canopy_snow_amount

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

"Amount" means mass per unit area. The phrase "canopy_snow" means snow lying on the canopy. "Canopy" means the vegetative covering over a surface. The canopy is often considered to be the outer surfaces of the vegetation. Plant height and the distribution, orientation and shape of plant leaves within a canopy influence the atmospheric environment and many plant processes within the canopy. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Canopy.

sea_ice_speed

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: UVAA

GRIB: 94

Speed is the magnitude of velocity. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

surface_diffuse_shortwave_hemispherical_reflectance

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Diffuse" radiation is radiation that has been scattered by gas molecules in the atmosphere and by particles such as cloud droplets and aerosols. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. Hemispherical reflectance is the ratio of the energy of the reflected to the incident radiation. This term gives the fraction of the surface_diffuse_downwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air which is reflected. If the diffuse radiation is isotropic, this term is equivalent to the integral of surface_bidirectional_reflectance over all incident angles and over all outgoing angles in the hemisphere above the surface. A coordinate variable of radiation_wavelength or radiation_frequency can be used to specify the wavelength or frequency, respectively, of the radiation. Shortwave hemispherical reflectance is related to albedo, but albedo is defined in terms of the fraction of the full spectrum of incident solar radiation which is reflected. It is related to the hemispherical reflectance averaged over all wavelengths using a weighting proportional to the incident radiative flux.

surface_direct_shortwave_hemispherical_reflectance

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Direct" (also known as "beam") radiation is radiation that has followed a direct path from the sun and is alternatively known as "direct insolation". The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. Hemispherical reflectance is the ratio of the energy of the reflected to the incident radiation. This term gives the fraction of the surface_direct_downwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air which is reflected. It is equivalent to the surface_bidirectional_reflectance at the incident angle of the incoming solar radiation and integrated over all outgoing angles in the hemisphere above the surface. A coordinate variable of radiation_wavelength or radiation_frequency can be used to specify the wavelength or frequency, respectively, of the radiation. Shortwave hemispherical reflectance is related to albedo, but albedo is defined in terms of the fraction of the full spectrum of incident solar radiation which is reflected. It is related to the hemispherical reflectance averaged over all wavelengths using a weighting proportional to the incident radiation flux.

downwelling_longwave_radiance_in_air

Unit: W m-2 sr-1

Unit ref: WMSS

Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "longwave" means longwave radiation. Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction from which it is coming must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead.

sea_ice_mass_content_of_salt

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

"Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "sea_ice content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface down to the bottom of the sea ice.

tendency_of_sea_ice_amount_due_to_lateral_melting

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

tendency_of_surface_snow_amount_due_to_sea_ice_dynamics

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Amount" means mass per unit area. The phrase "surface_snow" means snow lying on the surface. The quantity with standard name tendency_of_surface_snow_amount_due_to_sea_ice_dynamics is the rate of change of snow amount caused by advection of the sea ice upon which the snow is lying. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs. "Sea ice dynamics" refers to advection of sea ice.

sea_ice_basal_temperature

Unit: K

Unit ref: UPKA

"Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs. The standard name sea_ice_basal_temperature means the temperature of the sea ice at its lower boundary.

tendency_of_sea_ice_amount_due_to_sea_ice_dynamics

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

sea_ice_y_force_per_unit_area_due_to_coriolis_effect

Unit: N m-2

Unit ref: UNSM

"y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. In meteorology and oceanography, the Coriolis effect per unit mass arises solely from the earth's rotation and acts as a deflecting force, normal to the velocity, to the right of the motion in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. Reference: American Meteorological Society Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Coriolis_force. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

sea_ice_y_force_per_unit_area_due_to_sea_surface_tilt

Unit: N m-2

Unit ref: UNSM

"y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Several factors contribute to differences in the ocean surface level, including uneven heating, salinity variations, and currents, especially near coastal regions or ice shelves. Differences in surface level result in sea-surface tilt, a force that influences the ice motion. Reference: National Snow and Ice Data Center https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/seaice/processes/dynamics.html. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

sea_ice_x_force_per_unit_area_due_to_coriolis_effect

Unit: N m-2

Unit ref: UNSM

"x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. In meteorology and oceanography, the Coriolis effect per unit mass arises solely from the earth's rotation and acts as a deflecting force, normal to the velocity, to the right of the motion in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. Reference: American Meteorological Society Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Coriolis_force. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

sea_ice_x_force_per_unit_area_due_to_sea_surface_tilt

Unit: N m-2

Unit ref: UNSM

"x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Several factors contribute to differences in the ocean surface level, including uneven heating, salinity variations, and currents, especially near coastal regions or ice shelves. Differences in surface level result in sea-surface tilt, a force that influences the ice motion. Reference: National Snow and Ice Data Center https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/seaice/processes/dynamics.html. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

tendency_of_surface_snow_amount_due_to_conversion_of_snow_to_sea_ice

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Amount" means mass per unit area. The phrase "surface_snow" means snow lying on the surface. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Conversion of snow to sea ice" occurs when the mass of snow accumulated on an area of sea ice is sufficient to cause the ice to become mostly submerged. Waves can then wash over the ice and snow surface and freeze into a layer that becomes "snow ice". "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

downwelling_photon_flux_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-2 s-1

Unit ref: M2MS

Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. A photon flux is specified in terms of numbers of photons expressed in moles. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

sea_ice_x_internal_stress

Unit: N m-2

Unit ref: UNSM

"x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x. Internal ice stress is a measure of the compactness, or strength, of the ice. Internal ice stress usually acts as a resistance to the motion caused by the wind force. Reference: National Snow and Ice Data Center https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/seaice/processes/dynamics.html. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

sea_ice_basal_drag_coefficient_for_momentum_in_sea_water

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

The quantity with standard name sea_ice_basal_drag_coefficient_for_momentum_in_sea_water is used to calculate the oceanic momentum drag on sea ice movement. Basal drag is a resistive stress opposing ice flow at the boundary between sea ice and sea water. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

sea_ice_y_internal_stress

Unit: N m-2

Unit ref: UNSM

"y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. Internal ice stress is a measure of the compactness, or strength, of the ice. Internal ice stress usually acts as a resistance to the motion caused by the wind force. Reference: National Snow and Ice Data Center https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/seaice/processes/dynamics.html. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

tendency_of_sea_ice_amount_due_to_sea_ice_thermodynamics

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Amount" means mass per unit area. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Sea ice thermodynamics" refers to the addition or subtraction of mass due to surface and basal fluxes, i.e., due to melting, sublimation and fusion.

salt_flux_into_sea_water_due_to_sea_ice_thermodynamics

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Sea ice thermodynamics" refers to the addition or subtraction of ice mass due to surface and basal fluxes, i.e., due to melting, sublimation and fusion. The quantity with standard name salt_flux_into_sea_water_due_to_sea_ice_thermodynamics is negative during ice growth when salt becomes embedded into the ice and positive during ice melting when salt is released into the ocean. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

sea_ice_area_transport_across_line

Unit: m2 s-1

Unit ref: SQMS

Transport "across_line" means that which crosses a particular line on the Earth's surface; formally this means the integral along the line of the normal component of the transport. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

downwelling_radiance_per_unit_wavelength_in_sea_water

Unit: W m-2 m-1 sr-1

Unit ref: WM2S

Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength. Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction from which it is coming must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead.

surface_upwelling_radiance_in_sea_water

Unit: W m-2 sr-1

Unit ref: WMSS

nudging_increment_in_mass_content_of_water_in_soil

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

A "nudging increment" refers to an amount added to parts of a model system. The phrase "nudging_increment_in_X" refers to an increment in quantity X over a time period which should be defined in the bounds of the time coordinate. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Water" means water in all phases. The mass content of water in soil refers to the vertical integral from the surface down to the bottom of the soil model. For the content between specified levels in the soil, standard names including "content_of_soil_layer" are used.

nudging_increment_in_snow_and_ice_amount_on_land

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KSP2

A "nudging increment" refers to an amount added to parts of a model system. The phrase "nudging_increment_in_X" refers to an increment in quantity X over a time period which should be defined in the bounds of the time coordinate. "Amount" means mass per unit area. "Snow and ice on land" means ice in glaciers, ice caps, ice sheets & shelves, river and lake ice, any other ice on a land surface, such as frozen flood water, and snow lying on such ice or on the land surface.

surface_upwelling_radiative_flux_per_unit_wavelength_in_sea_water

Unit: W m-2 m-1

Unit ref: WM2M

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength.

Unit:

sea_ice_thickness

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

AMIP: sit

GRIB: 92

"Thickness" means the vertical extent of a layer. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

sea_ice_volume

Unit: m3

Unit ref: MCUB

"X_volume" means the volume occupied by X within the grid cell. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

sea_ice_surface_temperature

Unit: K

Unit ref: UPKA

The surface temperature is the (skin) temperature at the interface, not the bulk temperature of the medium above or below. "Sea ice surface temperature" is the temperature that exists at the interface of sea ice and an overlying medium which may be air or snow. In areas of snow covered sea ice, sea_ice_surface_temperature is not the same as the quantity with standard name surface_temperature. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

change_over_time_in_groundwater_amount

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

The phrase "change_over_time_in_X" means change in a quantity X over a time-interval, which should be defined by the bounds of the time coordinate. "Water" means water in all phases. Groundwater is subsurface water below the depth of the water table. "Amount" means mass per unit area.

surface_upwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air_assuming_clear_sky_and_no_aerosol

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A phrase "assuming_condition" indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "Clear sky" means in the absence of clouds.

change_over_time_in_river_water_amount

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

The phrase "change_over_time_in_X" means change in a quantity X over a time-interval, which should be defined by the bounds of the time coordinate. "Water" means water in all phases. "River" refers to the water in the fluvial system (stream and floodplain). "Amount" means mass per unit area.

snow_transport_across_line_due_to_sea_ice_dynamics

Unit: kg s-1

Unit ref: KGPS

Transport "across_line" means that which crosses a particular line on the Earth's surface; formally this means the integral along the line of the normal component of the transport. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Sea ice dynamics" refers to advection of sea ice. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

surface_water_evaporation_flux

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Water" means water in all phases, including frozen i.e. ice and snow. Evaporation is the conversion of liquid or solid into vapor. (The conversion of solid alone into vapor is called "sublimation"). The quantity with standard name surface_water_evaporation_flux does not include transpiration from vegetation. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. Unless indicated in the cell_methods attribute, a quantity is assumed to apply to the whole area of each horizontal grid box. Previously, the qualifier where_type was used to specify that the quantity applies only to the part of the grid box of the named type. Names containing the where_type qualifier are deprecated and newly created data should use the cell_methods attribute to indicate the horizontal area to which the quantity applies.

upwelling_longwave_flux_in_air

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

surface_albedo

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

GRIB: 84 E174

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Albedo is the ratio of outgoing to incoming shortwave irradiance, where 'shortwave irradiance' means that both the incoming and outgoing radiation are integrated across the solar spectrum. To specify the nature of the surface a cell_methods attribute should be supplied as described in Chapter 7.3.3 of the CF Conventions.

surface_downwelling_photon_spherical_irradiance_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-2 s-1

Unit ref: M2MS

sea_ice_average_normal_horizontal_stress

Unit: N m-1

Unit ref: NTPM

upwelling_longwave_flux_in_air_assuming_clear_sky

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

The term "longwave" means longwave radiation. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "Clear sky" means in the absence of clouds.

maximum_over_coordinate_rotation_of_sea_ice_horizontal_shear_strain_rate

Unit: s-1

Unit ref: PRSC

"Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs. Axial strain is the symmetric component of the tensor representing the gradient of internal forces (e.g. in ice). Strain rate refers to off-diagonal element(s) of the strain tensor (a single element for horizontal shear strain). "Horizontal" refers to the local horizontal in the location of the sea ice, i.e., perpendicular to the local gravity vector. Each of the strain components is defined with respect to a frame of reference. "Coordinate rotation" refers to the range of all possible orientations of the frame of reference. The shear strain has a maximum value relative to one of these orientations. The second invariant of strain rate, often referred to as the maximum shear strain [rate], is the maximum over coordinate rotations of the shear strain rate.

surface_downward_heat_flux_in_sea_ice

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

"Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

thickness_of_ice_on_sea_ice_melt_pond

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

"Thickness" means the vertical extent of a layer. Melt ponds occur on top of the existing sea ice. The water in melt ponds can refreeze at the surface, giving rise to a layer of ice on the melt pond, which is turn resting on the sea_ice below. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

maximum_over_coordinate_rotation_of_sea_ice_horizontal_shear_stress

Unit: N m-1

Unit ref: NTPM

"Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs. Axial stress is the symmetric component of the tensor representing the gradient of internal forces (e.g. in ice). Shear stress refers to off-diagonal element(s) of the stress tensor (a single element for horizontal shear stress). "Horizontal" refers to the local horizontal in the location of the sea ice, i.e., perpendicular to the local gravity vector. Each of the stress components is defined with respect to a frame of reference. "Coordinate rotation" refers to the range of all possible orientations of the frame of reference. The shear stress has a maximum value relative to one of these orientations. The second invariant of stress, often referred to as the maximum shear stress, is the maximum over coordinate rotations of the shear stress.

tendency_of_sea_water_conservative_temperature_expressed_as_heat_content_due_to_parameterized_eddy_dianeutral_mixing

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_insoluble_dust_dry_aerosol_particles_due_to_deposition

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Insoluble aerosol" means aerosol which is not soluble in water, such as mineral dusts. At low temperatures such particles can be efficient nuclei for ice clouds. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Deposition" is the sum of wet and dry deposition.

water_evapotranspiration_flux

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

AMIP: evspsbl

Water means water in all phases. "Evapotranspiration" means all water vapor fluxes into the atmosphere from the surface: liquid evaporation, sublimation and transpiration. Evaporation is the conversion of liquid or solid into vapor. Transpiration is the process by which water is carried from the roots of plants and evaporates from the stomata. (The conversion of solid alone into vapor is called "sublimation".) In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. Unless indicated in the cell_methods attribute, a quantity is assumed to apply to the whole area of each horizontal grid box.

land_surface_liquid_water_amount

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Amount" means mass per unit area. The quantity with standard name land_surface_liquid_water_amount includes water in rivers, wetlands, lakes, reservoirs and liquid precipitation intercepted by the vegetation canopy.

tendency_of_sea_water_conservative_temperature_expressed_as_heat_content_due_to_parameterized_mesoscale_eddy_diffusion

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The phrase "expressed_as_heat_content" means that this quantity is calculated as the specific heat capacity times density of sea water multiplied by the conservative temperature of the sea water in the grid cell and integrated over depth. If used for a layer heat content, coordinate bounds should be used to define the extent of the layers. If no coordinate bounds are specified, it is assumed that the integral is calculated over the entire vertical extent of the medium, e.g, if the medium is sea water the integral is assumed to be calculated over the full depth of the ocean. Conservative Temperature is defined as part of the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10) which was adopted in 2010 by the International Oceanographic Commission (IOC). Conservative Temperature is specific potential enthalpy (which has the standard name sea_water_specific_potential_enthalpy) divided by a fixed value of the specific heat capacity of sea water, namely cp_0 = 3991.86795711963 J kg-1 K-1. Conservative Temperature is a more accurate measure of the "heat content" of sea water, by a factor of one hundred, than is potential temperature. Because of this, it can be regarded as being proportional to the heat content of sea water per unit mass. Reference: www.teos-10.org; McDougall, 2003 doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<0945:PEACOV>2.0.CO;2. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Parameterized mesoscale eddy diffusive processes include diffusion along neutral directions in the interior of the ocean and horizontal diffusion in the surface boundary layer. The processes occur on a spatial scale of many tens of kilometres and an evolutionary time of weeks. The phrase "expressed_as_heat_content" means that this quantity is calculated as the specific heat capacity times density of sea water multiplied by the conservative temperature of the sea water in the grid cell.

tendency_of_sea_water_conservative_temperature_expressed_as_heat_content_due_to_parameterized_eddy_advection

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The phrase "expressed_as_heat_content" means that this quantity is calculated as the specific heat capacity times density of sea water multiplied by the conservative temperature of the sea water in the grid cell and integrated over depth. If used for a layer heat content, coordinate bounds should be used to define the extent of the layers. If no coordinate bounds are specified, it is assumed that the integral is calculated over the entire vertical extent of the medium, e.g, if the medium is sea water the integral is assumed to be calculated over the full depth of the ocean. Conservative Temperature is defined as part of the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10) which was adopted in 2010 by the International Oceanographic Commission (IOC). Conservative Temperature is specific potential enthalpy (which has the standard name sea_water_specific_potential_enthalpy) divided by a fixed value of the specific heat capacity of sea water, namely cp_0 = 3991.86795711963 J kg-1 K-1. Conservative Temperature is a more accurate measure of the "heat content" of sea water, by a factor of one hundred, than is potential temperature. Because of this, it can be regarded as being proportional to the heat content of sea water per unit mass. Reference: www.teos-10.org; McDougall, 2003 doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<0945:PEACOV>2.0.CO;2. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Parameterized eddy advection in an ocean model means the part due to a scheme representing parameterized eddy-induced advective effects not included in the resolved model velocity field. Parameterized eddy advection can be represented on various spatial scales and there are standard names for parameterized_mesoscale_eddy_advection and parameterized_submesoscale_eddy_advection which both contribute to the total parameterized eddy advection. Additionally, when the parameterized advective process is represented in the model as a skew-diffusion rather than an advection, then the parameterized skew diffusion should be included in this diagnostic. The convergence of a skew-flux is identical (in the continuous formulation) to the convergence of an advective flux, making their tendencies the same.

planetary_albedo

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Albedo is the ratio of outgoing to incoming shortwave irradiance, where 'shortwave irradiance' means that both the incoming and outgoing radiation are integrated across the solar spectrum.

cloud_albedo

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

The albedo of cloud. Albedo is the ratio of outgoing to incoming shortwave irradiance, where 'shortwave irradiance' means that both the incoming and outgoing radiation are integrated across the solar spectrum.

sea_ice_temperature_expressed_as_heat_content

Unit: J m-2

Unit ref: JMSQ

The quantity with standard name sea_ice_temperature_expressed_as_heat_content is calculated relative to the heat content of ice at zero degrees Celsius, which is assumed to have a heat content of zero Joules. The phrase "expressed_as_heat_content" means that this quantity is calculated as the specific heat capacity times density of sea ice multiplied by the temperature of the sea ice in the grid cell and integrated over depth. If used for a layer heat content, coordinate bounds should be used to define the extent of the layers. If no coordinate bounds are specified, it is assumed that the integral is calculated over the entire vertical extent of the medium, e.g, if the medium is sea ice the integral is assumed to be calculated over the full depth of the ice. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

water_flux_into_sea_water_due_to_surface_drainage

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

The water flux into the ocean is the freshwater entering the sea water as a result of precipitation, evaporation, river inflow, sea ice effects and water flux correction (if applied). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Surface drainage" refers to all melt water forming at the sea ice surface and subsequently running into the sea.

surface_albedo

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

GRIB: 84 E174

surface_upwelling_radiance_per_unit_wavelength_in_air_emerging_from_sea_water

Unit: W m-2 m-1 sr-1

Unit ref: WM2S

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction towards which it is going must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead. A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength.

sea_water_potential_temperature_expressed_as_heat_content

Unit: J m-2

Unit ref: JMSQ

The phrase "expressed_as_heat_content" means that this quantity is calculated as the specific heat capacity times density of sea water multiplied by the potential temperature of the sea water in the grid cell and integrated over depth. If used for a layer heat content, coordinate bounds should be used to define the extent of the layers. If no coordinate bounds are specified, it is assumed that the integral is calculated over the entire vertical extent of the medium, e.g, if the medium is sea water the integral is assumed to be calculated over the full depth of the ocean. Potential temperature is the temperature a parcel of air or sea water would have if moved adiabatically to sea level pressure.

downwelling_photon_radiance_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-2 s-1 sr-1

Unit ref: M3SR

Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. Photon radiance is the photon flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction from which it is coming must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead. A photon flux is specified in terms of numbers of photons expressed in moles.

surface_upwelling_longwave_flux_in_air_assuming_clear_sky

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "longwave" means longwave radiation. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "Clear sky" means in the absence of clouds.

tendency_of_sea_water_conservative_temperature_expressed_as_heat_content_due_to_parameterized_mesoscale_eddy_advection

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The phrase "expressed_as_heat_content" means that this quantity is calculated as the specific heat capacity times density of sea water multiplied by the conservative temperature of the sea water in the grid cell and integrated over depth. If used for a layer heat content, coordinate bounds should be used to define the extent of the layers. If no coordinate bounds are specified, it is assumed that the integral is calculated over the entire vertical extent of the medium, e.g, if the medium is sea water the integral is assumed to be calculated over the full depth of the ocean. Conservative Temperature is defined as part of the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10) which was adopted in 2010 by the International Oceanographic Commission (IOC). Conservative Temperature is specific potential enthalpy (which has the standard name sea_water_specific_potential_enthalpy) divided by a fixed value of the specific heat capacity of sea water, namely cp_0 = 3991.86795711963 J kg-1 K-1. Conservative Temperature is a more accurate measure of the "heat content" of sea water, by a factor of one hundred, than is potential temperature. Because of this, it can be regarded as being proportional to the heat content of sea water per unit mass. Reference: www.teos-10.org; McDougall, 2003 doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<0945:PEACOV>2.0.CO;2. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Parameterized eddy advection in an ocean model means the part due to a scheme representing parameterized eddy-induced advective effects not included in the resolved model velocity field. Parameterized mesoscale eddy advection occurs on a spatial scale of many tens of kilometres and an evolutionary time of weeks. Reference: James C. McWilliams 2016, Submesoscale currents in the ocean, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, volume 472, issue 2189. DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2016.0117. Parameterized mesoscale eddy advection is represented in ocean models using schemes such as the Gent-McWilliams scheme. There are also standard names for parameterized_submesoscale_eddy_advection which, along with parameterized_mesoscale_eddy_advection, contributes to the total parameterized eddy advection. Additionally, when the parameterized advective process is represented in the model as a skew-diffusion rather than an advection, then the parameterized skew diffusion should be included in this diagnostic. The convergence of a skew-flux is identical (in the continuous formulation) to the convergence of an advective flux, making their tendencies the same.

tendency_of_sea_water_conservative_temperature_expressed_as_heat_content_due_to_parameterized_submesoscale_eddy_advection

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The phrase "expressed_as_heat_content" means that this quantity is calculated as the specific heat capacity times density of sea water multiplied by the conservative temperature of the sea water in the grid cell and integrated over depth. If used for a layer heat content, coordinate bounds should be used to define the extent of the layers. If no coordinate bounds are specified, it is assumed that the integral is calculated over the entire vertical extent of the medium, e.g, if the medium is sea water the integral is assumed to be calculated over the full depth of the ocean. Conservative Temperature is defined as part of the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10) which was adopted in 2010 by the International Oceanographic Commission (IOC). Conservative Temperature is specific potential enthalpy (which has the standard name sea_water_specific_potential_enthalpy) divided by a fixed value of the specific heat capacity of sea water, namely cp_0 = 3991.86795711963 J kg-1 K-1. Conservative Temperature is a more accurate measure of the "heat content" of sea water, by a factor of one hundred, than is potential temperature. Because of this, it can be regarded as being proportional to the heat content of sea water per unit mass. Reference: www.teos-10.org; McDougall, 2003 doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<0945:PEACOV>2.0.CO;2. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Parameterized eddy advection in an ocean model means the part due to a scheme representing parameterized eddy-induced advective effects not included in the resolved model velocity field. Parameterized submesoscale eddy advection occurs on a spatial scale of the order of 1 km horizontally. Reference: James C. McWilliams 2016, Submesoscale currents in the ocean, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, volume 472, issue 2189. DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2016.0117. There are also standard names for parameterized_mesoscale_eddy_advection which, along with parameterized_submesoscale_eddy_advection, contributes to the total parameterized eddy advection. Additionally, when the parameterized advective process is represented in the model as a skew-diffusion rather than an advection, then the parameterized skew diffusion should be included in this diagnostic. The convergence of a skew-flux is identical (in the continuous formulation) to the convergence of an advective flux, making their tendencies the same.

downwelling_photosynthetic_spherical_irradiance_in_sea_water

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. "Photosynthetic" radiation is the part of the spectrum which is used in photosynthesis e.g. 400-700 nm. The range of wavelengths could be specified precisely by the bounds of a coordinate of radiation_wavelength. Spherical irradiance is the radiation incident on unit area of a hemispherical (or "2-pi") collector. It is sometimes called "scalar irradiance". The direction (up/downwelling) is specified. Radiation incident on a 4-pi collector has standard names of "omnidirectional spherical irradiance".

surface_downwelling_photon_spherical_irradiance_per_unit_wavelength_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-2 s-1 m-1

Unit ref: M2MM

upwelling_shortwave_radiance_in_air

Unit: W m-2 sr-1

Unit ref: WMSS

Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction towards which it is going must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead.

upwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

tendency_of_sea_water_potential_temperature_expressed_as_heat_content_due_to_parameterized_mesoscale_eddy_diffusion

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

minus_one_times_surface_upwelling_longwave_flux_in_air

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. "Minus one times" means that the quantity described takes the opposite sign convention to that for the quantity which has the same standard name apart from this phrase, i.e. the two quantities differ from one another by a factor of -1. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The term "longwave" means longwave radiation. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

tendency_of_sea_water_potential_temperature_expressed_as_heat_content

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

upwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air_assuming_clear_sky_and_no_aerosol

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A phrase "assuming_condition" indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "Clear sky" means in the absence of clouds.

surface_ratio_of_upwelling_radiance_emerging_from_sea_water_to_downwelling_radiative_flux_in_air

Unit: sr-1

Unit ref: PSTR

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The phrase "ratio_of_X_to_Y" means X/Y. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction towards which it is going must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of angle_of_emergence. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In relation to satellite ocean color products the quantity named surface_ratio_of_upwelling_radiance_emerging_from_sea_water_to_downwelling_radiative_flux_in_air is sometimes called "remote sensing reflectance" and has a bidirectional dependence. The direction of the downwelling flux can be specified using a coordinate with the standard name angle_of_incidence.

surface_upwelling_radiance_in_air

Unit: W m-2 sr-1

Unit ref: WMSS

surface_upwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air_assuming_clear_sky

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

AMIP: rsuscs

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "Clear sky" means in the absence of clouds.

surface_upwelling_radiative_flux_per_unit_wavelength_in_air

Unit: W m-2 m-1

Unit ref: WM2M

surface_albedo_assuming_deep_snow

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Albedo is the ratio of outgoing to incoming shortwave irradiance, where 'shortwave irradiance' means that both the incoming and outgoing radiation are integrated across the solar spectrum. A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition.

surface_upwelling_radiance_per_unit_wavelength_in_air

Unit: W m-2 m-1 sr-1

Unit ref: WM2S

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction towards which it is going must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead. A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength.

tendency_of_sea_water_conservative_temperature_expressed_as_heat_content

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. This tendency encompasses all processes that impact on the time changes for the heat content within a grid cell. The phrase "expressed_as_heat_content" means that this quantity is calculated as the specific heat capacity times density of sea water multiplied by the conservative temperature of the sea water in the grid cell and integrated over depth. If used for a layer heat content, coordinate bounds should be used to define the extent of the layers. If no coordinate bounds are specified, it is assumed that the integral is calculated over the entire vertical extent of the medium, e.g, if the medium is sea water the integral is assumed to be calculated over the full depth of the ocean. Conservative Temperature is defined as part of the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10) which was adopted in 2010 by the International Oceanographic Commission (IOC). Conservative Temperature is specific potential enthalpy (which has the standard name sea_water_specific_potential_enthalpy) divided by a fixed value of the specific heat capacity of sea water, namely cp_0 = 3991.86795711963 J kg-1 K-1. Conservative Temperature is a more accurate measure of the "heat content" of sea water, by a factor of one hundred, than is potential temperature. Because of this, it can be regarded as being proportional to the heat content of sea water per unit mass. Reference: www.teos-10.org; McDougall, 2003 doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<0945:PEACOV>2.0.CO;2.

tendency_of_sea_water_potential_temperature_expressed_as_heat_content_due_to_parameterized_mesoscale_eddy_advection

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The phrase "expressed_as_heat_content" means that this quantity is calculated as the specific heat capacity times density of sea water multiplied by the potential temperature of the sea water in the grid cell and integrated over depth. If used for a layer heat content, coordinate bounds should be used to define the extent of the layers. If no coordinate bounds are specified, it is assumed that the integral is calculated over the entire vertical extent of the medium, e.g, if the medium is sea water the integral is assumed to be calculated over the full depth of the ocean. Potential temperature is the temperature a parcel of air or sea water would have if moved adiabatically to sea level pressure. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Parameterized eddy advection in an ocean model means the part due to a scheme representing parameterized eddy-induced advective effects not included in the resolved model velocity field. Parameterized mesoscale eddy advection occurs on a spatial scale of many tens of kilometres and an evolutionary time of weeks. Reference: James C. McWilliams 2016, Submesoscale currents in the ocean, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, volume 472, issue 2189. DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2016.0117. Parameterized mesoscale eddy advection is represented in ocean models using schemes such as the Gent-McWilliams scheme. There are also standard names for parameterized_submesoscale_eddy_advection which, along with parameterized_mesoscale_eddy_advection, contributes to the total parameterized eddy advection. Additionally, when the parameterized advective process is represented in the model as a skew-diffusion rather than an advection, then the parameterized skew diffusion should be included in this diagnostic. The convergence of a skew-flux is identical (in the continuous formulation) to the convergence of an advective flux, making their tendencies the same.

tropopause_upwelling_shortwave_flux

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

upwelling_longwave_radiance_in_air

Unit: W m-2 sr-1

Unit ref: WMSS

The term "longwave" means longwave radiation. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction towards which it is going must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead.

tendency_of_sea_water_conservative_temperature_expressed_as_heat_content_due_to_residual_mean_advection

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The phrase "expressed_as_heat_content" means that this quantity is calculated as the specific heat capacity times density of sea water multiplied by the conservative temperature of the sea water in the grid cell and integrated over depth. If used for a layer heat content, coordinate bounds should be used to define the extent of the layers. If no coordinate bounds are specified, it is assumed that the integral is calculated over the entire vertical extent of the medium, e.g, if the medium is sea water the integral is assumed to be calculated over the full depth of the ocean. Conservative Temperature is defined as part of the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10) which was adopted in 2010 by the International Oceanographic Commission (IOC). Conservative Temperature is specific potential enthalpy (which has the standard name sea_water_specific_potential_enthalpy) divided by a fixed value of the specific heat capacity of sea water, namely cp_0 = 3991.86795711963 J kg-1 K-1. Conservative Temperature is a more accurate measure of the "heat content" of sea water, by a factor of one hundred, than is potential temperature. Because of this, it can be regarded as being proportional to the heat content of sea water per unit mass. Reference: www.teos-10.org; McDougall, 2003 doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<0945:PEACOV>2.0.CO;2. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The phrase "residual_mean_advection" refers to the sum of the model's resolved advective transport plus any parameterized advective transport. Parameterized advective transport includes processes such as parameterized mesoscale and submesoscale transport, as well as any other advectively parameterized transport. When the parameterized advective transport is represented in the model as a skew-diffusion rather than an advection, then the parameterized skew diffusion should be included in this diagnostic, since the convergence of skew-fluxes are identical (in the continuous formulation) to the convergence of advective fluxes.

tendency_of_sea_water_potential_temperature_expressed_as_heat_content_due_to_parameterized_eddy_advection

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

tendency_of_sea_water_potential_temperature_expressed_as_heat_content_due_to_parameterized_eddy_dianeutral_mixing

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

diffuse_downwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

"Diffuse" radiation is radiation that has been scattered by gas molecules in the atmosphere and by particles such as cloud droplets and aerosols. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

surface_downwelling_photosynthetic_photon_radiance_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-2 s-1 sr-1

Unit ref: M3SR

minus_one_times_surface_upwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. "Minus one times" means that the quantity described takes the opposite sign convention to that for the quantity which has the same standard name apart from this phrase, i.e. the two quantities differ from one another by a factor of -1. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

surface_downwelling_photon_flux_per_unit_wavelength_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-2 s-1 m-1

Unit ref: M2MM

surface_downwelling_photosynthetic_photon_flux_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-2 s-1

Unit ref: M2MS

surface_downwelling_longwave_flux_in_air_assuming_clear_sky

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

AMIP: rldscs

surface_upwelling_radiance_in_air_reflected_by_sea_water

Unit: W m-2 sr-1

Unit ref: WMSS

surface_downwelling_longwave_flux_in_air_due_to_volcanic_ambient_aerosol_particles

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "longwave" means longwave radiation. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the quantity described by the standard name applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature". Volcanic aerosols include both volcanic ash and secondary products such as sulphate aerosols formed from gaseous emissions of volcanic eruptions.

downwelling_photosynthetic_photon_radiance_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-2 s-1 sr-1

Unit ref: M3SR

Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. Photon radiance is the photon flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction from which it is coming must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead. "Photosynthetic" radiation is the part of the spectrum which is used in photosynthesis e.g. 400-700 nm. The range of wavelengths could be specified precisely by the bounds of a coordinate of radiation_wavelength. A photon flux is specified in terms of numbers of photons expressed in moles.

upwelling_radiance_per_unit_wavelength_in_air

Unit: W m-2 m-1 sr-1

Unit ref: WM2S

Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction towards which it is going must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead. A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength.

direct_downwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

"Direct" (also known as "beam") radiation is radiation that has followed a direct path from the sun and is alternatively known as "direct insolation". Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

surface_downwelling_photon_flux_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-2 s-1

Unit ref: M2MS

surface_downwelling_photosynthetic_radiance_in_sea_water

Unit: W m-2 sr-1

Unit ref: WMSS

sea_ice_transport_across_line

Unit: kg s-1

Unit ref: KGPS

Transport across_line means that which crosses a particular line on the Earth's surface; formally this means the integral along the line of the normal component of the transport. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

surface_upwelling_longwave_flux_in_air

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

AMIP: rlus

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The term "longwave" means longwave radiation. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

surface_upwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

AMIP: rsus

surface_downwelling_longwave_flux_in_air

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

AMIP: rlds

surface_downwelling_radiance_per_unit_wavelength_in_sea_water

Unit: W m-2 m-1 sr-1

Unit ref: WM2S

surface_upwelling_radiance_per_unit_wavelength_in_sea_water

Unit: W m-2 m-1 sr-1

Unit ref: WM2S

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction towards which it is going must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead. A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength.

downwelling_radiative_flux_per_unit_wavelength_in_air

Unit: W m-2 m-1

Unit ref: WM2M

Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength.

surface_upwelling_radiance_per_unit_wavelength_in_air_reflected_by_sea_water

Unit: W m-2 m-1 sr-1

Unit ref: WM2S

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction towards which it is going must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead. A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength.

downwelling_photon_spherical_irradiance_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-2 s-1

Unit ref: M2MS

Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. Photon spherical irradiance is the photon flux incident on unit area of a hemispherical (or "2-pi") collector. Radiation incident on a 4-pi collector has a standard name referring to "omnidirectional spherical irradiance". A photon flux is specified in terms of numbers of photons expressed in moles.

surface_upwelling_radiance_in_air_emerging_from_sea_water

Unit: W m-2 sr-1

Unit ref: WMSS

surface_downwelling_photon_radiance_per_unit_wavelength_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-2 s-1 m-1 sr-1

Unit ref: M2SR

surface_downwelling_photosynthetic_radiative_flux_in_sea_water

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

downwelling_photosynthetic_radiative_flux_in_sea_water

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. "Photosynthetic" radiation is the part of the spectrum which is used in photosynthesis e.g. 400-700 nm. The range of wavelengths could be specified precisely by the bounds of a coordinate of radiation_wavelength. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

surface_direct_downwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Direct" (also known as "beam") radiation is radiation that has followed a direct path from the sun and is alternatively known as "direct insolation". Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

surface_downwelling_photosynthetic_photon_spherical_irradiance_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-2 s-1

Unit ref: M2MS

fraction_of_surface_downwelling_photosynthetic_radiative_flux_absorbed_by_vegetation

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The quantity with standard name fraction_of_surface_downwelling_photosynthetic_radiative_flux_absorbed_by_vegetation, often called Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR), is the fraction of incoming solar radiation in the photosynthetically active radiation spectral region that is absorbed by a vegetation canopy. "Photosynthetic" radiation is the part of the spectrum which is used in photosynthesis e.g. 400-700 nm. The range of wavelengths could be specified precisely by the bounds of a coordinate of "radiation_wavelength". When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. "Vegetation" means any plants e.g. trees, shrubs, grass. The term "plants" refers to the kingdom of plants in the modern classification which excludes fungi. Plants are autotrophs i.e. "producers" of biomass using carbon obtained from carbon dioxide.

downwelling_radiance_in_sea_water

Unit: W m-2 sr-1

Unit ref: WMSS

Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction from which it is coming must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead.

downwelling_photosynthetic_radiance_in_sea_water

Unit: W m-2 sr-1

Unit ref: WMSS

Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction from which it is coming must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead. "Photosynthetic" radiation is the part of the spectrum which is used in photosynthesis e.g. 400-700 nm. The range of wavelengths could be specified precisely by the bounds of a coordinate of radiation_wavelength.

downward_x_stress_at_sea_ice_base

Unit: Pa

Unit ref: PASX

"x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

downwelling_photosynthetic_photon_flux_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-2 s-1

Unit ref: M2MS

Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. "Photosynthetic" radiation is the part of the spectrum which is used in photosynthesis e.g. 400-700 nm. The range of wavelengths could be specified precisely by the bounds of a coordinate of radiation_wavelength. A photon flux is specified in terms of numbers of photons expressed in moles. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

integral_wrt_time_of_surface_downwelling_longwave_flux_in_air

Unit: W s m-2

Unit ref: WSMM

The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means with respect to. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "longwave" means longwave radiation. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

downwelling_longwave_flux_in_air

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "longwave" means longwave radiation. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

downwelling_radiative_flux_in_sea_water

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

downwelling_radiance_per_unit_wavelength_in_air

Unit: W m-2 m-1 sr-1

Unit ref: WM2S

Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength. Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction from which it is coming must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead.

integral_wrt_time_of_surface_downwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air

Unit: W s m-2

Unit ref: WSMM

The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means with respect to. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. Surface downwelling shortwave is the sum of direct and diffuse solar radiation incident on the surface, and is sometimes called "global radiation". When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

surface_downwelling_radiance_in_sea_water

Unit: W m-2 sr-1

Unit ref: WMSS

sea_ice_y_transport

Unit: kg s-1

Unit ref: KGPS

"y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

sea_ice_x_velocity

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: UVAA

A velocity is a vector quantity. "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

downward_northward_stress_at_sea_ice_base

Unit: Pa

Unit ref: PASX

"Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). "Downward northward" indicates the ZY component of a tensor. A downward northward stress is a downward flux of northward momentum, which accelerates the lower medium northward and the upper medium southward. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

surface_downwelling_photosynthetic_radiative_flux_in_air

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

tendency_of_sea_ice_area_fraction_due_to_dynamics

Unit: s-1

Unit ref: PRSC

The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "X_area_fraction" means the fraction of horizontal area occupied by X. Sea ice area fraction is area of the sea surface occupied by sea ice. It is also called "sea ice concentration". "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Sea ice dynamics" refers to the motion of sea ice.

tendency_of_sea_ice_amount_due_to_congelation_ice_accumulation

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Amount" means mass per unit area. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Congelation ice" means the freezing of sea water onto the underside of thin, new sea ice that has been formed by small areas of frazil ice crystals joining together into a continuous layer at the sea surface. Congelation ice forms under calm water conditions; it thickens and stabilizes the layer of sea ice and produces a smooth bottom surface.

downwelling_spherical_irradiance_per_unit_wavelength_in_sea_water

Unit: W m-2 m-1

Unit ref: WM2M

Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. Spherical irradiance is the radiation incident on unit area of a hemispherical (or "2-pi") collector. It is sometimes called "scalar irradiance". The direction (up/downwelling) is specified. Radiation incident on a 4-pi collector has standard names of "omnidirectional spherical irradiance". A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength.

downwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

direction_of_sea_ice_displacement

Unit: degrees

Unit ref: UAAA

The phrase "direction_of_X" means direction of a vector, a bearing. "Displacement" means the change in geospatial position of an object that has moved over time. If possible, the time interval over which the motion took place should be specified using a bounds variable for the time coordinate variable. A displacement can be represented as a vector. Such a vector should however not be interpreted as describing a rectilinear, constant speed motion but merely as an indication that the start point of the vector is found at the tip of the vector after the time interval associated with the displacement variable. A displacement does not prescribe a trajectory. Sea ice displacement can be defined as a two-dimensional vector, with no vertical component. In that case, "displacement" is also the distance across the earth's surface calculated from the change in a moving object's geospatial position between the start and end of the time interval associated with the displacement variable. The "direction of displacement" is the angle between due north and the displacement vector. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

tendency_of_sea_ice_area_fraction_due_to_ridging

Unit: s-1

Unit ref: PRSC

The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "X_area_fraction" means the fraction of horizontal area occupied by X. Sea ice area fraction is area of the sea surface occupied by sea ice. It is also called "sea ice concentration". "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Sea ice "ridging" occurs in rough sea conditions. The motion of the sea surface can cause areas of sea ice to deform and fold resulting in ridged upper and lower surfaces. The ridges can be as much as twenty metres thick if thick ice is deformed.

surface_downwelling_photosynthetic_spherical_irradiance_in_sea_water

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

sea_ice_y_velocity

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: UVAA

A velocity is a vector quantity. "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

tendency_of_sea_ice_amount_due_to_surface_melting

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

sea_ice_x_transport

Unit: kg s-1

Unit ref: KGPS

"x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

surface_downwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air_assuming_clear_sky_and_no_aerosol

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

sea_ice_y_transport

Unit: kg s-1

Unit ref: KGPS

sea_ice_y_displacement

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

"y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. "Displacement" means the change in geospatial position of an object that has moved over time. If possible, the time interval over which the motion took place should be specified using a bounds variable for the time coordinate variable. A displacement can be represented as a vector. Such a vector should however not be interpreted as describing a rectilinear, constant speed motion but merely as an indication that the start point of the vector is found at the tip of the vector after the time interval associated with the displacement variable. A displacement does not prescribe a trajectory. Sea ice displacement can be defined as a two-dimensional vector, with no vertical component. A y displacement is calculated from the difference in the moving object's grid y coordinate between the start and end of the time interval associated with the displacement variable. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

volume_attenuation_coefficient_of_downwelling_radiative_flux_in_sea_water

Unit: m-1

Unit ref: UPRM

Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Attenuation is the sum of absorption and scattering. Attenuation is sometimes called "extinction". Also called "diffuse" attenuation, the attenuation of downwelling radiative flux refers to the decrease with decreasing height or increasing depth of the downwelling component of radiative flux, regardless of incident direction.

sea_ice_salinity

Unit: 1e-3

Unit ref: UUUU

Sea ice salinity is the salt content of sea ice, often on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978. However, the unqualified term 'salinity' is generic and does not necessarily imply any particular method of calculation. The units of salinity are dimensionless and normally given as 1e-3 or 0.001 i.e. parts per thousand. Practical Salinity is reported on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978 (PSS-78), and is usually based on the electrical conductivity of sea water in observations since the 1960s. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

surface_downwelling_radiative_flux_in_sea_water

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

compressive_strength_of_sea_ice

Unit: Pa m

Unit ref: PAMT

"Compressive strength" is a measure of the capacity of a material to withstand compressive forces. If compressive forces are exerted on a material in excess of its compressive strength, fracturing will occur. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

downward_heat_flux_in_sea_ice

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

surface_downwelling_radiative_flux_per_unit_wavelength_in_air

Unit: W m-2 m-1

Unit ref: WM2M

upward_sea_ice_basal_heat_flux

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

"Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). The sea ice basal heat flux is the vertical heat flux (apart from radiation i.e. "diffusive") in sea water at the base of the sea ice. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

downwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air_assuming_clear_sky

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "Clear sky" means in the absence of clouds.

tendency_of_sea_ice_amount_due_to_frazil_ice_accumulation_in_leads

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Amount" means mass per unit area. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Frazil" consists of needle like crystals of ice, typically between three and four millimeters in diameter, which form as sea water begins to freeze. Salt is expelled during the freezing process and frazil ice consists of nearly pure fresh water. Leads are stretches of open water within wider areas of sea ice.

downwelling_photosynthetic_photon_spherical_irradiance_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-2 s-1

Unit ref: M2MS

Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. "Photosynthetic" radiation is the part of the spectrum which is used in photosynthesis e.g. 400-700 nm. The range of wavelengths could be specified precisely by the bounds of a coordinate of radiation_wavelength. Photon spherical irradiance is the photon flux incident on unit area of a hemispherical (or "2-pi") collector. The direction ("up/downwelling") is specified. Radiation incident on a 4-pi collector has a standard name referring to "omnidirectional spherical irradiance". A photon flux is specified in terms of numbers of photons expressed in moles.

tendency_of_sea_ice_amount_due_to_basal_melting

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

downwelling_shortwave_radiance_in_air

Unit: W m-2 sr-1

Unit ref: WMSS

Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction from which it is coming must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead.

surface_downwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air_due_to_volcanic_ambient_aerosol_particles

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the quantity described by the standard name applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature". Volcanic aerosols include both volcanic ash and secondary products such as sulphate aerosols formed from gaseous emissions of volcanic eruptions.

tendency_of_sea_ice_amount_due_to_lateral_growth_of_ice_floes

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Amount" means mass per unit area. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. An ice floe is a flat expanse of sea ice, generally taken to be less than 10 km across. "Lateral growth of ice floe" means the accumulation of ice at the extreme edges of the ice area.

surface_downwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air_assuming_clear_sky

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

AMIP: rsdscs

downward_eastward_stress_at_sea_ice_base

Unit: Pa

Unit ref: PASX

"Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). "Downward eastward" indicates the ZX component of a tensor. A downward eastward stress is a downward flux of eastward momentum, which accelerates the lower medium eastward and the upper medium westward. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

upwelling_radiative_flux_per_unit_wavelength_in_sea_water

Unit: W m-2 m-1

Unit ref: WM2M

Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength.

sea_ice_extent

Unit: m2

Unit ref: UMSQ

The term sea_ice_extent means the total area of all grid cells in which the sea ice area fraction equals or exceeds a threshold, often chosen to be 15 per cent. The threshold must be specified by supplying a coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of sea_ice_area_fraction. The horizontal domain over which sea ice extent is calculated is described by the associated coordinate variables and coordinate bounds or by a coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "region" supplied according to section 6.1.1 of the CF conventions. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

tendency_of_sea_water_salinity_due_to_sea_ice_thermodynamics

Unit: 1e-3 s-1

Unit ref: PRSC

The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Sea water salinity is the salt content of sea water, often on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978. However, the unqualified term 'salinity' is generic and does not necessarily imply any particular method of calculation. The units of salinity are dimensionless and normally given as 1e-3 or 0.001 i.e. parts per thousand. There are standard names for the more precisely defined salinity quantities: sea_water_knudsen_salinity, S_K (used for salinity observations between 1901 and 1966), sea_water_cox_salinity, S_C (used for salinity observations between 1967 and 1977), sea_water_practical_salinity, S_P (used for salinity observations from 1978 to the present day), sea_water_absolute_salinity, S_A, sea_water_preformed_salinity, S_*, and sea_water_reference_salinity. Practical Salinity is reported on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978 (PSS-78), and is usually based on the electrical conductivity of sea water in observations since the 1960s. Conversion of data between the observed scales follows: S_P = (S_K - 0.03) * (1.80655 / 1.805) and S_P = S_C, however the accuracy of the latter is dependent on whether chlorinity or conductivity was used to determine the S_C value, with this inconsistency driving the development of PSS-78. The more precise standard names should be used where appropriate for both modelled and observed salinities. In particular, the use of sea_water_salinity to describe salinity observations made from 1978 onwards is now deprecated in favor of the term sea_water_practical_salinity which is the salinity quantity stored by national data centers for post-1978 observations. The only exception to this is where the observed salinities are definitely known not to be recorded on the Practical Salinity Scale. The unit "parts per thousand" was used for sea_water_knudsen_salinity and sea_water_cox_salinity. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Sea ice thermodynamics" refers to the addition or subtraction of sea ice mass due to surface and basal fluxes, i.e. due to melting, sublimation and fusion. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

basal_downward_heat_flux_in_sea_ice

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

surface_downwelling_photosynthetic_photon_flux_in_air

Unit: mol m-2 s-1

Unit ref: M2MS

sea_ice_melt_pond_thickness

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

"Thickness" means the vertical extent of a layer. Melt ponds occur on top of the existing sea ice. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

upwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air_assuming_clear_sky

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "Clear sky" means in the absence of clouds.

tendency_of_sea_ice_thickness_due_to_dynamics

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: UVAA

The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Thickness" means the vertical extent of a layer. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Sea ice dynamics" refers to the motion of sea ice.

sea_ice_area_fraction

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

AMIP: sic

GRIB: 91

"X_area_fraction" means the fraction of horizontal area occupied by X. "X_area" means the horizontal area occupied by X within the grid cell. Sea ice area fraction is area of the sea surface occupied by sea ice. It is also called "sea ice concentration". "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

magnitude_of_sea_ice_displacement

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

The phrase "magnitude_of_X" means magnitude of a vector X. "Displacement" means the change in geospatial position of an object that has moved over time. If possible, the time interval over which the motion took place should be specified using a bounds variable for the time coordinate variable. A displacement can be represented as a vector. Such a vector should however not be interpreted as describing a rectilinear, constant speed motion but merely as an indication that the start point of the vector is found at the tip of the vector after the time interval associated with the displacement variable. A displacement does not prescribe a trajectory. Sea ice displacement can be defined as a two-dimensional vector, with no vertical component. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

tendency_of_surface_snow_amount_due_to_drifting_into_sea

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

land_water_amount

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

"Amount" means mass per unit area. "Water" means water in all phases. The quantity with standard name land_water_amount, often known as "Terrestrial Water Storage", includes surface liquid water (water in rivers, wetlands, lakes, reservoirs, rainfall intercepted by the canopy), surface ice and snow (glaciers, ice caps, grounded ice sheets, river and lake ice and other surface ice such as frozen flood water, snow lying on the surface and intercepted by the canopy) and subsurface water (liquid and frozen soil water, groundwater).

upwelling_radiative_flux_per_unit_wavelength_in_air

Unit: W m-2 m-1

Unit ref: WM2M

Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength.

eastward_derivative_of_northward_sea_ice_velocity

Unit: s-1

Unit ref: PRSC

A velocity is a vector quantity. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Sea ice velocity is defined as a two-dimensional vector, with no vertical component. "component_derivative_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to distance in the component direction, which may be northward, southward, eastward, westward, x or y. The last two indicate derivatives along the axes of the grid, in the case where they are not true longitude and latitude. The named quantity is a component of the strain rate tensor for sea ice. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

virtual_salt_flux_into_sea_water_due_to_sea_ice_thermodynamics

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

The virtual_salt_flux_into_sea_water_due_to_process is the salt flux that would have the same effect on the sea surface salinity as water_flux_out_of_sea_water_due_to_process. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Sea ice thermodynamics" refers to the addition or subtraction of mass due to surface and basal fluxes, i.e., due to melting, sublimation and fusion. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

sea_ice_classification

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

A variable with the standard name of sea_ice_classification contains strings which indicate the character of the ice surface e.g. open_ice, or first_year_ice. These strings have not yet been standardised. However, and whenever possible, they should follow the terminology defined in the WMO Standard Nomenclature for Sea Ice Classification. Alternatively, the data variable may contain integers which can be translated to strings using flag_values and flag_meanings attributes. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

surface_downwelling_spherical_irradiance_in_sea_water

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

northward_sea_ice_displacement

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

"Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). "Displacement" means the change in geospatial position of an object that has moved over time. If possible, the time interval over which the motion took place should be specified using a bounds variable for the time coordinate variable. A displacement can be represented as a vector. Such a vector should however not be interpreted as describing a rectilinear, constant speed motion but merely as an indication that the start point of the vector is found at the tip of the vector after the time interval associated with the displacement variable. A displacement does not prescribe a trajectory. Sea ice displacement can be defined as a two-dimensional vector, with no vertical component. A northward displacement is the distance calculated from the change in a moving object's latitude between the start and end of the time interval associated with the displacement variable. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

surface_downwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

AMIP: rsds

GRIB: 117 E169

northward_derivative_of_eastward_sea_ice_velocity

Unit: s-1

Unit ref: PRSC

A velocity is a vector quantity. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Sea ice velocity is defined as a two-dimensional vector, with no vertical component. The phrase "component_derivative_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to distance in the component direction, which may be northward, southward, eastward, westward, x or y. The last two indicate derivatives along the axes of the grid, in the case where they are not true longitude and latitude. The named quantity is a component of the strain rate tensor for sea ice. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

surface_net_downward_longwave_dust_ambient_aerosol_particles_direct_radiative_effect_assuming_clear_sky

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Net downward radiation is the difference between radiation from above (downwelling) and radiation from below (upwelling). The term "longwave" means longwave radiation. "X_direct_radiative_effect" refers to the instantaneous radiative impact of X on the Earth's energy balance, excluding secondary effects such as changes in cloud cover which may be caused by X. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the quantity described by the standard name applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature". A phrase "assuming_condition" indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "Clear sky" means in the absence of clouds.

eastward_sea_ice_velocity

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: UVAA

GRIB: 95

A velocity is a vector quantity. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). Sea ice velocity is defined as a two-dimensional vector, with no vertical component. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

surface_upwelling_photosynthetic_photon_flux_in_air

Unit: mol m-2 s-1

Unit ref: M2MS

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. "Photosynthetic" radiation is the part of the spectrum which is used in photosynthesis e.g. 400-700 nm. The range of wavelengths could be specified precisely by the bounds of a coordinate of radiation_wavelength. A photon flux is specified in terms of numbers of photons expressed in moles. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

sea_ice_and_surface_snow_amount

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

"Amount" means mass per unit area. Surface amount refers to the amount on the ground, excluding that on the plant or vegetation canopy. The phrase "surface_snow" means snow lying on the surface. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

upward_eastward_stress_at_sea_ice_base

Unit: Pa

Unit ref: PASX

"Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). "Upward eastward" indicates the ZX component of a tensor. An upward eastward stress is an upward flux of eastward momentum, which accelerates the upper medium eastward and the lower medium westward.

upward_x_stress_at_sea_ice_base

Unit: Pa

Unit ref: PASX

"Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x. "Upward x" indicates the ZX component of a tensor. An upward x stress is an upward flux of x-ward momentum, which accelerates the upper medium in the positive x direction and the lower medium in the negative x direction.

water_flux_into_sea_water_due_to_sea_ice_thermodynamics

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

The water flux into sea water is the freshwater entering as a result of precipitation, evaporation, river inflow, sea ice effects and water flux correction (if applied). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Sea ice thermodynamics" refers to the addition or subtraction of mass due to surface and basal fluxes, i.e., due to melting, sublimation and fusion. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

northward_sea_ice_velocity

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: UVAA

GRIB: 96

A velocity is a vector quantity. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Sea ice velocity is defined as a two-dimensional vector, with no vertical component. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

water_flux_out_of_sea_ice_and_sea_water

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

"Water" means water in all phases. The water_flux_out_of_sea_ice_and_sea_water is the freshwater leaving the ocean as a result of precipitation, evaporation, river outflow and any water flux relaxation(s) and correction(s) that may have been applied. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

tendency_of_sea_ice_area_fraction_due_to_thermodynamics

Unit: s-1

Unit ref: PRSC

sea_ice_area

Unit: m2

Unit ref: UMSQ

"X_area" means the horizontal area occupied by X within the grid cell. The extent of an individual grid cell is defined by the horizontal coordinates and any associated coordinate bounds or by a string valued auxiliary coordinate variable with a standard name of "region". "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

heat_flux_into_sea_water_due_to_sea_ice_thermodynamics

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Sea ice thermodynamics" refers to the addition or subtraction of mass due to surface and basal fluxes, i.e., due to melting, sublimation and fusion. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

upward_y_stress_at_sea_ice_base

Unit: Pa

Unit ref: PASX

"Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. "Upward y" indicates the ZY component of a tensor. An upward y-ward stress is an upward flux of momentum, which accelerates the upper medium in the positive y direction and the lower medium in the negative y direction.

downwelling_shortwave_flux_in_sea_water

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

surface_downwelling_radiative_flux_per_unit_wavelength_in_sea_water

Unit: W m-2 m-1

Unit ref: WM2M

tropopause_downwelling_longwave_flux

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "longwave" means longwave radiation. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

water_flux_out_of_sea_water_due_to_sea_ice_thermodynamics

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

The water flux out of sea water is the freshwater leaving the sea water. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Sea ice thermodynamics" refers to the addition or subtraction of sea ice mass due to surface and basal fluxes, i.e. due to melting, sublimation and fusion.

divergence_of_sea_ice_velocity

Unit: s-1

Unit ref: PRSC

GRIB: 98

The phrase "[horizontal_]divergence_of_X" means [horizontal] divergence of a vector X; if X does not have a vertical component then "horizontal" should be omitted. A velocity is a vector quantity. Sea ice velocity is defined as a two-dimensional vector, with no vertical component. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

sea_ice_mass

Unit: kg

Unit ref: KGXX

The horizontal domain over which sea ice mass is calculated is described by the associated coordinate variables and coordinate bounds or by a coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "region" supplied according to section 6.1.1 of the CF conventions."Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

tendency_of_canopy_water_amount_due_to_evaporation_of_intercepted_precipitation

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Amount" means mass per unit area. "Water" means water in all phases. "Canopy" means the vegetative covering over a surface. The canopy is often considered to be the outer surfaces of the vegetation. Plant height and the distribution, orientation and shape of plant leaves within a canopy influence the atmospheric environment and many plant processes within the canopy. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Canopy. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Evaporation is the conversion of liquid or solid into vapor. (The conversion of solid alone into vapor is called "sublimation"). Canopy interception is the precipitation, including snow, that is intercepted by the canopy of a tree and then evaporates from the leaves. Evaporation of intercepted precipitation excludes plant transpiration and evaporation from the surface beneath the canopy.

sea_ice_amount

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

"Amount" means mass per unit area. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

downwelling_longwave_flux_in_air_assuming_clear_sky

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "longwave" means longwave radiation. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "Clear sky" means in the absence of clouds.

minus_tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_insoluble_dust_dry_aerosol_particles_due_to_deposition

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The phrase "minus_tendency" means that the quantity described takes the opposite sign convention to that for the quantity which has the same standard name apart from this phrase, i.e. the two quantities differ from one another by a factor of -1. Thus a "minus_tendency" in the atmosphere means a positive deposition rate onto the underlying surface. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Insoluble aerosol" means aerosol which is not soluble in water, such as mineral dusts. At low temperatures such particles can be efficient nuclei for ice clouds. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Deposition" is the sum of wet and dry deposition.

tendency_of_sea_ice_thickness_due_to_thermodynamics

Unit: m s-1

Unit ref: UVAA

GRIB: 97

The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Thickness" means the vertical extent of a layer. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms named by omitting the phrase. "Sea ice thermodynamics" refers to the addition or subtraction of mass due to surface and basal fluxes.

surface_downwelling_photon_radiance_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-2 s-1 sr-1

Unit ref: M3SR

downwelling_photon_radiance_per_unit_wavelength_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-2 s-1 m-1 sr-1

Unit ref: M2SR

Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. Photon radiance is the photon flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction from which it is coming must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead. A photon flux is specified in terms of numbers of photons expressed in moles. A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength.

sea_ice_draft

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

Sea ice draft is the depth of the sea-ice lower surface below the water surface. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

downward_liquid_water_mass_flux_into_groundwater

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. Groundwater is subsurface water below the depth of the water table. The quantity with standard name liquid_water_mass_flux_from_soil_to_groundwater is the downward flux of liquid water within soil at the depth of the water table, or downward flux from the base of the soil model if the water table depth is greater.

eastward_sea_ice_displacement

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

"Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). "Displacement" means the change in geospatial position of an object that has moved over time. If possible, the time interval over which the motion took place should be specified using a bounds variable for the time coordinate variable. A displacement can be represented as a vector. Such a vector should however not be interpreted as describing a rectilinear, constant speed motion but merely as an indication that the start point of the vector is found at the tip of the vector after the time interval associated with the displacement variable. A displacement does not prescribe a trajectory. Sea ice displacement can be defined as a two-dimensional vector, with no vertical component. An eastward displacement is the distance calculated from the change in a moving object's longitude between the start and end of the time interval associated with the displacement variable. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

sea_ice_freeboard

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

Sea ice freeboard is the height of the sea-ice upper surface above the water surface. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

surface_diffuse_downwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air_assuming_clear_sky

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Diffuse" radiation is radiation that has been scattered by gas molecules in the atmosphere and by particles such as cloud droplets and aerosols. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A phrase "assuming_condition" indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "Clear sky" means in the absence of clouds.

change_over_time_in_land_water_amount

Unit: kg m-2

Unit ref: KMP2

The phrase "change_over_time_in_X" means change in a quantity X over a time-interval, which should be defined by the bounds of the time coordinate. "Amount" means mass per unit area. "Water" means water in all phases. The quantity with standard name land_water_amount, often known as "Terrestrial Water Storage", includes surface liquid water (water in rivers, wetlands, lakes, reservoirs, rainfall intercepted by the canopy), surface ice and snow (glaciers, ice caps, grounded ice sheets, river and lake ice and other surface ice such as frozen flood water, snow lying on the surface and intercepted by the canopy) and subsurface water (liquid and frozen soil water, groundwater).

downward_y_stress_at_sea_ice_base

Unit: Pa

Unit ref: PASX

"y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

age_of_sea_ice

Unit: year

Unit ref: UYRS

"Age of sea ice" means the length of time elapsed since the ice formed. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

downwelling_radiative_flux_per_unit_wavelength_in_sea_water

Unit: W m-2 m-1

Unit ref: WM2M

Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength.

downwelling_photon_flux_per_unit_wavelength_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-2 s-1 m-1

Unit ref: M2MM

Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. A photon flux is specified in terms of numbers of photons expressed in moles. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength.

canopy_albedo

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Albedo is the ratio of outgoing to incoming shortwave irradiance, where 'shortwave irradiance' means that both the incoming and outgoing radiation are integrated across the solar spectrum. "Canopy" means the vegetative covering over a surface. The canopy is often considered to be the outer surfaces of the vegetation. Plant height and the distribution, orientation and shape of plant leaves within a canopy influence the atmospheric environment and many plant processes within the canopy. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Canopy. The surface_albedo restricted to the area type "vegetation" is related to canopy_albedo, but the former also includes the effect of radiation being reflected from the ground underneath the canopy.

asymmetry_factor_of_ambient_aerosol_particles

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

The asymmetry factor is the angular integral of the aerosol scattering phase function weighted by the cosine of the angle with the incident radiation flux. The asymmetry coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the quantity described by the standard name applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature".

diffuse_downwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air_assuming_clear_sky

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

downwelling_photon_spherical_irradiance_per_unit_wavelength_in_sea_water

Unit: mol m-2 s-1 m-1

Unit ref: M2MM

Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength. Photon spherical irradiance is the photon flux incident on unit area of a hemispherical (or "2-pi") collector. The direction ("up/downwelling") is specified. Radiation incident on a 4-pi collector has a standard name referring to "omnidirectional spherical irradiance". A photon flux is specified in terms of numbers of photons expressed in moles.

fraction_of_time_with_sea_ice_area_fraction_above_threshold

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

"X_area_fraction" means the fraction of horizontal area occupied by X. Sea ice area fraction is area of the sea surface occupied by sea ice. The area threshold value must be specified by supplying a coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of sea_ice_area_fraction. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

sea_ice_temperature

Unit: K

Unit ref: UPKA

Sea ice temperature is the bulk temperature of the sea ice, not the surface (skin) temperature. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

sea_ice_x_displacement

Unit: m

Unit ref: ULAA

"x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x. "Displacement" means the change in geospatial position of an object that has moved over time. If possible, the time interval over which the motion took place should be specified using a bounds variable for the time coordinate variable. A displacement can be represented as a vector. Such a vector should however not be interpreted as describing a rectilinear, constant speed motion but merely as an indication that the start point of the vector is found at the tip of the vector after the time interval associated with the displacement variable. A displacement does not prescribe a trajectory. Sea ice displacement can be defined as a two-dimensional vector, with no vertical component. An x displacement is calculated from the difference in the moving object's grid x coordinate between the start and end of the time interval associated with the displacement variable. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

upward_northward_stress_at_sea_ice_base

Unit: Pa

Unit ref: PASX

"Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). "Upward northward" indicates the ZY component of a tensor. An upward northward stress is an upward flux of northward momentum, which accelerates the upper medium northward and the lower medium southward.

surface_albedo_assuming_no_snow

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Albedo is the ratio of outgoing to incoming shortwave irradiance, where 'shortwave irradiance' means that both the incoming and outgoing radiation are integrated across the solar spectrum. A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition.

sea_ice_albedo

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

The albedo of sea ice. Albedo is the ratio of outgoing to incoming shortwave irradiance, where 'shortwave irradiance' means that both the incoming and outgoing radiation are integrated across the solar spectrum. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

downwelling_shortwave_flux_in_sea_water_at_sea_ice_base

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

downwelling_spherical_irradiance_in_sea_water

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. Spherical irradiance is the radiation incident on unit area of a hemispherical (or "2-pi") collector. It is sometimes called "scalar irradiance". The direction (up/downwelling) is specified. Radiation incident on a 4-pi collector has standard names of "omnidirectional spherical irradiance".

downwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air_assuming_clear_sky_and_no_aerosol

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A phrase "assuming_condition" indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "Clear sky" means in the absence of clouds.

direction_of_sea_ice_velocity

Unit: degree

Unit ref: UAAA

GRIB: 93

The phrase "direction_of_X" means direction of a vector, a bearing. A velocity is a vector quantity. Sea ice velocity is defined as a two-dimensional vector, with no vertical component. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

tendency_of_sea_water_potential_temperature_expressed_as_heat_content_due_to_parameterized_submesoscale_eddy_advection

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The phrase "expressed_as_heat_content" means that this quantity is calculated as the specific heat capacity times density of sea water multiplied by the potential temperature of the sea water in the grid cell and integrated over depth. If used for a layer heat content, coordinate bounds should be used to define the extent of the layers. If no coordinate bounds are specified, it is assumed that the integral is calculated over the entire vertical extent of the medium, e.g, if the medium is sea water the integral is assumed to be calculated over the full depth of the ocean. Potential temperature is the temperature a parcel of air or sea water would have if moved adiabatically to sea level pressure. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Parameterized eddy advection in an ocean model means the part due to a scheme representing parameterized eddy-induced advective effects not included in the resolved model velocity field. Parameterized submesoscale eddy advection occurs on a spatial scale of the order of 1 km horizontally. Reference: James C. McWilliams 2016, Submesoscale currents in the ocean, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, volume 472, issue 2189. DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2016.0117. There are also standard names for parameterized_mesoscale_eddy_advection which, along with parameterized_submesoscale_eddy_advection, contributes to the total parameterized eddy advection. Additionally, when the parameterized advective process is represented in the model as a skew-diffusion rather than an advection, then the parameterized skew diffusion should be included in this diagnostic. The convergence of a skew-flux is identical (in the continuous formulation) to the convergence of an advective flux, making their tendencies the same.

soil_albedo

Unit: 1

Unit ref: UUUU

Soil albedo is the albedo of the soil surface assuming no snow. Albedo is the ratio of outgoing to incoming shortwave irradiance, where 'shortwave irradiance' means that both the incoming and outgoing radiation are integrated across the solar spectrum.

surface_downwelling_spherical_irradiance_per_unit_wavelength_in_sea_water

Unit: W m-2 m-1

Unit ref: WM2M

tendency_of_sea_water_potential_temperature_expressed_as_heat_content_due_to_residual_mean_advection

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

downward_sea_ice_basal_salt_flux

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

surface_diffuse_downwelling_photosynthetic_radiative_flux_in_air

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

tendency_of_sea_ice_amount_due_to_conversion_of_snow_to_sea_ice

Unit: kg m-2 s-1

Unit ref: KSP2

The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Amount" means mass per unit area. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Conversion of snow to sea ice" occurs when the mass of snow accumulated on an area of sea ice is sufficient to cause the ice to become mostly submerged. Waves can then wash over the ice and snow surface and freeze into a layer that becomes "snow ice".

surface_diffuse_downwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air

Unit: W m-2

Unit ref: UFAA

The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. "Diffuse" radiation is radiation that has been scattered by gas molecules in the atmosphere and by particles such as cloud droplets and aerosols. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.

Update for CF Version:56

canopy_snow_amount

sea_ice_speed

surface_diffuse_shortwave_hemispherical_reflectance

surface_direct_shortwave_hemispherical_reflectance

downwelling_longwave_radiance_in_air

sea_ice_mass_content_of_salt

tendency_of_sea_ice_amount_due_to_lateral_melting

tendency_of_surface_snow_amount_due_to_sea_ice_dynamics

sea_ice_basal_temperature

tendency_of_sea_ice_amount_due_to_sea_ice_dynamics

sea_ice_y_force_per_unit_area_due_to_coriolis_effect

sea_ice_y_force_per_unit_area_due_to_sea_surface_tilt

sea_ice_x_force_per_unit_area_due_to_coriolis_effect

sea_ice_x_force_per_unit_area_due_to_sea_surface_tilt

tendency_of_surface_snow_amount_due_to_conversion_of_snow_to_sea_ice

downwelling_photon_flux_in_sea_water

sea_ice_x_internal_stress

sea_ice_basal_drag_coefficient_for_momentum_in_sea_water

sea_ice_y_internal_stress

tendency_of_sea_ice_amount_due_to_sea_ice_thermodynamics

salt_flux_into_sea_water_due_to_sea_ice_thermodynamics

sea_ice_area_transport_across_line

downwelling_radiance_per_unit_wavelength_in_sea_water

surface_upwelling_radiance_in_sea_water

nudging_increment_in_mass_content_of_water_in_soil

nudging_increment_in_snow_and_ice_amount_on_land

surface_upwelling_radiative_flux_per_unit_wavelength_in_sea_water

sea_ice_thickness

sea_ice_volume

sea_ice_surface_temperature

change_over_time_in_groundwater_amount

surface_upwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air_assuming_clear_sky_and_no_aerosol

change_over_time_in_river_water_amount

snow_transport_across_line_due_to_sea_ice_dynamics

surface_water_evaporation_flux

upwelling_longwave_flux_in_air

surface_albedo

surface_downwelling_photon_spherical_irradiance_in_sea_water

sea_ice_average_normal_horizontal_stress

upwelling_longwave_flux_in_air_assuming_clear_sky

maximum_over_coordinate_rotation_of_sea_ice_horizontal_shear_strain_rate

surface_downward_heat_flux_in_sea_ice

thickness_of_ice_on_sea_ice_melt_pond

maximum_over_coordinate_rotation_of_sea_ice_horizontal_shear_stress

tendency_of_sea_water_conservative_temperature_expressed_as_heat_content_due_to_parameterized_eddy_dianeutral_mixing

tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_insoluble_dust_dry_aerosol_particles_due_to_deposition

water_evapotranspiration_flux

land_surface_liquid_water_amount

tendency_of_sea_water_conservative_temperature_expressed_as_heat_content_due_to_parameterized_mesoscale_eddy_diffusion

tendency_of_sea_water_conservative_temperature_expressed_as_heat_content_due_to_parameterized_eddy_advection

planetary_albedo

cloud_albedo

sea_ice_temperature_expressed_as_heat_content

water_flux_into_sea_water_due_to_surface_drainage

surface_albedo

surface_upwelling_radiance_per_unit_wavelength_in_air_emerging_from_sea_water

sea_water_potential_temperature_expressed_as_heat_content

downwelling_photon_radiance_in_sea_water

surface_upwelling_longwave_flux_in_air_assuming_clear_sky

tendency_of_sea_water_conservative_temperature_expressed_as_heat_content_due_to_parameterized_mesoscale_eddy_advection

tendency_of_sea_water_conservative_temperature_expressed_as_heat_content_due_to_parameterized_submesoscale_eddy_advection

downwelling_photosynthetic_spherical_irradiance_in_sea_water

surface_downwelling_photon_spherical_irradiance_per_unit_wavelength_in_sea_water

upwelling_shortwave_radiance_in_air

upwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air

tendency_of_sea_water_potential_temperature_expressed_as_heat_content_due_to_parameterized_mesoscale_eddy_diffusion

minus_one_times_surface_upwelling_longwave_flux_in_air

tendency_of_sea_water_potential_temperature_expressed_as_heat_content

upwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air_assuming_clear_sky_and_no_aerosol

surface_ratio_of_upwelling_radiance_emerging_from_sea_water_to_downwelling_radiative_flux_in_air

surface_upwelling_radiance_in_air

surface_upwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air_assuming_clear_sky

surface_upwelling_radiative_flux_per_unit_wavelength_in_air

surface_albedo_assuming_deep_snow

surface_upwelling_radiance_per_unit_wavelength_in_air

tendency_of_sea_water_conservative_temperature_expressed_as_heat_content

tendency_of_sea_water_potential_temperature_expressed_as_heat_content_due_to_parameterized_mesoscale_eddy_advection

tropopause_upwelling_shortwave_flux

upwelling_longwave_radiance_in_air