the opposite sign convention. The standard name platform_roll should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. |
| roll_starboard_up |
"Starboard up" indicates that positive values of roll represent the right side of the platform rising as viewed by an observer on top of the platform facing forward. The standard name platform_roll_starboard_down should be used for data having the opposite sign convention. The standard name platform_roll should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. |
| root_depth |
The root depth is maximum depth of soil reached by plant roots, from which they can extract moisture. |
| runoff |
Runoff is the liquid water which drains from land. If not specified, "runoff" refers to the sum of surface runoff and subsurface drainage. |
| salt_flux_into_sea_water_due_to_sea_ice_thermodynamics |
The quantity with standard name salt_flux_into_sea_water_due_to_sea_ice_thermodynamics is negative during ice growth when salt becomes embedded into the ice and positive during ice melting when salt is released into the ocean. |
| salt_*_transport |
"Salt transport" means the mass of salt being transported. |
| scatterers |
The "scatterers" are what causes the transmitted signal to be returned to the instrument (examples are aerosols, hydrometeors and refractive index irregularities), of whatever kind the instrument detects. |
| scattering_angle |
The scattering angle is that between the direction of the beam of incident radiation and the direction into which it is scattered. |
| scattering_.*_of_.*radiative_flux || backscattering |
Scattering of radiation is its deflection from its incident path without loss of energy. |
| scattering_.*_of_.*radiative_flux && ! backwards |
A (range of) direction(s) of scattering can be specified by a coordinate of scattering_angle. |
| scene_type_of_dvorak_tropical_cyclone_cloud_region |
A variable with the standard name of scene_type_of_dvorak_tropical_cyclone_cloud_region contains integers which can be translated to strings using flag_values and flag_meanings attributes. It indicates the Advanced Dvorak Technique tropical cyclone cloud region scene type chosen from the following list: uniform_central_dense_overcast; embedded_center; irregular_central_dense_overcast; curved_band; shear. Alternatively, the data variable may contain strings chosen from the same standardised list to indicate the scene type. Reference: Olander, T. L., & Velden, C. S., The Advanced Dvorak Technique: Continued Development of an Objective Scheme to Estimate Tropical Cyclone Intensity Using Geostationary Infrared Satellite Imagery (2007). American Meteorological Society Weather and Forecasting, 22, 287-298. |
| scene_type_of_dvorak_tropical_cyclone_eye_region |
A variable with the standard name of scene_type_of_dvorak_tropical_cyclone_eye_region contains integers which can be translated to strings using flag_values and flag_meanings attributes. It indicates the Advanced Dvorak Technique tropical cyclone eye region scene type chosen from the following list: clear_ragged_or_obscured_eye; pinhole_eye; large_eye; no_eye. Alternatively, the data variable may contain strings chosen from the same standardised list to indicate the scene type. Reference: Olander, T. L., & Velden, C. S., The Advanced Dvorak Technique: Continued Development of an Objective Scheme to Estimate Tropical Cyclone Intensity Using Geostationary Infrared Satellite Imagery (2007). American Meteorological Society Weather and Forecasting, 22, 287-298. |
| sea_floor_sediment |
"Sea floor sediment" is sediment deposited at the sea bed. |
| sea_ice |
"Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs. |
| sea_ice_area_fraction |
Sea ice area fraction is area of the sea surface occupied by sea ice. It is also called "sea ice concentration". |
| sea_ice_average_normal_horizontal_stress |
Average normal stress refers to the average of the diagonal elements of the stress tensor and represents the first invariant of stress. |
| sea_ice_basal_drag_coefficient_for_momentum_in_sea_water |
The quantity with standard name sea_ice_basal_drag_coefficient_for_momentum_in_sea_water is used to calculate the oceanic momentum drag on sea ice movement. Basal drag is a resistive stress opposing ice flow at the boundary between sea ice and sea water. |
| sea_ice_basal_heat_flux |
The sea ice basal heat flux is the vertical heat flux (apart from radiation i.e. "diffusive") in sea water at the base of the sea ice. |
| sea_ice_basal_temperature |
The standard name sea_ice_basal_temperature means the temperature of the sea ice at its lower boundary. |
| sea_ice_classification |
A variable with the standard name of sea_ice_classification contains strings which indicate the character of the ice surface e.g. open_ice, or first_year_ice. These strings have not yet been standardised. However, and whenever possible, they should follow the terminology defined in the WMO Standard Nomenclature for Sea Ice Classification. Alternatively, the data variable may contain integers which can be translated to strings using flag_values and flag_meanings attributes. |
| sea_ice && content |
The "sea_ice content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface down to the bottom of the sea ice. |
| sea_ice && displacement |
Sea ice displacement can be defined as a two-dimensional vector, with no vertical component. |
| sea_ice && displacement && ! eastward && ! northward && ! x && ! y |
In that case, "displacement" is also the distance across the earth's surface calculated from the change in a moving object's geospatial position between the start and end of the time interval associated with the displacement variable. |
| sea_ice_draft |
Sea ice draft is the depth of the sea-ice lower surface below the water surface. |
| sea_ice_dynamics |
"Sea ice dynamics" refers to advection of sea ice. |
| sea_ice && dynamics && ! thermo |
"Sea ice dynamics" refers to advection of sea ice which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. |
| sea_ice_extent |
The term sea_ice_extent means the total area of all grid cells in which the sea ice area fraction equals or exceeds a threshold, often chosen to be 15 per cent. The threshold must be specified by supplying a coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of sea_ice_area_fraction. The horizontal domain over which sea ice extent is calculated is described by the associated coordinate variables and coordinate bounds or by a coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "region" supplied according to section 6.1.1 of the CF conventions. |
| sea_ice_freeboard |
Sea ice freeboard is the height of the sea-ice upper surface above the water surface. |
| sea_ice && internal_stress |
Internal ice stress is a measure of the compactness, or strength, of the ice. Internal ice stress usually acts as a resistance to the motion caused by the wind force. Reference: National Snow and Ice Data Center https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/seaice/processes/dynamics.html. |
| sea_ice_salinity |
Sea ice salinity is the salt concentration of sea ice, often on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978. However, the unqualified term 'salinity' is generic and does not necessarily imply any particular method of calculation. The units of salinity are dimensionless and normally given as 1e-3 or 0.001 i.e. parts per thousand. Practical Salinity is reported on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978 (PSS-78), and is usually based on the electrical conductivity of sea water in observations since the 1960s. |
| sea_ice && stress && ! internal |
Axial stress is the symmetric component of the tensor representing the gradient of internal forces (e.g. in ice). |
| sea_ice_surface_temperature |
"Sea ice surface temperature" is the temperature that exists at the interface of sea ice and an overlying medium which may be air or snow. In areas of snow covered sea ice, sea_ice_surface_temperature is not the same as the quantity with standard name surface_temperature. |
| sea_ice_temperature |
Sea ice temperature is the bulk temperature of the sea ice, not the surface (skin) temperature. |
| sea_ice_temperature_expressed_as_heat_content |
The quantity with standard name sea_ice_temperature_expressed_as_heat_content is calculated relative to the heat content of ice at zero degrees Celsius, which is assumed to have a heat content of zero Joules. The phrase "expressed_as_heat_content" means that this quantity is calculated as the specific heat capacity times density of sea ice multiplied by the temperature of the sea ice in the grid cell and integrated over depth. If used for a layer heat content, coordinate bounds should be used to define the extent of the layers. If no coordinate bounds are specified, it is assumed that the integral is calculated over the entire vertical extent of the medium, e.g, if the medium is sea ice the integral is assumed to be calculated over the full depth of the ice. |
| sea_ice_thermodynamics |
"Sea ice thermodynamics" refers to the addition or subtraction of mass due to surface and basal fluxes, i.e., due to melting, sublimation and fusion. |
| sea_ice_velocity |
Sea ice velocity is defined as a two-dimensional vector, with no vertical component. |
| sea_level_change |
Zero sea level change is an arbitrary level. |
| sea_level && change && ! mean |
Zero sea level change is an arbitrary level. |
| sea && nitrogen_compounds |
"Nitrogen compounds" summarizes all chemical species containing nitrogen atoms. The list of individual species that are included in this quantity can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. |
| sea_salt_cation |
The phrase "sea_salt_cation" is the term used in standard names to describe collectively the group of cationic species that occur in sea salt. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Sea salt cations are mainly sodium (Na+), but also include potassium (K+), magnesium (Mg2+), calcium (Ca2+) and rarer cations. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the ions represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. |
| sea_surface_density |
Sea surface density is the density of sea water near the surface (including the part under sea-ice, if any). |
| sea_surface_foundation_temperature |
The sea surface foundation temperature is the water temperature that is not influenced by a thermally stratified layer of diurnal temperature variability (either by daytime warming or nocturnal cooling). The foundation temperature is named to indicate that it is the temperature from which the growth of the diurnal thermocline develops each day, noting that on some occasions with a deep mixed layer there is no clear foundation temperature in the surface layer. In general, sea surface foundation temperature will be similar to a night time minimum or pre-dawn value at depths of between approximately 1 and 5 meters. In the absence of any diurnal signal, the foundation temperature is considered equivalent to the quantity with standard name sea_surface_subskin_temperature. The sea surface foundation temperature defines a level in the upper water column that varies in depth, space, and time depending on the local balance between thermal stratification and turbulent energy and is expected to change slowly over the course of a day. If possible, a data variable with the standard name sea_surface_foundation_temperature should be used with a scalar vertical coordinate variable to specify the depth of the foundation level. Sea surface foundation temperature is measured at the base of the diurnal thermocline or as close to the water surface as possible in the absence of thermal stratification. Only in situ contact thermometry is able to measure the sea surface foundation temperature. Analysis procedures must be used to estimate sea surface foundation temperature value from radiometric satellite measurements of the quantities with standard names sea_surface_skin_temperature and sea_surface_subskin_temperature. Sea surface foundation temperature provides a connection with the historical concept of a "bulk" sea surface temperature considered representative of the oceanic mixed layer temperature that is typically represented by any sea temperature measurement within the upper ocean over a depth range of 1 to approximately 20 meters. The general term, "bulk" sea surface temperature, has the standard name sea_surface_temperature with no associated vertical coordinate axis. Sea surface foundation temperature provides a more precise, well defined quantity than "bulk" sea surface temperature and, consequently, is more representative of the mixed layer temperature. The temperature of sea water at a particular depth (other than the foundation level) should be reported using the standard name sea_water_temperature and, wherever possible, supplying a vertical coordinate axis or scalar coordinate variable. |
| sea_surface_height |
"Sea surface height" is a time-varying quantity. |
| sea_surface_height_above_geoid |
By definition of the geoid, the global average of the time-mean sea surface height (i.e. mean sea level) above the geoid must be zero. The standard name for the height of the sea surface above mean sea level is sea_surface_height_above_mean_sea_level. The standard name for the height of the sea surface above the reference ellipsoid is sea_surface_height_above_reference_ellipsoid. |
| sea_surface_height_above_mean_sea_level |
The standard name for the height of the sea surface above the geoid is sea_surface_height_above_geoid. The standard name for the height of the sea surface above the reference ellipsoid is sea_surface_height_above_reference_ellipsoid. |
| sea_surface_height_above_reference_ellipsoid |
The standard name for the height of the sea surface above the geoid is sea_surface_height_above_geoid. The standard name for the height of the sea surface above mean sea level is sea_surface_height_above_mean_sea_level. |
| sea_surface_height_bias_due_to_sea_surface_roughness |
Altimeter pulses tend to be more strongly reflected by the troughs of sea surface waves than by the crests leading to a bias in the measured sea surface height. This quantity is commonly known as "sea state bias". |
| sea_surface_primary_swell_wave_directional_spread |
The quantity with standard name sea_surface_primary_swell_wave_directional_spread is the directional width of the primary swell wave component of a sea. |
| sea_surface_primary_swell_wave_energy_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum |
The quantity with standard name sea_surface_primary_swell_wave_energy_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum is the energy of the most energetic waves within the primary swell wave component of a sea. |
| sea_surface_primary_swell_wave_from_direction |
The quantity with standard name sea_surface_primary_swell_wave_from_direction is the direction from which the most energetic swell waves are coming. |
| sea_surface_primary_swell_wave_mean_period |
The quantity with standard name sea_surface_primary_swell_wave_mean_period is the mean period of the most energetic swell waves. |
| sea_surface_primary_swell_wave_period_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum |
The quantity with standard name sea_surface_primary_swell_wave_period_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum is the period of the most energetic waves within the primary swell wave component of a sea. |
| sea_surface_salinity |
Sea surface salinity is the salt concentration of sea water close to the sea surface, often on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978. However, the unqualified term 'salinity' is generic and does not necessarily imply any particular method of calculation. The units of salinity are dimensionless and the units attribute should normally be given as 1e-3 or 0.001 i.e. parts per thousand. Sea surface salinity is often abbreviated as "SSS". For the salinity of sea water at a particular depth or layer, a data variable of "sea_water_salinity" or one of the more precisely defined salinities should be used with a vertical coordinate axis. There are standard names for the precisely defined salinity quantities: sea_water_knudsen_salinity, S_K (used for salinity observations between 1901 and 1966), sea_water_cox_salinity, S_C (used for salinity observations between 1967 and 1977), sea_water_practical_salinity, S_P (used for salinity observations from 1978 to the present day), sea_water_absolute_salinity, S_A, sea_water_preformed_salinity, S_*, and sea_water_reference_salinity. Practical Salinity is reported on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978 (PSS-78), and is usually based on the electrical conductivity of sea water in observations since the 1960s. Conversion of data between the observed scales follows: S_P = (S_K - 0.03) * (1.80655 / 1.805) and S_P = S_C, however the accuracy of the latter is dependent on whether chlorinity or conductivity was used to determine the S_C value, with this inconsistency driving the development of PSS-78. The more precise standard names should be used where appropriate for both modelled and observed salinities. In particular, the use of sea_water_salinity to describe salinity observations made from 1978 onwards is now deprecated in favor of the term sea_water_practical_salinity which is the salinity quantity stored by national data centers for post-1978 observations. The only exception to this is where the observed salinities are definitely known not to be recorded on the Practical Salinity Scale. The unit "parts per thousand" was used for sea_water_knudsen_salinity and sea_water_cox_salinity. |
| sea_surface_secondary_swell_wave_directional_spread |
The quantity with standard name sea_surface_secondary_swell_wave_directional_spread is the directional width of the secondary swell wave component of a sea. |
| sea_surface_secondary_swell_wave_energy_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum |
The quantity with standard name sea_surface_secondary_swell_wave_energy_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum is the energy of the most energetic waves within the secondary swell wave component of a sea. |
| sea_surface_secondary_swell_wave_from_direction |
The quantity with standard name sea_surface_secondary_swell_wave_from_direction is the direction from which the second most energetic swell waves are coming. |
| sea_surface_secondary_swell_wave_mean_period |
The quantity with standard name sea_surface_secondary_swell_wave_mean_period is the mean period of the second most energetic swell waves. |
| sea_surface_secondary_swell_wave_period_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum |
The quantity with standard name sea_surface_secondary_swell_wave_period_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum is the period of the most energetic waves within the secondary swell wave component of a sea. |
| sea_surface_skin_temperature |
The sea surface skin temperature is the temperature measured by an infrared radiometer typically operating at wavelengths in the range 3.7 - 12 micrometers. It represents the temperature within the conductive diffusion-dominated sub-layer at a depth of approximately 10 - 20 micrometers below the air-sea interface. Measurements of this quantity are subject to a large potential diurnal cycle including cool skin layer effects (especially at night under clear skies and low wind speed conditions) and warm layer effects in the daytime. |
| sea_surface_subskin_temperature |
The sea surface subskin temperature is the temperature at the base of the conductive laminar sub-layer of the ocean surface, that is, at a depth of approximately 1 - 1.5 millimeters below the air-sea interface. For practical purposes, this quantity can be well approximated to the measurement of surface temperature by a microwave radiometer operating in the 6 - 11 gigahertz frequency range, but the relationship is neither direct nor invariant to changing physical conditions or to the specific geometry of the microwave measurements. Measurements of this quantity are subject to a large potential diurnal cycle due to thermal stratification of the upper ocean layer in low wind speed high solar irradiance conditions. |
| sea_surface_swell_wave && variance_spectral_density |
The swell wave directional spectrum can be written as a five dimensional function S(t,x,y,f,theta) where t is time, x and y are horizontal coordinates (such as longitude and latitude), f is frequency and theta is direction. S has the standard name sea_surface_wave_directional_variance_spectral_density. S can be integrated over direction to give S1= integral(S dtheta) and this quantity has the standard name sea_surface_wave_variance_spectral_density. |
| sea_surface_temperature |
Sea surface temperature is usually abbreviated as "SST". It is the temperature of sea water near the surface (including the part under sea-ice, if any), not the skin or interface temperature, whose standard names are sea_surface_skin_temperature and surface_temperature, respectively. For the temperature of sea water at a particular depth or layer, a data variable of "sea_water_temperature" with a vertical coordinate axis should be used. |
| sea_surface_tertiary_swell_wave_directional_spread |
The quantity with standard name sea_surface_tertiary_swell_wave_directional_spread is the directional width of the tertiary swell wave component of a sea. |
| sea_surface_tertiary_swell_wave_energy_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum |
The quantity with standard name sea_surface_tertiary_swell_wave_energy_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum is the energy of the most energetic waves within the tertiary swell wave component of a sea. |
| sea_surface_tertiary_swell_wave_from_direction |
The quantity with standard name sea_surface_tertiary_swell_wave_from_direction is the direction from which the third most energetic swell waves are coming. |
| sea_surface_tertiary_swell_wave_mean_period |
The quantity with standard name sea_surface_tertiary_swell_wave_mean_period is the mean period of the third most energetic swell waves. |
| sea_surface_tertiary_swell_wave_period_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum |
The quantity with standard name sea_surface_tertiary_swell_wave_period_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum is the period of the most energetic waves within the tertiary swell wave component of a sea. |
| sea_surface && wave_directional_spread |
Directional spread is the (one-sided) directional width within a given sub-domain of the wave directional spectrum, S(t,x,y,f,theta) where t is time, x and y are horizontal coordinates (such as longitude and latitude), f is frequency and theta is direction. For a given mean wave (beam) direction the quantity approximates half the root mean square width about the beam axis, as derived either directly from circular moments or via the Fourier components of the wave directional spectrum. |
| sea_surface_wave_directional_variance_spectral_density |
Sea surface wave directional variance spectral density is the variance of the amplitude of the waves within given ranges of direction and wave frequency. |
| sea_surface_wave_energy_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum |
The quantity with standard name sea_surface_wave_energy_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum, sometimes called peak wave energy, is the maximum value of the variance spectral density (max(S1)). |
| sea_surface_wave_from_direction_at_spectral_peak |
The quantity with standard name "sea_surface_wave_from_direction_at_spectral_peak" is the direction from which the most energetic waves are coming. |
| sea_surface_wave_from_direction_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum |
The quantity with standard name sea_surface_wave_from_direction_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum is the direction from which the most energetic waves are coming. The spectral peak is the most energetic wave in the total wave spectrum. |
| sea_surface_wave_maximum_steepness |
Maximum wave steepness is the maximum value measured during the observation period. |
| sea_surface && wave && mean_square_.*slope |
Wave slope describes an aspect of sea surface wave geometry related to sea surface roughness. Mean square slope describes a derivation over multiple waves within a sea-state, for example calculated from moments of the wave directional spectrum. |
| sea_surface_wave_period_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum |
The sea_surface_wave_period_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum, sometimes called peak wave period, is the period of the most energetic waves in the total wave spectrum at a specific location. |
| sea_surface_wave && variance_spectral_density |
The wave directional spectrum can be written as a five dimensional function S(t,x,y,f,theta) where t is time, x and y are horizontal coordinates (such as longitude and latitude), f is frequency and theta is direction. S has the standard name sea_surface_wave_directional_variance_spectral_density. S can be integrated over direction to give S1= integral(S dtheta) and this quantity has the standard name sea_surface_wave_variance_spectral_density. |
| sea_surface_wave_variance_spectral_density |
Sea surface wave variance spectral density is the variance of wave amplitude within a range of wave frequency. |
| sea_surface_wind_wave_directional_spread |
The quantity with standard name sea_surface_wind_wave_directional_spread is the directional width of the wind wave component of a sea. |
| sea_surface_wind_wave_energy_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum |
The quantity with standard name sea_surface_wind_wave_energy_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum is the energy of the most energetic waves within the wind wave component of a sea. |
| sea_surface_wind_wave_period_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum |
The quantity with standard name sea_surface_wind_wave_period_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum is the period of the most energetic waves within the wind wave component of a sea. |
| sea_surface_wind_wave && variance_spectral_density |
The wind wave directional spectrum can be written as a five dimensional function S(t,x,y,f,theta) where t is time, x and y are horizontal coordinates (such as longitude and latitude), f is frequency and theta is direction. S has the standard name sea_surface_wave_directional_variance_spectral_density. S can be integrated over direction to give S1= integral(S dtheta) and this quantity has the standard name sea_surface_wave_variance_spectral_density. |
| sea_water_absolute_salinity |
Absolute Salinity, S_A, is defined as part of the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10) which was adopted in 2010 by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC). It is the mass fraction of dissolved material in sea water. Absolute Salinity incorporates the spatial variations in the composition of sea water. This type of Absolute Salinity is also called "Density Salinity". TEOS-10 estimates Absolute Salinity as the salinity variable that, when used with the TEOS-10 expression for density, yields the correct density of a sea water sample even when the sample is not of Reference Composition. In practice, Absolute Salinity is often calculated from Practical Salinity using a spatial lookup table of pre-defined values of the Absolute Salinity Anomaly. It is recommended that the version of (TEOS-10) software and the associated Absolute Salinity Anomaly climatology be specified within metadata by attaching a comment attribute to the data variable. Reference: www.teos-10.org; Millero et al., 2008 doi: 10.1016/j.dsr.2007.10.001. There are also standard names for the precisely defined salinity quantities sea_water_knudsen_salinity, S_K (used for salinity observations between 1901 and 1966), sea_water_cox_salinity, S_C (used for salinity observations between 1967 and 1977), sea_water_practical_salinity, S_P (used for salinity observations from 1978 onwards), sea_water_preformed_salinity, S_*, and sea_water_reference_salinity. Salinity quantities that do not match any of the precise definitions should be given the more general standard name of sea_water_salinity. |
| sea_water_added_conservative_temperature |
The quantity with standard name sea_water_added_conservative_temperature is a passive tracer in an ocean model whose surface flux does not come from the atmosphere but is imposed externally upon the simulated climate system. The surface flux is expressed as a heat flux and converted to a passive tracer increment as if it were a heat flux being added to conservative temperature. The passive tracer is transported within the ocean as if it were conservative temperature. The passive tracer is zero in the control climate of the model. The passive tracer records added heat, as described for the CMIP6 FAFMIP experiment (doi:10.5194/gmd-9-3993-2016), following earlier ideas. |
| sea_water_added_potential_temperature |
The quantity with standard name sea_water_added_potential_temperature is a passive tracer in an ocean model whose surface flux does not come from the atmosphere but is imposed externally upon the simulated climate system. The surface flux is expressed as a heat flux and converted to a passive tracer increment as if it were a heat flux being added to potential temperature. The passive tracer is transported within the ocean as if it were potential temperature. The passive tracer is zero in the control climate of the model. The passive tracer records added heat, as described for the CMIP6 FAFMIP experiment (doi:10.5194/gmd-9-3993-2016), following earlier ideas. |
| sea_water_age_since_surface_contact |
"Sea water age since surface contact" means the length of time elapsed since the sea water in a grid cell was last in the surface level of an ocean model. |
| sea_water_alkalinity_expressed_as_mole_equivalent |
sea_water_alkalinity_expressed_as_mole_equivalent is the total alkalinity equivalent concentration (including carbonate, nitrogen, silicate, and borate components). |
| sea_water && conservative_temperature |
Conservative Temperature is defined as part of the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10) which was adopted in 2010 by the International Oceanographic Commission (IOC). Conservative Temperature is specific potential enthalpy (which has the standard name sea_water_specific_potential_enthalpy) divided by a fixed value of the specific heat capacity of sea water, namely cp_0 = 3991.86795711963 J kg-1 K-1. Conservative Temperature is a more accurate measure of the "heat content" of sea water, by a factor of one hundred, than is potential temperature. Because of this, it can be regarded as being proportional to the heat content of sea water per unit mass. Reference: www.teos-10.org; McDougall, 2003 doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<0945:PEACOV>2.0.CO;2. |
| sea_water_conservative_temperature_expressed_as_heat_content |
The phrase "expressed_as_heat_content" means that this quantity is calculated as the specific heat capacity times density of sea water multiplied by the conservative temperature of the sea water in the grid cell and integrated over depth. If used for a layer heat content, coordinate bounds should be used to define the extent of the layers. If no coordinate bounds are specified, it is assumed that the integral is calculated over the entire vertical extent of the medium, e.g, if the medium is sea water the integral is assumed to be calculated over the full depth of the ocean. |
| sea_water_cox_salinity |
Cox Salinity, S_C, is defined unitless as a mass fraction per mil (0/00) or "parts per thousand". S_C was the standard salinity measure from 1967 until Practical Salinity, S_P, was established with PSS-78 (1978). Chlorinity, Cl, is calculated from the conductivity of a sea water sample and since the work of the Joint Panel for Oceanographic Tables and Standards (JPOTS; 1966) is converted into Cox Salinity using S_C = 1.80655Cl. This type of salinity was called simply "salinity" from 1967 to 1978. Cox Salinity was replaced by Practical Salinity in 1978. Cox Salinity is converted to Practical Salinity following S_P = S_C, however the accuracy of this is dependent on whether chlorinity or conductivity was used to determine the S_C value, with this inconsistency driving the development of the Practical Salinity Scale 1978 (PSS-78). Reference: Cox et al., 1967 doi: 10.1016/0011-7471(67)90006-X; Lyman, 1969 doi: 10.4319/lo.1969.14.6.0928; Wooster et al., 1969 doi: 10.4319/lo.1969.14.3.0437. There are standard names for the precisely defined salinity quantities sea_water_knudsen_salinity, S_K (used for salinity observations between 1901 and 1966), sea_water_practical_salinity, S_P, sea_water_absolute_salinity, S_A, sea_water_preformed_salinity, S_* and sea_water_reference_salinity. Salinity quantities that do not match any of the precise definitions should be given the more general standard name of sea_water_salinity. |
| sea_water_density |
Sea water density is the in-situ density (not the potential density). If 1000 kg m-3 is subtracted, the standard name "sea_water_sigma_t" should be chosen instead. |
| sea_water_knudsen_salinity |
Knudsen Salinity, S_K, is defined unitless as a mass fraction per mil (0/00) or "parts per thousand", and was calculated from the titration of inorganic salts from a sample of sea water after a commission to study the problem of determining salinity and density was initiated by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) in 1899. S_K was the standard salinity measure until S_C (Cox Salinity) was established in 1967. Since the work of Knudsen (1901), chlorinity is converted into Knudsen Salinity using S_K = 0.030 + 1.805 Cl. This type of salinity was called simply "salinity" from 1901 to 1966. From the 1960s on, electrical conductivity began to be used to estimate the Knudsen Salinity, rather than chemical titration. Knudsen Salinity was replaced by Cox Salinity in 1967 which was in turn replaced by Practical Salinity, S_P, in 1978. Conversion of Knudsen Salinity to Practical Salinity follows S_P = (S_K - 0.03) * (1.80655 / 1.805). Reference: Knudsen, 1901; Thomas et al., 1934 doi: 10.1093/icesjms/9.1.28; Lyman, 1969 doi: 10.4319/lo.1969.14.6.0928; Wooster et al., 1969 doi: 10.4319/lo.1969.14.3.0437; Lewis, 1980 doi: 10.1109/JOE.1980.1145448; Millero et al., 2008 doi: 10.1016/j.dsr.2007.10.001. There are standard names for the precisely defined salinity quantities sea_water_cox_salinity, S_C (used for salinity observations between 1967 and 1977), sea_water_practical_salinity, S_P, sea_water_absolute_salinity, S_A, sea_water_preformed_salinity, S_* and sea_water_reference_salinity. Salinity quantities that do not match any of the precise definitions should be given the more general standard name of sea_water_salinity. |
| sea_water_mass |
The quantity with standard name sea_water_mass is the total mass of liquid sea water in the global oceans, including enclosed seas. |
| sea_water_mass_per_unit_area |
Sea_water_mass_per_unit_area is the mass per unit area of the sea water contained within each grid cell. |
| sea_water_mass_per_unit_area_expressed_as_thickness |
The quantity with standard name sea_water_mass_per_unit_area_expressed_as_thickness is the thickness of the water column from sea floor to surface, minus any contribution to column thickness from steric changes. The sea water density used to convert mass to thickness is assumed to be the density of water of standard temperature zero degrees Celsius and practical salinity S=35.0 unless an auxiliary scalar coordinate variable with standard name sea_water_density is used to specify an alternative value. |
| sea_water_mass_per_unit_area_expressed_as_thickness || steric_change_in_sea_surface_height |
The sum of the quantities with standard names sea_water_mass_per_unit_area_expressed_as_thickness and steric_change_in_sea_surface_height is the total thickness of the sea water column. |
| sea_water_ph_ && reported_on_total_scale |
sea_water_pH_reported_on_total_scale is the measure of acidity of sea water, defined as the negative logarithm of the concentration of dissolved hydrogen ions plus bisulfate ions in a sea water medium; it can be measured or calculated; when measured the scale is defined according to a series of buffers prepared in artificial seawater containing bisulfate. The quantity may be written as pH(total) = -log([H+](free) + [HSO4-]). |
| sea_water_potential_density |
For sea water potential density, if 1000 kg m-3 is subtracted, the standard name "sea_water_sigma_theta" should be chosen instead. |
| sea_water_potential_temperature |
Sea water potential temperature is the temperature a parcel of sea water would have if moved adiabatically to sea level pressure. |
| sea_water_potential_temperature_expressed_as_heat_content |
The phrase "expressed_as_heat_content" means that this quantity is calculated as the specific heat capacity times density of sea water multiplied by the potential temperature of the sea water in the grid cell and integrated over depth. If used for a layer heat content, coordinate bounds should be used to define the extent of the layers. If no coordinate bounds are specified, it is assumed that the integral is calculated over the entire vertical extent of the medium, e.g, if the medium is sea water the integral is assumed to be calculated over the full depth of the ocean. |
| sea_water_practical_salinity |
Practical Salinity, S_P, is a determination of the salinity of sea water, based on its electrical conductance. The measured conductance, corrected for temperature and pressure, is compared to the conductance of a standard potassium chloride solution, producing a value on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978 (PSS-78). This name should not be used to describe salinity observations made before 1978, or ones not based on conductance measurements. Conversion of Practical Salinity to other precisely defined salinity measures should use the appropriate formulas specified by TEOS-10. Other standard names for precisely defined salinity quantities are sea_water_absolute_salinity (S_A); sea_water_preformed_salinity (S_*), sea_water_reference_salinity (S_R); sea_water_cox_salinity (S_C), used for salinity observations between 1967 and 1977; and sea_water_knudsen_salinity (S_K), used for salinity observations between 1901 and 1966. Salinity quantities that do not match any of the precise definitions shoul d be given the more general standard name of sea_water_salinity. Reference: www.teos-10.org; Lewis, 1980 doi:10.1109/JOE.1980.1145448. |
| sea_water_preformed_salinity |
Preformed Salinity, S*, is defined as part of the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10) which was adopted in 2010 by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC). Preformed Salinity is a salinity variable that is designed to be as conservative as possible, by removing the estimated biogeochemical influences on the sea water composition. Preformed Salinity is Absolute Salinity, S_A (which has the standard name sea_water_absolute_salinity), minus all contributions to sea water composition from biogeochemical processes. Preformed Salinity is the mass fraction of dissolved material in sea water. Reference: www.teos-10.org; Pawlowicz et al., 2011 doi: 10.5194/os-7-363-2011; Wright et al., 2011 doi: 10.5194/os-7-1-2011. There are also standard names for the precisely defined salinity quantities sea_water_knudsen_salinity, S_K (used for salinity observations between 1901 and 1966), sea_water_cox_salinity, S_C (used for salinity observations between 1967 and 1977), sea_water_practical_salinity, S_P (used for salinity observations from 1978 onwards), and sea_water_reference_salinity. Salinity quantities that do not match any of the precise definitions should be given the more general standard name of sea_water_salinity. |
| sea_water_pressure && ! due_to_sea_water |
"Sea water pressure" is the pressure that exists in the medium of sea water. It includes the pressure due to overlying sea water, sea ice, air and any other medium that may be present. For sea water pressure excluding the pressure due to overlying media other than sea water, the standard name sea_water_pressure_due_to_sea_water should be used. |
| sea_water_pressure_due_to_sea_water |
The pressure that exists in the medium of sea water due to overlying sea water. It excludes the pressure due to sea ice, air and any other medium that may be present. For sea water pressure including the pressure due to overlying media other than sea water, the standard name sea_water_pressure should be used. |
| sea_water_redistributed_conservative_temperature |
The quantity with standard name sea_water_redistributed_conservative_temperature is a passive tracer in an ocean model which is subject to an externally imposed perturbative surface heat flux. The passive tracer is initialised to the conservative temperature in the control climate before the perturbation is imposed. Its surface flux is the heat flux from the atmosphere, not including the imposed perturbation, and is converted to a passive tracer increment as if it were being added to conservative temperature. The passive tracer is transported within the ocean as if it were conservative temperature. The passive tracer records redistributed heat, as described for the CMIP6 FAFMIP experiment (doi:10.5194/gmd-9-3993-2016), following earlier ideas. |
| sea_water_redistributed_potential_temperature |
The quantity with standard name sea_water_redistributed_potential_temperature is a passive tracer in an ocean model which is subject to an externally imposed perturbative surface heat flux. The passive tracer is initialised to the potential temperature in the control climate before the perturbation is imposed. Its surface flux is the heat flux from the atmosphere, not including the imposed perturbation, and is converted to a passive tracer increment as if it were being added to potential temperature. The passive tracer is transported within the ocean as if it were potential temperature. The passive tracer records redistributed heat, as described for the CMIP6 FAFMIP experiment (doi:10.5194/gmd-9-3993-2016), following earlier ideas. |
| sea_water_reference_salinity |
If a sea water sample has the Reference Composition (defined in Millero et al., 2008), then its Reference Salinity is the best available estimate of its Absolute Salinity. For general purposes, Reference Salinity is (35.16504 g kg-1)/35 times Practical Salinity. Reference: www.teos-10.org; Millero et al., 2008 doi: 10.1016/j.dsr.2007.10.001. There are also standard names for the precisely defined salinity quantities sea_water_knudsen_salinity, S_K (used for salinity observations between 1901 and 1966), sea_water_cox_salinity, S_C (used for salinity observations between 1967 and 1977), sea_water_practical_salinity (used for salinity observations from 1978 onwards), sea_water_absolute_salinity, S_A, and sea_water_preformed_salinity, S_*. Salinity quantities that do not match any of the precise definitions should be given the more general standard name of sea_water_salinity. |
| sea_water_salinity || and_salinity |
Sea water salinity is the salt concentration of sea water, often on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978. However, the unqualified term 'salinity' is generic and does not necessarily imply any particular method of calculation. The units of salinity are dimensionless and the units attribute should normally be given as 1e-3 or 0.001 i.e. parts per thousand. There are standard names for the more precisely defined salinity quantities sea_water_knudsen_salinity, S_K (used for salinity observations between 1901 and 1966), sea_water_cox_salinity, S_C (used for salinity observations between 1967 and 1977), sea_water_practical_salinity, S_P (used for salinity observations from 1978 to the present day), sea_water_absolute_salinity, S_A, sea_water_preformed_salinity, S_*, and sea_water_reference_salinity. Practical Salinity is reported on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978 (PSS-78), and is usually based on the electrical conductivity of sea water in observations since the 1960s. Conversion of data between the observed scales follows S_P = (S_K - 0.03) * (1.80655 / 1.805) and S_P = S_C, however the accuracy of the latter is dependent on whether chlorinity or conductivity was used to determine the S_C value, with this inconsistency driving the development of PSS-78. The more precise standard names should be used where appropriate for both modelled and observed salinities. In particular, the use of sea_water_salinity to describe salinity observations made from 1978 onwards is now deprecated in favor of the term sea_water_practical_salinity which is the salinity quantity stored by national data centers for post-1978 observations. The only exception to this is where the observed salinities are definitely known not to be recorded on the Practical Salinity Scale. Practical salinity units are dimensionless. The unit "parts per thousand" was used for sea_water_knudsen_salinity and sea_water_cox_salinity. |
| sea_water_sigma |
Note that sea water sigma is not the same quantity as the dimensionless ocean sigma coordinate (see Appendix D of the CF convention), for which there is another standard name. |
| sea_water_sigma_theta || ocean_mixed_layer_thickness_defined_by_sigma_theta |
Sigma-theta of sea water is the potential density (i.e. the density when moved adiabatically to a reference pressure) of water having the same temperature and salinity, minus 1000 kg m-3. |
| sea_water_sigma_t || ocean_mixed_layer_thickness_defined_by_sigma_t |
Sigma-t of sea water is the density of water at atmospheric pressure (i.e. the surface) having the same temperature and salinity, minus 1000 kg m-3. |
| sea_water_specific_potential_enthalpy |
The potential enthalpy of a sea water parcel is the specific enthalpy after an adiabatic and isohaline change in pressure from its in situ pressure to the sea pressure p = 0 dbar. "specific" means per unit mass. Reference: www.teos-10.org; McDougall, 2003 doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<0945:PEACOV>2.0.CO;2. |
| sea_water_speed_shear |
Sea water speed shear is the derivative of sea water speed with respect to depth. |
| sea_water_surface |
The phrase "sea water surface" means the upper boundary of the liquid portion of an ocean or sea, including the boundary to floating ice if present. |
| sea_water_temperature |
Sea water temperature is the in situ temperature of the sea water. To specify the depth at which the temperature applies use a vertical coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable. There are standard names for sea_surface_temperature, sea_surface_skin_temperature, sea_surface_subskin_temperature and sea_surface_foundation_temperature which can be used to describe data located at the specified surfaces. For observed data, depending on the period during which the observation was made, the measured in situ temperature was recorded against standard "scales". These historical scales include the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1948 (IPTS-48; 1948-1967), the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 (IPTS-68, Barber, 1969; 1968-1989) and the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90, Saunders 1990; 1990 onwards). Conversion of data between these scales follows t68 = t48 - (4.4 x 10e-6) * t48(100 - t - 48); t90 = 0.99976 * t68. Observations made prior to 1948 (IPTS-48) have not been documented and therefore a conversion cannot be certain. Differences between t90 and t68 can be up to 0.01 at temperatures of 40 C and above; differences of 0.002-0.007 occur across the standard range of ocean temperatures (-10 - 30 C). The International Equation of State of Seawater 1980 (EOS-80, UNESCO, 1981) and the Practical Salinity Scale (PSS-78) were both based on IPTS-68, while the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10) is based on ITS-90. References: Barber, 1969, doi: 10.1088/0026-1394/5/2/001; UNESCO, 1981; Saunders, 1990, WOCE Newsletter, 10, September 1990. |
| sea_water_volume |
The quantity with standard name sea_water_volume is the total volume of liquid sea water in the global oceans, including enclosed seas. |
| sea_water_x_velocity_due_to_parameterized_mesoscale_eddies |
sea_water_x_velocity_due_to_parameterized_mesoscale_eddies is used in some parameterisations of lateral diffusion in the ocean. |
| sea_water_y_velocity_due_to_parameterized_mesoscale_eddies |
sea_water_y_velocity_due_to_parameterized_mesoscale_eddies is used in some parameterisations of lateral diffusion in the ocean. |
| sea && wave && crest_height |
The crest is the highest point of a wave. Crest height is the vertical distance between the crest and the calm sea surface. |
| sea && wavelength |
The wavelength is the horizontal distance between repeated features on the waveform such as crests, troughs or upward passes through the mean level. |
| sea && wave && maximum_crest_height |
Maximum crest height is the maximum value measured during the observation period. |
| sea && wave && maximum_period |
The maximum wave period is the longest wave period measured during the observation period. |
| sea && wave && maximum_trough_depth |
Maximum trough depth is the maximum value measured during the observation period. |
| sea && wave_mean_height && ! highest |
The mean wave height is the mean trough to crest distance measured during the observation period. |
| sea && wave_mean_height && highest_tenth |
The height of the highest tenth is defined as the mean of the highest ten per cent of trough to crest distances measured during the observation period. |
| sea && wave_mean_period && highest_tenth |
Mean period of the highest tenth is the mean period of the highest one-tenth of the waves during the observation duration. |
| sea && wave && period_of_highest |
Wave period of the highest wave is the period determined from wave crests corresponding to the greatest vertical distance above mean level during the observation period. |
| sea && wave_significant_height |
Significant wave height is a statistic computed from wave measurements and corresponds to the mean height of the highest one third of the waves, where the height is defined as the vertical distance from a wave trough to the following wave crest. |
| sea && wave_significant_period |
Significant wave period is a statistic computed from wave measurements and corresponds to the mean wave period of the highest one third of the waves. |
| sea && wave && trough_depth |
The trough is the lowest point of a wave. Trough depth is the vertical distance between the trough and the calm sea surface. |
| secchi |
A Secchi disk is a patterned disk that is used to measure water transparency, also called turbidity, in oceans and lakes. The disk is lowered into the water and the depth at which the pattern is no longer visible is the called the secchi depth. Sea water turbidity may also be measured by the quantity with standard name sea_water_turbidity. |
| secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol |
"Secondary particulate organic matter" means particulate organic matter formed within the atmosphere from gaseous precursors. The sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol is particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol. |
| secondary_swell_wave |
The secondary swell wave is the second most energetic wave in the low frequency portion of a bimodal wave frequency spectrum. |
| secondary_telemetry |
Secondary telemetry refers to the secondary transmitter on board the station when more than one transmitter is installed. |
| sediment_age_before_1950 |
"Sediment age" means the length of time elapsed since the sediment was deposited. The phrase "before_1950" is a transparent representation of the phrase "before_present", often used in the geological and archaeological domains to refer to time elapsed between an event and 1950 AD. |
| sedimentation && ! atmosphere && ! in_air |
"Sedimentation" is the sinking of particulate matter to the floor of a body of water. |
| semiheavy_water |
The chemical formula for semi-heavy water is HDO, water with one hydrogen replaced by deuterium. |
| senescence |
The term "senescence" means loss of living biomass excluding plant death, e.g. leaf drop and other seasonal effects. The term refers to changes in the whole plant and is not confined only to leaf drop. |
| sesquiterpenes |
Sesquiterpenes are a class of terpenes that consist of three isoprene units and have the molecular formula C15H24. Terpenes are hydrocarbons. The term "sesquiterpenes" is used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this common structure that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. |
| shallow_convect || deep_convect |
Some atmosphere models differentiate between shallow and deep convection. |
| shortwave |
The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. |
| signal_intensity_from_multibeam_acoustic_doppler_velocity_sensor_in_sea_water |
The magnitude of an acoustic signal emitted by the instrument toward a reflecting surface and received again by the instrument. |
| silicate && river_channel |
The amount of silicate mass transported in the river channels from land into the ocean. |
| silver && !organic_silver |
Silver means silver in all chemical forms, commonly referred to as "total silver". |
| sinking |
"Sinking" is the gravitational settling of particulate matter suspended in a liquid. A sinking flux is positive downwards and is calculated relative to the movement of the surrounding fluid. |
| sinking_mass_flux |
Sinking mass flux is understood as dry mass, i.e. weighed after water has evaporated. |
| slow_soil_pool |
"Slow soil pool" refers to the decay of organic matter in soil with a characteristic period of more than a hundred years under reference climate conditions of a temperature of 20 degrees Celsius and no water limitations. |
| snow_and_ice_albedo |
Albedo of snow and ice covered surface. |
| snow_thermodynamics |
"Snow thermodynamics" refers to the addition or subtraction of mass due to surface and basal fluxes, i.e., due to melting, sublimation and fusion. |
| sodium |
The chemical formula for the sodium cation is Na+. |
| soil_albedo |
Soil albedo is the albedo of the soil surface assuming no snow. |
| soil && content |
The "soil content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface down to the bottom of the soil model. For the content between specified levels in the soil, standard names including "content_of_soil_layer" are used. |
| soil_layer |
Quantities defined for a soil layer must have a vertical coordinate variable with boundaries indicating the extent of the layer(s). |
| soil_pool_carbon |
"Soil carbon" is the organic matter present in soil quantified by the mass of carbon it contains. Soil carbon is returned to the atmosphere as the organic matter decays. The decay process takes varying amounts of time depending on the composition of the organic matter, the temperature and the availability of moisture. A carbon "soil pool" means the carbon contained in organic matter which has a characteristic period over which it decays and releases carbon into the atmosphere. |
| soil_pool && ! carbon && ! fast && ! medium && ! slow |
A variable with the standard name of soil_pool contains strings which indicate the character of the soil pool classified according to the decay rate of the organic carbon material it contains. These strings are have not yet been standardised. |
| soil_pool && decay_rate |
"Soil carbon" is the organic matter present in soil quantified by the mass of carbon it contains. Soil carbon is returned to the atmosphere as the organic matter decays. Each modelled soil carbon pool has a characteristic turnover time, which is modified by environmental conditions such as temperature and moisture so that the turnover time varies in space and time. The quantity with standard name soil_pool_carbon_decay_rate is defined as 1/(turnover time). The data variable should be accompanied by a coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with standard name soil_pool and whose value(s) are chosen from a standardised list. |
| soil_pores |
The quantity with standard name volume_fraction_of_condensed_water_in_soil_pores is the ratio of the volume of condensed water in soil pores to the volume of the pores themselves. |
| soil_respiration |
Soil respiration is the sum of respiration in the soil by animals and decomposers of litter (heterotrophs or "consumers"), which have not produced the biomass they respire, and respiration by the roots of plants (autotrophs or "producers"), which have themselves produced the biomass they respire. |
| soil_suction |
Soil suction is the tensile stress on water in soil due to molecular forces acting at the water-soil particle boundary. The forces may cause water to be drawn into the spaces within the soil matrix or cause it to be held in the soil without draining. Soil suction occurs in soil above the water table. |
| soil_temperature |
Soil temperature is the bulk temperature of the soil, not the surface (skin) temperature. "Soil" means the near-surface layer where plants sink their roots. For subsurface temperatures that extend beneath the soil layer or in areas where there is no surface soil layer, the standard name solid_earth_subsurface_temperature should be used. |
| soil_thermal_capacity |
Thermal capacity, or heat capacity, is the amount of heat energy required to increase the temperature of 1 kg of material by 1 K. It is a property of the material. |
| soil_thermal_conductivity |
Thermal conductivity is the constant k in the formula q = -k grad T where q is the heat transfer per unit time per unit area of a surface normal to the direction of transfer and grad T is the temperature gradient. Thermal conductivity is a property of the material. |
| soil_type |
A variable with the standard name of "soil_type" contains strings which indicate the character of the soil e.g. clay. These strings have not yet been standardised. |
| soil && water && critical_point |
When soil moisture equals or exceeds the critical point, evapotranspiration takes place at the potential rate and is controlled by the ambient meteorological conditions (temperature, wind, relative humidity). Potential evapotranspiration is the rate at which evapotranspiration would occur under ambient conditions from a uniformly vegetated area when the water supply is not limiting. |
| solar_azimuth |
Solar azimuth angle is the horizontal angle between the line of sight from the observation point to the sun and a reference direction at the observation point, which is often due north. The angle is measured clockwise, starting from the reference direction. A comment attribute should be added to a data variable with the standard name solar_azimuth_angle to specify the reference direction. |
| solar_elevation_angle |
Solar elevation angle is the angle between the line of sight to the sun and the local horizontal. |
| solar_induced_fluorescence |
Some of the solar energy absorbed by pigment systems of plant leaves during photosynthesis is re-emitted as fluorescence. This is called solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF). It is a radiance that can be measured on a global scale at various wavelengths and by multiple space borne instruments. SIF is considered a measurement of the photosynthetic machinery in plants and can provide a direct approach for the diagnosis of the actual functional status of vegetation. It is therefore considered a functional proxy of terrestrial gross primary productivity which has the standard name gross_primary_productivity_of_biomass_expressed_as_carbon. SIF spans the wavelength range 600 - 800 nm. |
| solar_irradiance && ! growth_limitation |
The quantity applies outside the atmosphere, by default at a distance of one astronomical unit from the Sun, but a coordinate or scalar coordinate variable of distance_from_sun can be used to specify a value other than the default. |
| solar_irradiance && wavelength |
The quantity with standard name solar_irradiance_per_unit_wavelength, often called Solar Spectral Irradiance (SSI), is the radiation from the sun as a function of wavelength integrated over the entire solar disk. |
| solar_irradiance && ! wavelength && ! growth_limitation |
The quantity with standard name solar_irradiance, often called Total Solar Irradiance (TSI), is the radiation from the sun integrated over the whole electromagnetic spectrum and over the entire solar disk. |
| solar_zenith_angle |
Solar zenith angle is the the angle between the line of sight to the sun and the local vertical. |
| solid_earth_subsurface_temperature |
The quantity with standard name solid_earth_subsurface_temperature is the temperature at any depth (or in a layer) of the "solid" earth, excluding surficial snow and ice (but not permafrost or soil). For temperatures in surface snow and ice, the more specific standard names temperature_in_surface_snow and land_ice_temperature should be used. For temperatures measured or modelled specifically in the soil layer (the near-surface layer where plants sink their roots) the standard name soil_temperature should be used. |
| solid_precipitation |
Solid precipitation refers to the precipitation of water in the solid phase. Water in the atmosphere exists in one of three phases: solid, liquid or vapor. The solid phase can exist as snow, hail, graupel, cloud ice, or as a component of aerosol. |
| sound_intensity |
Sound intensity is the sound energy per unit time per unit area. |
| sound_intensity_level_in_air |
Sound intensity level in air is expressed on a logarithmic scale with reference to a sound intensity of 1e-12 W m<sup>-2</sup>. L<sub>I</sub> = 10 log<sub>10</sub>(I/I<sub>0</sub>) where L<sub>I</sub> is sound intensity level, I is sound intensity and I<sub>0</sub> is the reference sound intensity. |
| sound_intensity_level_in_water |
Sound intensity level in water is expressed on a logarithmic scale with reference to a sound intensity of 6.7e-19 W m<sup>-2</sup>. L<sub>I</sub> = 10 log<sub>10</sub>(I/I<sub>0</sub>) where L<sub>I</sub> is sound intensity level, I is sound intensity and I<sub>0</sub> is the reference sound intensity. |
| sound_pressure |
Sound pressure is the difference from the local ambient pressure caused by a sound wave at a particular location and time. |
| sound_pressure_level_in_air |
Sound pressure level in air is expressed on a logarithmic scale with reference to a sound pressure of 2e-5 Pa. L<sub>p</sub> = 20 log<sub>10</sub>(p/p<sub>0</sub>) where L<sub>p</sub> is the sound pressure level, p is the rms sound pressure and p<sub>0</sub> is the reference sound pressure. |
| sound_pressure_level_in_water |
Sound pressure level in water is expressed on a logarithmic scale with reference to a sound pressure of 1e-6 Pa. L<sub>p</sub> = 20 log<sub>10</sub>(p/p<sub>0</sub>) where L<sub>p</sub> is the sound pressure level, p is the rms sound pressure and p<sub>0</sub> is the reference sound pressure. |
| southward |
"Southward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed southward (negative northward). |
| southward_eastward |
"Southward eastward" indicates the YX component of a tensor. |
| southward_westward |
"Southward westward" indicates the YX component of a tensor. |
| specific_heat_capacity_of_sea_water |
The specific heat capacity of sea water, Cp(ocean), is used in ocean models to convert between model prognostic temperature (potential or conservative temperature) and model heat content. |
| specific_humidity |
Specific humidity is the mass fraction of water vapor in (moist) air. |
| specific && ! specific_mass_balance |
"Specific" means per unit mass. |
| spectral peak |
The spectral peak is the most energetic wave in the total wave spectrum. |
| spectral_sound_.* |
The spectral sound pressure level is the sound pressure level divided by the square root of sound frequency. |
| speed |
Speed is the magnitude of velocity. |
| spell_length_of_days |
A spell is the number of consecutive days on which the condition X_below|above_threshold is satisfied. A variable whose standard name has the form spell_length_of_days_with_X_below|above_threshold must have a coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of X to supply the threshold(s). It must have a climatological time variable, and a cell_method entry for within days which describes the processing of quantity X before the threshold is applied. A spell_length_of_days is an intensive quantity in time, and the cell_methods entry for over days can be any of the methods listed in Appendix E appropriate for intensive quantities e.g. "maximum", "minimum" or "mean". |
| spherical_irradiance && ! photon && ! omnidirectional |
Spherical irradiance is the radiation incident on unit area of a hemispherical (or "2-pi") collector. It is sometimes called "scalar irradiance". The direction ("up/downwelling") is specified. Radiation incident on a 4-pi collector has standard names of "omnidirectional spherical irradiance". |
| spherical_reflectance |
Spherical reflectance is the reflectance of radiation incident on unit area of a hemispherical (or "2-pi") collector. |
| spike_test_quality_flag |
A quality flag that reports the result of the Spike test, which checks that the difference between two points in a series of values is within reasonable bounds. |
| square_of |
The phrase "square_of_X" means X*X. |
| stagnation_temperature |
In thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, stagnation temperature is the temperature at a stagnation point in a fluid flow. At a stagnation point the speed of the fluid is zero and all of the kinetic energy has been converted to internal energy and is added to the local static enthalpy. In both compressible and incompressible fluid flow, the stagnation temperature is equal to the total temperature at all points on the streamline leading to the stagnation point. In aviation, stagnation temperature is known as total air temperature and is measured by a temperature probe mounted on the surface of the aircraft. The probe is designed to bring the air to rest relative to the aircraft. As the air is brought to rest, kinetic energy is converted to internal energy. The air is compressed and experiences an adiabatic increase in temperature. Therefore, total air temperature is higher than the static (or ambient) air temperature. Total air temperature is an essential input to an air data computer in order to enable computation of static air temperature and hence true airspeed. |
| standard_temperature_and_pressure |
"Standard_temperature_and_pressure" refer to a reference volume at 273.15 K temperature and 1013.25 hPa pressure. |
| status_flag |
A variable with the standard name of status_flag contains an indication of quality or other status of another data variable. This may include the status of the instrument producing the data as well as data quality information. The linkage between the data variable and the variable with the standard_name of status_flag is achieved using the ancillary_variables attribute. A variable which contains purely quality information may use the standard name of quality_flag to provide an assessed quality of the corresponding data. |
| stem |
The stem of a plant is the axis that bears buds and shoots with leaves and, at its basal end, roots. Its function is to carry water and nutrients. Examples include the stalk of a plant or the main trunk of a tree. |
| steric_change_in_mean_sea_level |
Steric sea level change is caused by changes in sea water density due to changes in temperature (thermosteric) and salinity (halosteric). The sum of the quantities with standard names thermosteric_change_in_mean_sea_level and halosteric_change_in_mean_sea_level has the standard name steric_change_in_mean_sea_level. |
| ^steric_change_in_sea_surface_height |
The steric change in sea surface height is the change in height that a water column of standard temperature zero degrees Celsius and practical salinity S=35.0 would undergo when its temperature and salinity are changed to the observed values. |
| steric_change_in_sea_surface_height |
The sum of the quantities with standard names thermosteric_change_in_sea_surface_height and halosteric_change_in_sea_surface_height is the total steric change in the water column height, which has the standard name of steric_change_in_sea_surface_height. |
| stokes_drift.*.velocity |
The Stokes drift velocity is the average velocity when following a specific fluid parcel as it travels with the fluid flow. For instance, a particle floating at the free surface of water waves, experiences a net Stokes drift velocity in the direction of wave propagation. |
| stp |
"stp" means standard temperature (0 degC) and pressure (101325 Pa). |
| stratiform && ! cloud |
Stratiform precipitation, whether liquid or frozen, is precipitation that formed in stratiform cloud. |
| stratiform_cloud |
In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). |
| stratiform_liquid_water_cloud_top |
The phrase "stratiform_liquid_water_cloud_top" refers to the top of the highest stratiform liquid water cloud. |
| stratosphere.*_content |
The "stratosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the tropopause to the stratopause. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. |
| stratosphere_optical_thickness |
The stratosphere optical thickness applies to radiation passing through the atmosphere layer between the tropopause and stratopause. |
| stress_correction |
A positive correction is downward i.e. added to the ocean. |
| sublimation |
Sublimation is the conversion of solid into vapor. |
| subsurface_litter |
"Subsurface litter" means the part of the litter mixed within the soil below the surface. |
| sulfate_dry_aerosol |
The chemical formula for the sulfate anion is SO4(2-). |
| sulfur_dioxide |
The chemical formula for sulfur dioxide is SO2. |
| sulfur_hexafluoride |
The chemical formula of sulfur hexafluoride is SF6. |
| sulfuric_acid |
The chemical formula for sulfuric acid is H2SO4. |
| sunshine |
The WMO definition of sunshine is that the surface incident radiative flux from the solar beam (i.e. excluding diffuse skylight) exceeds 120 W m-2. |
| (surface|canopy).*_snow_melt_and_sublimation_heat_flux |
The snow melt and sublimation heat flux is the supply of latent heat which is converting snow to liquid water (melting) and water vapor (sublimation). |
| (surface|canopy).*_snow_melt_heat_flux |
The snow melt heat flux is the supply of latent heat which is melting snow at freezing point. |
| (surface|canopy).*_snow_sublimation_heat_flux |
The snow sublimation heat flux is the supply of latent heat which is causing evaporation of snow to water vapor. |
| (surface|canopy).*_water |
"Water" means water in all phases, including frozen i.e. ice and snow. |
| surface_cover |
A variable with the standard name of "surface_cover" contains strings which indicate the nature of the surface e.g. urban, forest, vegetation, land, sea_ice, open_sea. These strings have not yet been standardised. This standard name is a generalisation of "land_cover". |
| surface_direct_along_beam_shortwave_flux_in_air |
The quantity with standard name surface_direct_along_beam_shortwave_flux_in_air is also called Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) in the solar energy industry. |
| surface_downward_mole_flux_of_carbon_dioxide |
The standard name surface_upward_mole_flux_of_carbon_dioxide should be used to label data in which the flux is positive when directed upward. The standard name "surface_carbon_dioxide_mole_flux" is deprecated because it does not specify in which direction the flux is positive. Any data having the standard name "surface_carbon_dioxide_mole_flux" should be examined carefully to determine which sign convention was used. |
| surface_downward && stress |
"Surface stress" means the shear stress (force per unit area) exerted by the wind at the surface. A downward stress is a downward flux of momentum. Over large bodies of water, wind stress can drive near-surface currents. |
| surface_downwelling_shortwave_flux |
Surface downwelling shortwave is the sum of direct and diffuse solar radiation incident on the surface, and is sometimes called "global radiation". |
| surface && flux && nitrogen_compounds && ! oxidized && ! reduced |
"Nitrogen compounds" summarizes all chemical species containing nitrogen atoms. Usually, particle bound and gaseous nitrogen compounds, such as atomic nitrogen (N), nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5), nitric acid (HNO3), nitrate (NO3-), peroxynitric acid (HNO4), ammonia (NH3), ammonium (NH4+), bromine nitrate (BrONO2), chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) and organic nitrates (most notably peroxyacetyl nitrate, sometimes referred to as PAN, (CH3COO2NO2)) are included. The list of individual species that are included in this quantity can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. |
| surface_geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity && ! assuming |
The quantity with standard name surface_geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity is the sum of a variable part, surface_geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity_assuming_mean_sea_level_for_geoid, and a constant part due to the stationary component of ocean circulation. |
| surface_geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity_assuming_mean_sea_level_for_geoid |
The quantity with standard name surface_geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity_assuming_mean_sea_level_for_geoid is the variable part of surface_geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity. The assumption that sea level is equal to the geoid means that the stationary component of ocean circulation is equal to zero. |
| surface_geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity && ! assuming |
The quantity with standard name surface_geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity is the sum of a variable part, surface_geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity_assuming_mean_sea_level_for_geoid, and a constant part due to the stationary component of ocean circulation. |
| surface_geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity_assuming_mean_sea_level_for_geoid |
The quantity with standard name surface_geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity_assuming_mean_sea_level_for_geoid is the variable part of surface_geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity. The assumption that sea level is equal to the geoid means that the stationary component of ocean circulation is equal to zero. |
| surface_geostrophic_sea_water_x_velocity && ! assuming |
The quantity with standard name surface_geostrophic_sea_water_x_velocity is the sum of a variable part, surface_geostrophic_sea_water_x_velocity_assuming_mean_sea_level_for_geoid, and a constant part due to the stationary component of ocean circulation. |
| surface_geostrophic_sea_water_x_velocity_assuming_mean_sea_level_for_geoid |
The quantity with standard name surface_geostrophic_sea_water_x_velocity_assuming_mean_sea_level_for_geoid is the variable part of surface_geostrophic_sea_water_x_velocity. The assumption that sea level is equal to the geoid means that the stationary component of ocean circulation is equal to zero. |
| surface_geostrophic_sea_water_y_velocity && ! assuming |
The quantity with standard name surface_geostrophic_sea_water_y_velocity is the sum of a variable part, surface_geostrophic_sea_water_y_velocity_assuming_mean_sea_level_for_geoid, and a constant part due to the stationary component of ocean circulation. |
| surface_geostrophic_sea_water_y_velocity_assuming_mean_sea_level_for_geoid |
The quantity with standard name surface_geostrophic_sea_water_y_velocity_assuming_mean_sea_level_for_geoid is the variable part of surface_geostrophic_sea_water_y_velocity. The assumption that sea level is equal to the geoid means that the stationary component of ocean circulation is equal to zero. |
| surface_litter |
"Surface litter" means the part of the litter resting above the soil surface. |
| surface && mass_flux_of_methane |
The quantity with standard name surface_net_upward_mass_flux_of_methane_due_to_emission_from_wetland_biological_processes is the difference between the upward and downward surface fluxes of methane which have standard names surface_upward_mass_flux_of_methane_due_to_emission_from_wetland_biological_production and surface_downward_mass_flux_of_methane_due_to_wetland_biological_consumption, respectively. |
| surface && ! sea_surface && ! land |
The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. |
| surface_snow |
Surface snow refers to the snow on the solid ground or on surface ice cover, but excludes, for example, falling snowflakes and snow on plants. |
| surface_snow_binary_mask |
The value is 1 where the snow cover area fraction is greater than a threshold, and 0 elsewhere. The threshold must be specified by associating a coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with the data variable and giving the coordinate variable a standard name of surface_snow_area_fraction. The values of the coordinate variable are the threshold values for the corresponding subarrays of the data variable. |
| surface_(snow|water)_amount && ! canopy |
Surface snow amount refers to the amount on the solid ground or on surface ice cover, but excludes, for example, falling snowflakes and snow on plants. |
| surface_temperature && ! sea_surface |
The surface temperature is the temperature at the interface, not the bulk temperature of the medium above or below. |
| surface_upward_mass_flux_of_carbon_dioxide_expressed_as_carbon_due_to_emission_from_natural_sources |
A quantity with standard name surface_upward_mass_flux_of_carbon_dioxide_expressed_as_carbon_due_to_emission_from_natural_sources is the combination of the natural carbon dioxide fluxes over land and ocean. |
| surface_upward_mole_flux_of_carbon_dioxide |
The standard name surface_downward_mole_flux_of_carbon_dioxide should be used to label data in which the flux is positive when directed downward. The standard name "surface_carbon_dioxide_mole_flux" is deprecated because it does not specify in which direction the flux is positive. Any data having the standard name "surface_carbon_dioxide_mole_flux" should be examined carefully to determine which sign convention was used. |
| surface_[^_]*ward_latent_heat_flux |
The surface latent heat flux is the exchange of heat between the surface and the air on account of evaporation (including sublimation). |
| surface_[^_]*ward_sensible_heat_flux |
The surface sensible heat flux, also called "turbulent" heat flux, is the exchange of heat between the surface and the air by motion of air. |
| surface_[^_]*ward_water_flux |
The surface water flux is the result of precipitation and evaporation. |
| surface_[^_]*ward_water_flux_in_air |
The surface water flux in air is the result of precipitation and evaporation. |
| surge_aft |
"Aft" indicates that positive values of surge represent the platform moving backward as viewed by an observer on top of the platform facing forward. The standard name platform_surge_fore should be used for data having the opposite sign convention. The standard name platform_surge should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. |
| surge_fore |
"Fore" indicates that positive values of surge represent the platform moving forward as viewed by an observer on top of the platform facing forward. The standard name platform_surge_aft should be used for data having the opposite sign convention. The standard name platform_surge should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. |
| surge_rate_aft |
"Aft" indicates that positive values of surge rate represent the platform moving backward as viewed by an observer on top of the platform facing forward. The standard name platform_surge_rate_fore should be used for data having the opposite sign convention. The standard name platform_surge_rate should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. |
| surge_rate_fore |
"Fore" indicates that positive values of surge rate represent the platform moving forward as viewed by an observer on top of the platform facing forward. The standard name platform_surge_rate_aft should be used for data having the opposite sign convention. The standard name platform_surge_rate should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. |
| sway_port |
"Port" indicates that positive values of sway represent the platform moving left as viewed by an observer on top of the platform facing forward. The standard name platform_sway_starboard should be used for data having the opposite sign convention. The standard name platform_sway should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. |
| sway_rate_port |
"Port" indicates that positive values of sway rate represent the platform moving left as viewed by an observer on top of the platform facing forward. The standard name platform_sway_rate_starboard should be used for data having the opposite sign convention. The standard name platform_sway_rate should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. |
| sway_rate_starboard |
"Starboard" indicates that positive values of sway rate represent the platform moving right as viewed by an observer on top of the platform facing forward. The standard name platform_sway_rate_port should be used for data having the opposite sign convention. The standard name platform_sway_rate should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. |
| sway_starboard |
"Starboard" indicates that positive values of sway represent the platform moving right as viewed by an observer on top of the platform facing forward. The standard name platform_sway_port should be used for data having the opposite sign convention. The standard name platform_sway should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. |
| swell_wave |
Swell waves are waves on the ocean surface and are the low frequency portion of a bimodal wave frequency spectrum. |
| syntax_test_quality_flag |
A quality flag that reports the result of the Syntax test, which checks that the data contain no indicators of flawed transmission. |
| temperature_flux_due_to_evaporation_expressed_as_heat_flux_out_of_sea_water |
The quantity with standard name temperature_flux_due_to_evaporation_expressed_as_heat_flux_out_of_sea_water is the heat energy carried by the transfer of water away from the liquid ocean through the process of evaporation. It is distinct from the transfer of latent heat and is calculated relative to the heat that would be transported by water evaporating at zero degrees Celsius. It is calculated as the product QevapCpTevap, where Qevap is the mass flux of evaporating water (kg m-2 s-1), Cp is the specific heat capacity of water and Tevap is the temperature in degrees Celsius of the evaporating water. |
| temperature_flux_due_to_rainfall_expressed_as_heat_flux_into_sea_water |
The quantity with standard name temperature_flux_due_to_rainfall_expressed_as_heat_flux_into_sea_water is the heat energy carried by rainfall entering the sea at the sea surface. It is calculated relative to the heat that would be carried by rainfall entering the sea at zero degrees Celsius. It is calculated as the product QrainCpTrain, where Qrain is the mass flux of rainfall entering the sea (kg m-2 s-1), Cp is the specific heat capacity of water and Train is the temperature in degrees Celsius of the rain water entering the sea surface. |
| temperature_flux_due_to_runoff_expressed_as_heat_flux_into_sea_water |
The quantity with standard name temperature_flux_due_to_runoff_expressed_as_heat_flux_into_sea_water is the heat carried by the transfer of water into the liquid ocean by the process of runoff. It is calculated relative to the heat that would be transported by runoff water entering the sea at zero degrees Celsius. It is calculated as the product QrunoffCpTrunoff, where Q runoff is the mass flux of liquid runoff entering the sea water (kg m-2 s-1), Cp is the specific heat capacity of water, and Trunoff is the temperature in degrees Celsius of the runoff water. This quantity includes melt water from sea ice and icebergs. |
| temperature_in_surface_snow |
"Temperature in surface snow" is the bulk temperature of the snow, not the surface (skin) temperature. |
| temperature_of_sensor_for_oxygen_in_sea_water |
Temperature_of_sensor_for_oxygen_in_sea_water is the instrument temperature used in calculating the concentration of oxygen in sea water; it is not a measurement of the ambient water temperature. |
| tendency_of |
The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. |
| tendency_of_air_temperature_due_to_dissipation_of_.*_gravity_waves |
The dissipation of gravity waves generates heating through an eddy heat flux convergence and through a viscous stress term. |
| tendency_of_eastward_wind && gravity_wave |
The quantity with standard name tendency_of_eastward_wind_due_to_gravity_wave_drag is the total tendency of the eastward wind due to gravity waves. It is the sum of the tendencies due to orographic and nonorographic gravity waves which have the standard names tendency_of_eastward_wind_due_to_orographic_gravity_wave_drag and tendency_of_eastward_wind_due_to_nonorographic_gravity_wave_drag, respectively. |
| tendency_of_land_ice_mass_due_to_basal_mass_balance |
Mass balance means the net rate at which ice is accumulated. A negative value means loss of ice. The tendency of land ice mass is the spatially integrated mass balance. The tendency in ice mass due to the basal mass balance is the spatial integral of the quantity with standard name land_ice_basal_specific_mass_balance_flux. The horizontal domain over which the quantity is calculated is described by the associated coordinate variables and coordinate bounds or by a coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "region" supplied according to section 6.1.1 of the CF conventions. |
| tendency_of_land_ice_mass_due_to_calving |
The tendency in ice mass due to calving is the spatial integral of the quantity named land_ice_specific_mass_flux_due_to_calving. The horizontal domain over which the quantity is calculated is described by the associated coordinate variables and coordinate bounds or by a coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "region" supplied according to section 6.1.1 of the CF conventions. |
| tendency_of_mole_concentration_of_dissolved_iron_in_sea_water_due_to_dissolution_from_inorganic_particles |
The quantity with standard name tendency_of_mole_concentration_of_dissolved_iron_in_sea_water_due_to_dissolution_from_inorganic_particles is the change in concentration caused by the processes of dissolution, remineralization and desorption of iron back to the dissolved phase. |
| tendency_of_northward_wind && gravity_wave |
The quantity with standard name tendency_of_northward_wind_due_to_gravity_wave_drag is the total tendency of the northward wind due to gravity waves. It is the sum of the tendencies due to orographic and nonorographic gravity waves which have the standard names tendency_of_northward_wind_due_to_orographic_gravity_wave_drag and tendency_of_northward_wind_due_to_nonorographic_gravity_wave_drag, respectively. |
| tendency_of_surface_snow_amount_due_to_drifting_into_sea |
The quantity with standard name tendency_of_surface_snow_amount_due_to_drifting is the rate of change of snow amount caused by wind drift of snow into the sea. |
| tendency_of_surface_snow_amount_due_to_sea_ice_dynamics |
The quantity with standard name tendency_of_surface_snow_amount_due_to_sea_ice_dynamics is the rate of change of snow amount caused by advection of the sea ice upon which the snow is lying. |
| tendency_of_wind_due_to_convection |
The tendency of the wind is the rate of change of its magnitude. |
| terpenes |
Terpenes are hydrocarbons, that is, they contain only hydrogen and carbon combined in the general proportions (C5H8)n where n is an integer greater than or equal to one. The term "terpenes" is used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this common structure that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. Standard names exist for some individual terpene species, e.g., isoprene and limonene. |
| terrestrial && mass_content |
The "terrestrial mass content" of a quantity refers to the mass contained in both soil and vegetation. |
| tertiary_swell_wave |
The tertiary swell wave is the third most energetic swell wave. |
| thermal_energy |
Thermal energy is the total vibrational energy, kinetic and potential, of all the molecules and atoms in a substance. |
| thermodynamic_phase_of_cloud_water_particles_at_cloud_top |
A variable with the standard name of thermodynamic_phase_of_cloud_water_particles_at_cloud_top contains integers which can be translated to strings using flag_values and flag_meanings attributes. Alternatively, the data variable may contain strings which indicate the thermodynamic phase e.g. liquid, ice, mixed. |
| thermosteric_change_in_mean_sea_level |
Thermosteric sea level change is the part caused by change in sea water density due to change in temperature i.e. thermal expansion. |
| thermosteric_change_in_sea_surface_height |
The thermosteric change in sea surface height is the change in height that a water column having standard temperature zero degrees Celsius would undergo when its temperature is changed to the observed value. |
| thickness && ! amount && ! content && ! optical_thickness |
"Thickness" means the vertical extent of a layer. |
| thickness_of_.*_?rainfall_amount |
The construction "thickness_of_"[X_]"rainfall_amount" means the accumulated "depth" of rainfall i.e. the thickness of a layer of liquid water having the same mass per unit area as the rainfall amount. |
| thickness_of_.*_?snowfall_amount && ! lwe |
The construction "thickness_of_"[X_]"snowfall_amount" means the accumulated "depth" of snow which fell i.e. the thickness of the layer of snow at its own density. There are corresponding standard names for liquid water equivalent ("lwe") thickness. |
| tidal && ! non |
The tidal component of sea surface height describes the predicted variability of the sea surface due to astronomic forcing (chiefly lunar and solar cycles) and shallow water resonance of tidal components; for example as generated based on harmonic analysis, or resulting from the application of harmonic tidal series as boundary conditions to a numerical tidal model. |
| .*_time_fraction |
"X_time_fraction" means the fraction of the time interval during which X occurs. |
| time_fraction |
"Time fraction" means a fraction of a time interval. The interval in question must be specified by the values or bounds of the time coordinate variable associated with the data. |
| toa |
The abbreviation "toa" means top of atmosphere. |
| toa_brightness_temperature_bias_at_standard_scene_due_to_intercalibration |
toa_brightness_temperature_bias_at_standard_scene_due_to_intercalibration is the difference between top-of-atmosphere (TOA) brightness temperature
of the reference sensor and TOA brightness temperature of the
monitored sensor. This TOA brightness temperature difference is a measure of the calibration difference between the monitored and reference sensors. The standard scene is a target area with typical Earth surface and atmospheric conditions that is accepted as a reference. Brightness temperature of a body is the temperature of a black body which radiates the same power per unit solid angle per unit area at a given wavenumber. TOA brightness temperature of the standard scene is calculated using a radiative transfer simulation for a given viewing geometry. The resultant top-of-atmosphere spectral radiance is then integrated with each sensor's spectral response function and converted to equivalent brightness temperature. |
| toa_incoming_shortwave_flux |
The TOA incoming shortwave flux is the radiative flux from the sun i.e. the "downwelling" TOA shortwave flux. |
| toa_longwave_cloud_radiative_effect |
The quantity with standard name toa_longwave_cloud_radiative_effect is the difference between those with standard names toa_outgoing_longwave_flux_assuming_clear_sky and toa_outgoing_longwave_flux. |
| toa_outgoing_longwave_flux |
The TOA outgoing longwave flux is the upwelling thermal radiative flux, often called the "outgoing longwave radiation" or "OLR". |
| toa_outgoing_radiance |
The TOA outgoing radiance is the upwelling radiance, i.e., toward outer space. |
| toa_outgoing_radiance_per_unit_wavenumber_mean_within_collocation_scene |
toa_outgoing_radiance_per_unit_wavenumber_mean_within_collocation_scene is an average of observations of the quantity with standard name toa_outgoing_radiance_per_unit_wavenumber from a sensor's adjacent field-of-views within a collocation scene. |
| toa_outgoing_radiance_per_unit_wavenumber_mean_within_collocation_target |
toa_outgoing_radiance_per_unit_wavenumber_mean_within_collocation_target is an average of observations of the quantity with standard name toa_outgoing_radiance_per_unit_wavenumber from a sensor's adjacent field-of-views within a collocation target. |
| toa_outgoing_radiance_per_unit_wavenumber_stdev_within_collocation_scene |
toa_outgoing_radiance_per_unit_wavenumber_stdev_within_collocation_scene is the standard deviation of observations of the quantity with standard name toa_outgoing_radiance_per_unit_wavenumber from a sensor's adjacent field-of-views within a collocation scene. |
| toa_outgoing_radiance_per_unit_wavenumber_stdev_within_collocation_target |
toa_outgoing_radiance_per_unit_wavenumber_stdev_within_collocation_target is the standard deviation of observations of the quantity with standard name toa_outgoing_radiance_per_unit_wavenumber from a sensor's adjacent field-of-views within a collocation target. |
| toa_outgoing_shortwave_flux |
The TOA outgoing shortwave flux is the reflected and scattered solar radiative flux i.e. the "upwelling" TOA shortwave flux, sometimes called the "outgoing shortwave radiation" or "OSR". |
| toa_shortwave_cloud_radiative_effect |
The quantity with standard name toa_shortwave_cloud_radiative_effect is the difference between those with standard names toa_net_downward_shortwave_flux and toa_net_downward_shortwave_flux_assuming_clear_sky. |
| to_direction |
The phrase "to_direction" is used in the construction X_to_direction and indicates the direction towards which the velocity vector of X is headed. The direction is a bearing in the usual geographical sense, measured positive clockwise from due north. |
| to_direction_of_air_velocity_relative_to_sea_water |
The quantity with standard name to_direction_of_air_velocity_relative_to_sea_water is the difference between the direction of motion of the air and the near-surface current. The components of the relative velocity vector have standard names eastward_air_velocity_relative_to_sea_water and northward_air_velocity_relative_to_sea_water. |
| toluene |
The chemical formula for toluene is C6H5CH3. Toluene has the same structure as benzene, except that one of the hydrogen atoms is replaced by a methyl group. The IUPAC name for toluene is methylbenzene. |
| top_of_atmosphere_model && ! at_top_of_atmosphere_model |
Fluxes at the "top_of_atmosphere_model" differ from TOA fluxes only if the model TOA fluxes make some allowance for the atmosphere above the top of the model; if not, it is usual to give standard names with "toa" to the fluxes at the top of the model atmosphere. |
| tracer_lifetime |
The quantity with standard name tracer_lifetime is the total length of time a passive tracer exists within a medium. Passive tracers are used in models to study processes such as transport and deposition. |
| tracer && lifetime && ! tracer_lifetime |
To specify the length of the tracer lifetime in the atmosphere, a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of tracer_lifetime should be used. |
| transformed_eulerian_mean |
The "Transformed Eulerian Mean" refers to a formulation of the mean equations which incorporates some eddy terms into the definition of the mean, described in Andrews et al (1987): Middle Atmospheric Dynamics. Academic Press. |
| transpiration |
Transpiration is the process by which liquid water in plant stomata is transferred as water vapor into the atmosphere. |
| transpiration && latent_heat |
The latent heat flux due to transpiration is the release of latent heat from plant surfaces to the air due to the release of water vapor. |
| tribromomethane |
The chemical formula for tribromomethane is CHBr3. The IUPAC name is tribromomethane. |
| trimethylbenzene |
The chemical formula for trimethylbenzene is C9H12. The IUPAC names for trimethylbenzene is 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene. Trimethylbenzene is an aromatic hydrocarbon. There are standard names that refer to aromatic compounds as a group, as well as those for individual species. |
| tropical_cyclone_eye_brightness_temperature |
The quantity with standard name tropical_cyclone_eye_brightness_temperature is the warmest brightness temperature value in the eye region of a tropical cyclone (0 - 24 km from the storm center) derived using the Advanced Dvorak Technique, based on satellite observations. Reference: Olander, T. L., & Velden, C. S., The Advanced Dvorak Technique: Continued Development of an Objective Scheme to Estimate Tropical Cyclone Intensity Using Geostationary Infrared Satellite Imagery (2007). American Meteorological Society Weather and Forecasting, 22, 287-298. |
| tropical_cyclone_maximum_sustained_wind_speed |
The quantity with standard name tropical_cyclone_maximum_sustained_wind_speed is the maximum sustained wind speed of a tropical cyclone, sustained over a period of one minute at the surface of the earth, derived using the Advanced Dvorak Technique based on satellite observations. Reference: Olander, T. L., & Velden, C. S., The Advanced Dvorak Technique: Continued Development of an Objective Scheme to Estimate Tropical Cyclone Intensity Using Geostationary Infrared Satellite Imagery (2007). American Meteorological Society Weather and Forecasting, 22, 287-298. |
| troposphere.*_content |
The "troposphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the tropopause. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. |
| troposphere_moles_of |
The construction "troposphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the troposphere, i.e. summed over that part of the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. |
| turbidity |
Turbidity is a dimensionless quantity which is expressed in NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Units). Turbidity expressed in NTU is the proportion of white light scattered back to a transceiver by the particulate load in a body of water, represented on an arbitrary scale referenced against measurements made in the laboratory on aqueous suspensions of formazine beads. Sea water turbidity may also be measured by the quantity with standard name secchi_depth_of_sea_water. |
| turbulent_deposition || gravitational_settling |
The sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling is dry deposition. |
| turbulent_kinetic_energy |
"Turbulent kinetic energy" is the kinetic energy of all eddy-induced motion that is not resolved on the grid scale of the model. |
| turbulent_mixing_length |
"Turbulent mixing length" is used in models to describe the average distance over which a fluid parcel can travel while retaining properties that allow the parcel to be distinguished from its immediate environment. |
| .*_type_cloud_area_fraction |
X_type_cloud_area_fraction is generally determined on the basis of cloud type, though Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models often calculate them based on the vertical location of the cloud. For the cloud area fraction between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "cloud_area_fraction_in_atmosphere_layer" are used. Standard names referring only to "cloud_area_fraction" should be used for quantities for the whole atmosphere column. |
| ultraviolet_index |
The "Ultraviolet Index" (UVI) is a measure of the amount of solar ultraviolet radiation that reaches the surface of the earth depending on factors such as time of day and cloud cover. It is often used to alert the public of the need to limit sun exposure and use sun creams to protect the skin. Each point on the Index scale is equivalent to 25 mW m-2 of UV radiation (reference: Australian Bureau of Meteorology, http://www.bom.gov.au/uv/about_uv_index.shtml). The UVI range is expressed as a numeric value from 0 to 20 and sometimes graphically as bands of color indicating the attendant risk of skin damage. A UVI of 0-2 is described as 'Low' (represented graphically in green); a UVI of 11 or greater is described as "Extreme" (represented graphically in purple). The higher the UVI, the greater the potential health risk to humans and the less time it takes for harm to occur. |
| ultraviolet_index_assuming_clear_sky |
Standard names are also defined for the quantities ultraviolet_index and ultraviolet_index_assuming_overcast_sky. |
| ultraviolet_index_assuming_overcast_sky |
Standard names are also defined for the quantities ultraviolet_index and ultraviolet_index_assuming_clear_sky. |
| ultraviolet_index && ! sky |
Standard names are also defined for the quantities ultraviolet_index_assuming_clear_sky and ultraviolet_index_assuming_overcast_sky. |
| undersaturation |
"Undersaturation" means that a solution is unsaturated with respect to a solute. |
| unfrozen_water |
The phrase "unfrozen_water" means liquid and vapor. |
| updraft |
"Updraft" means that the flux is positive in the upward direction (negative downward). |
| upward |
"Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). |
| upward && air_velocity |
Upward air velocity is the vertical component of the 3D air velocity vector. The standard name downward_air_velocity may be used for a vector component with the opposite sign convention. |
| upward_derivative_of_eastward_wind |
The quantity with standard name upward_derivative_of_eastward_wind is the derivative of the eastward component of wind with respect to height. |
| upward_derivative_of_northward_wind |
The quantity with standard name upward_derivative_of_northward_wind is the derivative of the northward component of wind speed with respect to height. |
| upward_derivative_of_wind_from_direction |
The quantity with standard name upward_derivative_of_wind_from_direction is the derivative of wind from_direction with respect to height. |
| upward_eastward |
"Upward eastward" indicates the ZX component of a tensor. |
| upward_eastward_stress |
An upward eastward stress is an upward flux of eastward momentum, which accelerates the upper medium eastward and the lower medium westward. |
| upward_geothermal_heat_flux_at_ground_level_in_land_ice |
The quantity with standard name upward_geothermal_heat_flux_at_ground_level_in_land_ice is the upward heat flux at the interface between the ice and bedrock. It does not include any heat flux from the ocean into an ice shelf. |
| upward_northward |
"Upward northward" indicates the ZY component of a tensor. |
| upward_northward_stress |
An upward northward stress is an upward flux of northward momentum, which accelerates the upper medium northward and the lower medium southward. |
| upward_southward |
"Upward southward" indicates the ZY component of a tensor. |
| upward_southward_stress |
An upward southward stress is an upward flux of southward momentum, which accelerates the upper medium southward and the lower medium northward. |
| upward_westward |
"Upward westward" indicates the ZX component of a tensor. |
| upward_westward_stress |
An upward westward stress is an upward flux of westward momentum, which accelerates the upper medium westward and the lower medium eastward. |
| upwave_slope && !direction |
The phrase "upwave_slope" means that slope values are derived from vector components along (parallel to) the axis from which waves are travelling. The primary directional axis along which wave energy associated with the slope calculation is travelling has the standard name sea_surface_mean_square_upwave_slope_direction. |
| upwave_slope_direction |
The phrase "upwave_slope_direction" is used to assign a primary directional axis along which wave energy associated with the slope calculation is travelling; "upwave" is equivalent to "from_direction" which is used in some standard names. |
| upwelling |
Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". |
| upwelling || downwelling |
The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. |
| vanadium && !organic_vanadium |
Vanadium means vanadium in all chemical forms, commonly referred to as "total vanadium". |
| vapor_pressure |
Vapor pressure is the partial pressure of a constituent of air, such as water, which exists as liquid or solid under "normal" conditions. "Water" is specified when the term is being applied to water. |
| vegetation |
"Vegetation" means any living plants e.g. trees, shrubs, grass. |
| velocity |
A velocity is a vector quantity. |
| vertical_.*_diffusivity |
The construction "vertical_X_diffusivity" means the vertical component of the diffusivity of X due to motion which is not resolved on the grid scale of the model. |
| vertical_friction |
The dissipation of kinetic energy due to vertical friction means dissipation due to the total vertical diffusivity. |
| vertical_mixing |
"Vertical mixing" means any vertical transport other than by advection and parameterized eddy advection, represented by a combination of vertical diffusion, turbulent mixing and convection in ocean models. |
| violaxanthin |
The chemical formula of violaxanthin is C40H56O4. |
| virtual_salt_flux |
The virtual_salt_flux_into_sea_water_due_to_process is the salt flux that would have the same effect on the sea surface salinity as water_flux_out_of_sea_water_due_to_process. |
| virtual_temperature |
The virtual temperature of air is the temperature at which the dry air constituent of a parcel of moist air would have the same density as the moist air at the same pressure. |
| visibility |
The visibility is the distance at which something can be seen. |
| volcanic && aerosol |
Volcanic aerosols include both volcanic ash and secondary products such as sulphate aerosols formed from gaseous emissions of volcanic eruptions. |
| volcanic_ash |
"Volcanic ash" means the fine-grained products of explosive volcanic eruptions, such as minerals or crystals, older fragmented rock (e.g. andesite) and glass. Particles within a volcanic ash cloud have diameters less than 2 mm. "Volcanic ash" does not include non-volcanic dust. |
| volume_.*(absorption|attenuation|scattering)_coefficient |
The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1, i.e. multiplied by density, have standard names with "specific_" instead of "volume_". |
| volume_.*extinction_coefficient |
The volume extinction coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length. Extinction is the sum of absorption and scattering, sometimes called "attenuation". "Extinction" is the term most commonly used at optical wavelengths whereas "attenuation" is more often used at radio and radar wavelengths. |
| .*_volume && ! fraction |
"X_volume" means the volume occupied by X within the grid cell. |
| .*_volume_fraction && ! fraction_of_.*_in |
"X_volume_fraction" means the fraction of grid box volume occupied by X. It is evaluated as the volume of interest divided by the grid cell volume. It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. |
| volume_fraction_of_.*_in |
"Volume fraction" is used in the construction "volume_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It is evaluated as the volume of X divided by the volume of Y (including X). It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. |
| volume.*_scattering_function |
The volume scattering function is the intensity (flux per unit solid angle) of scattered radiation per unit length of scattering medium, normalised by the incident radiation flux. A coordinate variable of radiation_wavelength or radiation_frequency can be specified to indicate that the scattering applies at specific wavelengths or frequencies. |
| .*ward_derivative_of_.*ward_sea_ice_velocity |
The named quantity is a component of the strain rate tensor for sea ice. |
| ward_derivative_of || x_derivative_of || y_derivative_of |
The phrase "component_derivative_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to distance in the component direction, which may be "northward", "southward", "eastward", "westward", "upward", "downward", "x" or "y". The last two indicate derivatives along the axes of the grid, in the case where they are not true longitude and latitude. A positive value indicates that X is increasing with distance along the positive direction of the axis. |
| [^_]*ward_heat_flux_in_air |
The vertical heat flux in air is the sum of all heat fluxes i.e. radiative, latent and sensible. |
| warm_layer |
Warm layers develop as solar radiation warms the upper few meters of ocean more strongly than underlying water during the day, and the resulting temperature profile can become stratified enough to suppress shear-induced mixing, resulting in a diurnal warm layer. |
| water_flux_into_sea_water_from_icebergs |
The water flux into sea water from icebergs is due to the melting of the iceberg. |
| water_flux_into_sea_water_from_land_ice |
The water flux into sea water from land ice is the freshwater entering the ocean as a result of runoff from the surface and base of the ice and melting from the ice shelf base and vertical ice front. For an area-average, the cell_methods attribute should be used to specify whether the average is over the area of the whole grid cell or the area of the ocean portion only. |
| water_flux_into_sea_water && ! into_sea_water_from |
The water flux into the ocean is the freshwater entering the sea water as a result of precipitation, evaporation, river inflow, sea ice effects and water flux correction (if applied). |
| water_(flux|volume_transport)_into_sea_water_from_rivers |
The water flux or volume transport into the ocean from rivers is the inflow to the ocean, often applied to the surface in ocean models. |
| water && ! frozen_water && ! unfrozen_water && ! condensed_water && ! sea_water && ! water_vapor && ! liquid_water && ! (surface|canopy).*_water && ! in_water |
"Water" means water in all phases. |
| water && precipitation && ! solid |
The chemical formula for water is H2O. |
| water_surface_height_above_reference_datum |
"Water surface height above reference datum" means the height of the upper surface of a body of liquid water, such as sea, lake, or river, above an arbitrary reference datum. The altitude of the datum should be provided in a variable with standard name water_surface_reference_datum_altitude. |
| water_surface_reference_datum_altitude |
"Water surface reference datum altitude" means the altitude of the arbitrary datum referred to by a quantity with standard name water_surface_height_above_reference_datum. |
| water_table |
The water table is the surface below which the soil is saturated with water such that all pore spaces are filled. |
| water_vapor_saturation_deficit |
"Water vapor saturation deficit" is the difference between the saturation water vapor pressure and the actual water vapor pressure. |
| wave_energy_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum |
The phrase "wave_energy_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum", sometimes called peak wave energy, describes the maximum value of the wave_variance_spectral_density within a given sub-domain of the wave spectrum. |
| wave_frequency_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum |
The sea_surface_wave_frequency_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum is the frequency of the most energetic waves in the total wave spectrum at a specific location. |
| wave_mean_from_direction |
Wave_mean_from_direction refers to the wave direction in each frequency band, calculated from the first-order components of the wave directional spectrum. The full directional wave spectrum is described as a Fourier series: S = a0/2 + a1cos(theta) + b1sin(theta) + a2cos(2theta) + b2sin(2theta). The Fourier coefficients a1, b1, a2, & b2 can be converted to polar coordinates as follows: R1 = (SQRT(a1a1+b1b1))/a0, R2 = (SQRT(a2a2+b2b2))/a0, ALPHA1 = 270.0-ARCTAN(b1,a1), ALPHA2 = 270.0-(0.5*ARCTAN(b2,a2)+{0 or 180, whichever minimizes the difference between ALPHA1 and ALPHA2}). ALPHA1 is the mean wave direction, which is determined from the first-order Fourier coefficients. |
| wave && mean_period |
Wave mean period is the mean period measured over the observation duration. |
| wave_mean_period_from_variance_spectral_density_first_frequency_moment |
Frequency moments, M(n) of S1 can then be calculated as follows: M(n) = integral(S1 f^n df), where f^n is f to the power of n. The first wave period, T(m1) is calculated as the ratio M(0)/M(1). |
| wave_mean_period_from_variance_spectral_density_inverse_frequency_moment |
Frequency moments, M(n) of S1 can then be calculated as follows: M(n) = integral(S1 f^n df), where f^n is f to the power of n. The inverse wave period, T(m-1), is calculated as the ratio M(-1)/M(0). |
| wave_mean_period_from_variance_spectral_density_second_frequency_moment |
Frequency moments, M(n) of S1 can then be calculated as follows: M(n) = integral(S1 f^n df), where f^n is f to the power of n. The second wave period, T(m2) is calculated as the square root of the ratio M(0)/M(2). |
| wave_mean_wavelength_from_variance_spectral_density_inverse_wavenumber_moment |
Wavenumber moments, M(n) of S1 can then be calculated as follows: M(n) = integral(S1 k^n dk), where k^n is k to the power of n. The inverse wave wavenumber, k(m-1), is calculated as the ratio M(-1)/M(0). |
| wavenumber |
Wavenumber is the number of oscillations of a wave per unit distance. |
| wave && period |
Wave period is the interval of time between repeated features on the waveform such as crests, troughs or upward passes through the mean level. |
| wave_period_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum |
The phrase "wave_period_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum", sometimes called peak wave period, describes the period of the most energetic waves within a given sub-domain of the wave spectrum. |
| wave_principal_from_direction |
Wave_principal_from_direction refers to the wave direction in each frequency band, calculated from the second-order components of the wave directional spectrum. Since there is an ambiguity of 180 degrees in the calculation of Alpha2 (i.e. 90 degrees and 270 degrees result in equivalent spectra), the value closer to Alpha1 is selected. The full directional wave spectrum is described as a Fourier series: S = a0/2 + a1cos(theta) + b1sin(theta) + a2cos(2theta) + b2sin(2theta). The Fourier coefficients a1, b1, a2, & b2 can be converted to polar coordinates as follows: R1 = (SQRT(a1a1+b1b1))/a0, R2 = (SQRT(a2a2+b2b2))/a0, ALPHA1 = 270.0-ARCTAN(b1,a1), ALPHA2 = 270.0-(0.5*ARCTAN(b2,a2)+{0 or 180, whichever minimizes the difference between ALPHA1 and ALPHA2}). ALPHA2 is the principal wave direction, which is determined from the second-order Fourier coefficients. |
| wave && steepness |
Wave steepness is defined as the ratio of the wave height divided by the wavelength. Wave height is defined as the vertical distance from a wave trough to the following wave crest. |
| westward |
"Westward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed westward (negative eastward). |
| wet_bulb_potential_temperature |
Wet bulb potential temperature is the temperature a parcel of air would have if moved dry adiabatically until it reaches saturation and thereafter moist adiabatically to sea level pressure. |
| wet_deposition |
"Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation. |
| wetland |
Wetlands are areas where water covers the soil, or is present either at or near the surface of the soil all year or for varying periods of time during the year, including during the growing season. The precise conditions under which wetlands produce and consume methane can vary between models. |
| where |
Unless indicated, a quantity is assumed to apply to the whole area of each horizontal grid box. The qualifier "where_"type specifies instead that the quantity applies only to the part of the grid box of the named type. |
| wilting_point |
The wilting point of soil is the water content below which plants cannot extract sufficient water to balance their loss through transpiration. |
| wind_and_swell_waves |
Wind waves and swell waves are waves on the ocean surface. |
| wind_chill_of_air_temperature |
The quantity with standard name wind_chill_of_air_temperature is the perceived air temperature when wind is factored in with the ambient air temperature (which makes it feel colder than the actual air temperature). Wind chill is based on the rate of heat loss from exposed skin caused by wind and cold. Wind chill temperature is only defined for ambient temperatures at or below 283.1 K and wind speeds above 1.34 m s-1. References: https://www.weather.gov/safety/cold-wind-chill-chart; WMO codes registry entry http://codes.wmo.int/grib2/codeflag/4.2/0-0-13. |
| wind_[^_]*_direction && ! directional |
In meteorological reports, the direction of the wind vector is usually (but not always) given as the direction from which it is blowing ("wind_from_direction") (westerly, northerly, etc.). In other contexts, such as atmospheric modelling, it is often natural to give the direction in the usual manner of vectors as the heading or the direction to which it is blowing ("wind_to_direction") (eastward, southward, etc.). |
| wind_shear |
Wind shear is the derivative of wind with respect to height. |
| wind_speed |
The wind speed is the magnitude of the wind velocity. |
| wind_speed_shear |
Wind speed shear is the derivative of wind speed with respect to height. |
| wind && ! wave |
Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name "upward_air_velocity"). |
| wind_wave |
Wind waves are waves on the ocean surface and are the high frequency portion of a bimodal wave frequency spectrum. |
| wood_debris |
"Wood debris" means dead organic matter composed of coarse wood. It is distinct from fine litter. The precise distinction between "fine" and "coarse" is model dependent. |
| wrt |
The abbreviation "wrt" means "with respect to". |
| x_displacement |
An x displacement is calculated from the difference in the moving object's grid x coordinate between the start and end of the time interval associated with the displacement variable. |
| x_slope |
The phrase "x_slope" indicates that slope values are derived from vector components along the grid x-axis. |
| _x_ || ^x_ || _x$ |
"x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x. |
| xy && diffusivity |
"xy diffusivity" means the lateral along_coordinate component of diffusivity due to motion which is not resolved on the grid scale of the model. xy diffusivities are used in some ocean models to counteract the numerical instabilities inherent in certain implementations of rotated neutral diffusion. |
| xy_friction |
The dissipation of kinetic energy due to xy friction means dissipation due to the total lateral diffusivity. |
| xylene |
The chemical formula for xylene is C6H4C2H6. In chemistry, xylene is a generic term for a group of three isomers of dimethylbenzene. The IUPAC names for the isomers are 1,2-dimethylbenzene, 1,3-dimethylbenzene and 1,4-dimethylbenzene. Xylene is an aromatic hydrocarbon. There are standard names that refer to aromatic compounds as a group, as well as those for individual species. |
| yaw_fore_port |
"Fore port" indicates that positive values of yaw represent the front of the platform moving to the left as viewed by an observer on top of the platform facing forward. The standard name platform_yaw_fore_starboard should be used for data having the opposite sign convention. The standard name platform_yaw should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. |
| yaw_fore_starboard |
"Fore starboard" indicates that positive values of yaw represent the front of the platform moving to the right as viewed by an observer on top of the platform facing forward. The standard name platform_yaw_fore_port should be used for data having the opposite sign convention. The standard name platform_yaw should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. |
| yaw_rate_fore_port |
"Fore port" indicates that positive values of yaw rate represent the front of the platform moving to the left as viewed by an observer on top of the platform facing forward. The standard name platform_yaw_rate_fore_starboard should be used for data having the opposite sign convention. The standard name platform_yaw_rate should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. |
| yaw_rate_fore_starboard |
"Fore starboard" indicates that positive values of yaw rate represent the front of the platform moving to the right as viewed by an observer on top of the platform facing forward. The standard name platform_yaw_rate_fore_port should be used for data having the opposite sign convention. The standard name platform_yaw_rate should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. |
| y_displacement |
A y displacement is calculated from the difference in the moving object's grid y coordinate between the start and end of the time interval associated with the displacement variable. |
| y_slope |
The phrase "y_slope" indicates that slope values are derived from vector components along the grid y-axis. |
| _y_ || ^y_ || _y$ |
"y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. |
| zeaxanthin |
The chemical formula of zeaxanthin is C40H56O2. |
| zenith_angle && ! solar |
Zenith angle is the angle to the local vertical; a value of zero is directly overhead. |
| zero_upcrossing_period |
The zero upcrossing period is defined as the time interval between consecutive occasions on which the surface height passes upward above the mean level. |
| zinc && !organic_zinc |
Zinc means zinc in all chemical forms, commonly referred to as "total zinc". |
| zooplankton && ! miscellaneous && ! meso && ! micro |
"Zooplankton" means the total zooplankton population, with components such as mesozooplankton, microzooplankton and miscellaneous zooplankton. |